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What was the “Grito de Delores”?
Who was Father Miguel Hidalgo?
How did the Age of Enlightenment change
traditional ways of thinking?
What role did the “precursors” of the
revolutions, such as Francisco de Miranda,
play in encouraging new ways of thinking?
How did Spain change its policy regarding the
hiring of government officials in the colonies?
How did Creoles and Peninsulares feel about
each other?
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What issues of trade and commerce
aggravated many Creole businessmen?
How did the Spanish colonies of Latin
America view their place within the Empire?
How did Napoleon’s invasion of Spain and
Portugal play out?
Where did the Portuguese royal family move
to?
Whom did Napoleon place on the throne of
Spain?
What was a junta?
How did the colonial juntas respond to the
juntas in Spain?
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In what way was the Napoleonic invasion of
the Iberian Peninsula the straw that broke the
colonial back?
Why did the Hidalgo revolt receive little
support from the Creoles of New Spain?
What policies was Hidalgo looking to change
in his attempted revolution?
What was Bolivar’s appraisal of Latin America
according to his “Jamaica Letter” of 1815?
What did the Creoles of Venezuela declare on
July 5, 1811?
Was that declaration welcomed by everyone in
Venezuela?
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Who was Simon Bolivar?
How did his experiences in Europe shape his
political beliefs and ambitions?
Whom did Bolivar convince to lead the first
attempt at establishing Venezuelan
independence?
What role did an earthquake play in bringing
about an end to the First Republic in
Venezuela?
How did Bolivar react to news that Miranda
was secretly negotiating a surrender with
Royalist forces?
What happened to the First Republic of
Venezuela?
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What happened in Buenos Aires on July 27,
1806?
What was the purpose of the English
invasion?
How did the viceroy and peninsulares
respond?
How did the local Creoles respond?
What did the British do after being driven out
of Buenos Aires?
How did the occupation of Montevideo turn
out for the British?
Why did the Creoles not welcome the British?
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What did the locals do with the Spanish
viceroy of the La Plata region?
What is a cabildo abierto?
What sort of reforms did the new junta of
Buenos Aires bring in?
What were portenos?
Why was there a split between many of the
portenos and their compatriots who lived
farther inland?
Describe the socio-economic structure of
Bolivia.
How had the Tupac Amaru II uprising in the
late 1700s affected the Creole elite in Bolivia?
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How did the first attempt at revolution in
Bolivia make out in 1809? Why?
From where was the idea of revolution
introduced to Bolivia? How?
In 1810 Buenos Aires sent an army into
Bolivia to bring freedom. How did the
expedition go?
Why did many of the Bolivian Creoles not
welcome the liberating army from Buenos
Aires?
How did the second expedition, launched in
1813, turn out?
How did the third expedition, in 1815, end
up?
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Who were the montoneros?
Why were Lima and Buenos Aires so
determined to take control of Bolivia (Upper
Peru)?
Why did the local Creole elite tend to side
with Lima?
What were the obstacles Buenos Aires faced
in trying to subdue Bolivia?
What were some of the advantages and
disadvantages to independence minded
Montevideans as a result of the city’s
location?
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Who was Jose Artigas?
What is a caudillo?
What was the “Grito de Asuncion”, issued in
February 1811?
How did the Spanish viceroy in Montevideo
handle the dual attack from Uruguayan and
Argentine patriots?
How did the Argentines respond to Brazil’s
incursion into the Rio de la Plata region?
Why is Artigas’ retreat from Montevideo into
the hinterland considered a significant
moment in Uruguayan history?
What happened in 1817 after Artigas has
taken control of Montevideo?
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How long would it be until Uruguay became
an independent country?
Why did it take so long?
What was Paraguay’s social and economic
state as of 1810?
How did the Paraguayans react to Spain’s
attempt to speak for all the colonies?
How did Buenos Aires react to Paraguay’s
refusal to go along with its junta?
How did the military campaign go for the
Argentines?
What did Paraguay do on May 17, 1811?
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Did Paraguay develop into a democracy right
away?
What did Jose Francia declare himself to be in
1815?
Why do you think it was relatively easy for
Paraguay to reach independence?
Why would many Chilean Creoles already
consider themselves to be Chilean by the
time Napoleon invaded Spain?
How did the Creoles of Chile outmaneuver the
viceroy?
What did the cabildo abierto of September 10,
1810 decide?
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What steps did the junta take that were clear
indicators of a desire for independence?
What did Jose Carrera do in July of 1811?
Why?
What reforms did Carrera institute while in
power?
Was everyone happy with Carrera’s style of
leadership? Why not?
Who was Bernardo O’Higgins?
Where did the most serious opposition to
Chilean independence come from?
Where did O’Higgins and many of the
survivors of the Battle of Rancagua flee?
What were the following years like for the
patriotic Creoles of Chile?
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How did the journey to independence begin
for the people of Ecuador?
Why did they not achieve independence until
Bolivar’s armies marched south from
Colombia in 1822?
Why did the juntas of Colombia ultimately
fail?
Why did Bolivar leave Colombia for Jamaica?
Why did most of the Creoles of Peru not take
up the cause of Independence?
What impact did the native rebellion led by
Mateo Pumacahua have on the Creoles?
What role did the Viceroy of Peru, Jose
Fernando de Abascal play in the counterrevolutionary movement?
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What was happening in Spain while the
colonies were considering independence?
What was the Cortes convened in Spain and
what sort of decisions did it make?
Were Creole representatives from the
Americas permitted to attend?
How did the Creoles who went feel about
their treatment?
Why was the liberal constitution of 1812
short lived?
Why was Ferdinand VII able to reassert royal
control over the colonies?
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Who was Jose Maria Morelos?
What did he declare in 1810?
Why was popular with the lower classes in
Mexico?
What did he mean when he declared that “all the
inhabitants except Europeans…will be known as
Americans”?
What types of reforms did he support?
Why did the Creoles of Mexico not support him?
What happened to Morelos on December 22,
1815?
To where did Bolivar flee after the defeat of the
First Republic in Venezuela?
What did Bolivar call for in the Cartegena
Manifesto?
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What would have caused Bolivar to come to
the conclusion that unity was the key to
winning independence?
What moment of glory did Bolivar experience
in 1813?
Why didn’t it last?
Who were the llaneros?
Why did many blacks, and pardos not support
the revolutionary cause?
When did the second Venezuelan republic
come to an end?
What was the state of Spanish America by the
end of 1816?
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What was Great Britain’s attitude toward the
rebellious colonies of Spanish America?
How did this somewhat contradict their policy
towards Spain?
What was the level of US involvement in Latin
America?
Why did they take a position of neutrality?
Why did Haiti support Bolivar’s cause?
When did Bolivar return to Venezuela?
What type of government did Bolivar propose
in his Jamaica letter?
Why did he feel the need for a strong
executive?
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Which part of Venezuela did Bolivar make his
“home base”?
Why did the llanos prove to be an excellent
region in which to operate?
Who was Joes Antonio Paez?
How did Bolivar change the direction of the
war in 1819?
Was his attack into Colombia successful?
Why is the Battle of Boyaca on August 7, 1819
important?
What role did British soldiers play in the
battles in Venezuela and Colombia?
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In what shape had Bolivar’s push toward
Caracas left him and his army?
What was Britain’s position on the
recruitment of British citizens to serve in
Bolivar’s army?
How did being named president of Venezuela
help Bolivar’s cause? Did it make much of a
difference in actuality?
Why did Bolivar decide to attack in New
Granada (Colombia)?
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What evidence is there of a rivalry between
Bolivar and Paez?
What was the journey through the floodplains
and into the mountains like for the Army of
the West?
What was the state of the army as it came out
of the mountains?
How did it survive?
Why did opposing forces not crush Bolivar’s
army as it came through the mountains?
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What was the order of battle at Boyaca Bridge.
August 7th, 1819?
How did the Viceroy and other Spanish officials in
Bogota react to the news of the victory at Boyaca?
Provide evidence of just how important the
victory was to the overall course of independence
in Spanish America.
Why was Bolivar upset with Santander’s decision
to execute Royalist prisoners in Bogota?
What events in Spain helped Bolivar’s campaign
in Venezuela in 1820?
Why is the Battle of Carabobo, on June 24, 1821,
important?
How did Bolivar feel about the Paez and the
Llaneros? How did he handle them?
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What was Gran Colombia and who was named
as it’s president?
What sort of constitution did the new state
possess?
Who was General Antonio José de Sucre?
What did Bolivar think of him?
What role did he play in the liberation of
Ecuador and Peru?
What happened on the slopes of Pichincha on
May 24, 1822?
Who finally met in the city of Guayaquil in July
of 1822?
What had San Martin accomplished by late
1816?
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What was San Martin’s strategic vision, or what
did he plan to do with his new army?
What was the political situation in Buenos Aires
by 1816?
What happened at Tucumán in 1816?
What did the constitution of the newly
independent Argentina call for?
Why did some of the provinces revolt against it?
What evidence is there that San Martin was a
modest man, not overly interested in fighting for
personal gain?
How would you describe San Martin’s
preparations for his invasion of Chile?
What challenges did San Martin had to consider
while planning his crossing of the Andes?
How did he plan to overcome them?
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What role did the Lautaro Lodge play in
supplying San Martin’s army while
maintaining secrecy?
From where were the soldiers who made up
the Army of the Andes?
How did San Martin handle the issue of
including former slaves in the army?
How did San Martin manage to surprise the
royalist forces in Chile?
What toll did the passage of the Andes take
on the men and animals of the army?
Why did San Martin order his army, lacking
artillery, to attack the royalist forces at
Chacabuco?
What role did O’Higgins play in the battle?
Did the Argentines appreciate his efforts?
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Was the victory at Chacabuco decisive?
What did it allow the Army of the Andes to do?
Why did San Martin want O’Higgins to head up
the new Chilean government?
Would it be fair to say that in his success San
Martin had risen above the politics of Buenos
Aires?
Why did San Martin want to cultivate a special
relationship with Britain?
What was San Martin’s opinion of the creole elite
in Chile?
How important was the patriot victory on the
plains of Maipu on April 5th, 1818?
What was his strategic plan for Chile and Peru?
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What was San Martin’s act of “historic
disobedience?”
How did he end up having to make such a
decision?
From where did San Martin get the ships to
build his new navy?
Who was Thomas Cochrane?
What sort of commander was he?
When did San Martin head for Peru?
How did he get there?
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Why did San Martin’s strategy to take Peru
hinge on the patriot’s ability to win the
support of the Peruvian people, particularly
the Creole elite?
What sort of government did San Martin want
for Peru?
Did San Martin’s declaration of Peruvian
independence on July 28, 1820, after
occupying Lima reflect the true state of
affairs in Peru?
What sorts of problems did San Martin face as
he planned his attack on the highlands?
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What was the nature of the discussion
between Bolivar and San Martin at Guayaquil
in July1822?
Why did San Martin leave the meeting and
head into exile in Europe?
What did Spanish liberals force Ferdinand VII
to do in 1820?
What new measures did the Cortes bring in?
Why would Creoles in Mexico not like these
developments?
Who was Agustin de Iturbide?
What did he intend to do?
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What was Iturbide supposed to do when he
led his army into the field in late 1820? What
did he actually do?
Who was Vicente Guerrero?
Why did the two join forces?
What was the “Plan of Iguala”?
What were the three guarantees that the plan
presented to the people of Mexico?
What is important about September 28,
1821?
Whom did they recruit to be the emperor of
the new Mexican empire?
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How did Iturbide do as Emperor Augustin I?
Who became the first president of Mexico in
1824?
Was there any significant movement for
independence in the colonies of Central
America?
How did they break away from Spain?
In July of 1823 the United Provinces of
Central America was born. Which nations
were part of it?
When did Bolivar travel to Peru and why?
What title did the Peruvian congress give to
Bolivar?
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Why did Bolivar refer to Peru as a “chamber of
horrors”?
By August 6, 1824 what was the background
and quality of Bolivar’s army?
Why was the battle of Junin important?
What happened on December 8, 1824 at the
Battle of Ayacucho?
What role did Sucre play in bringing out the
final defeat of royalist forces in Upper Peru?
On August 6, 1824 Bolivia officially declared
independence. What sort of constitution did
Bolivar create for the new country?
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Why was the constitution considered to be poorly
designed?
How had King Joao transformed Brazil’s status
with relation to Portugal?
How did Brazil benefit from serving as a royal
capital?
Why did King Joao finally return to Portugal?
Whom did he leave behind to run things in Brazil?
Why did many Brazilians resent the presence of
the Portuguese who arrived with the king?
What did the Portuguese Cortes do in 1821 that
most Brazilian Creoles just could not accept?
What had the king advised Prince Pedro to do if
things got ugly in Brazil?
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What did Pedro declare in his Grito de
Ipiranga in September of 1822?
Was there a prolonged and bloody fight for
Brazilian independence?
Was it smooth sailing for Pedro in the new
Empire of Brazil?
Did people appreciate his insistence on a
conservative constitution?
What was the benefit of Pedro’s presence in
Brazil?