Anatomical Concepts
Related to Human
Movement
Course Content
I.
II.
Introduction to the Course
Biomechanical Concepts Related to
Human Movement
III. Anatomical Concepts Related to Human
Movement
IV. Applications in Human Movement
V. Functional Anatomy of Selected Joint
Complexes
Anatomical Concepts Related to
Human Movement
A. The Skeletal System
B. The Muscular System
The Skeletal System
Levels of Structural Organization
Organism
Organ System
Organ
Tissue
Cell
Chemical
Chemicals & Cells

Chemical

Cell




nucleus
organelles
cytosol
cell membrane
Tissues & Organs

Tissue




epithelial
muscle
nerve
connective

Organ
Organ Systems





integumentary
skeletal
muscular
nervous
endocrine






cardiovascular
lymphatic
respiratory
digestive
urinary
reproductive
Function of Musculoskeletal
System

General function is to cause or control
movement, more specifically:

Support


Allow movement



maintain upright posture
body transport
manipulate objects
Protect
Overview of Musculoskeletal
System

Musculoskeletal system operates like a
machine


Skeletal system provides structure
Muscular system provides force
The Skeletal System
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
General Structure & Function
Tissue Level Structure & Function
Organ Level Structure & Function
System Level Structure & Function
Injury to the Skeletal System
The Skeletal System
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
General Structure & Function
Tissue Level Structure & Function
Organ Level Structure & Function
System Level Structure & Function
Injury to the Skeletal System
General
Structure
Bones
&
Joints
~206 bones
>200 joints
12-15% BW
Connective tissue
Structure varies
Axial Skeleton
 ~80 bones
head (29)
thorax (51)
 Bones
singular,
paired, &
multiple
Appendicular
Skeleton
 ~126 bones
upper (32)
lower (31)
girdles
 Bones
multiple &
paired
General Function
1.
2.
3.
4.
Shape & supporting framework for other
systems
Protection
Storage & production of minerals & RBCs
System of machines for transmission of
forces
The Skeletal System
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
General Structure & Function
Tissue Level Structure & Function
Organ Level Structure & Function
System Level Structure & Function
Injury to the Skeletal System
What is the primary type of tissue
found in the skeletal system?
Tissue Level of Skeletal System



Properties of connective tissue
Structure & function of connective tissue
Types of connective tissue
Properties of Connective Tissue

Strength


Stiffness


Resistance to deformation
Extensibility


Load w/o damage
Ability to stretch & deform
Elasticity

Ability to regain original shape after deformation
25
Tissue Properties - strength
5
10
15
B
1
Load (N)
20
A
Deformation (cm)
C
25
Tissue Properties - stiffness
5
10
15
B
1
Load (N)
20
A
1
2
3
4
5
Deformation (cm)
6
7
C
25
Tissue Properties - extensibility
5
10
15
B
1
Load (N)
20
A
1
2
3
4
5
Deformation (cm)
6
7
C
Tissue Level of Skeletal System



Properties of connective tissue
Structure & function of connective tissue
Types of connective tissue
General Function of Connective
Tissue
Mechanical support
1.






2.
Bind cells together in tissues, organs, systems
Support and hold organs in place
Provide stability and shock absorption for joints
Provide flexible links between bones
Provide smooth articulating surfaces between bones
Transmit muscle force
Intercellular exchange
…blast – produce matrix
…clast – resorb matrix
…cyte – mature cell
General Structure of
Connective Tissue
Cellular Component
Resident Cells
fibroblasts,
osteocytes,
chondroblasts, etc.
synthesis &
maintenance
Circulating Cells
lymphocytes,
macrophages, etc.
defense &
clean up
Distinguishes
CT from other
tissues
Extracellular Matrix
Protein Fibers
collagen, elastin
Ground
Substance
(Fluid)
determines the
functional characteristics
of the connective tissue
Elastin





random arrangement
extensible – ultimate ~ 200%
low tensile strength
yellow fibers
EX: rubber band
Collagen





parallel (regular) arrangement
ultimate ~ 10%
high tensile strength
white fibers
EX: shoelace
Tissue Level of Skeletal System



Properties of connective tissue
Structure & function of connective tissue
Types of connective tissue
•Bind cells
•Mechanical links
•Resist tensile loads
Types of
Connective Tissue
Ordinary
Irregular Ordinary
Special
Regular Ordinary
Cartilage
Loose
Regular Collagenous
Adipose
Regular Elastic
Bone
Irregular Collagenous
Irregular Elastic
•Number & type of cells
•Proportion of collagen, elastin, & ground substance
•Arrangement of protein fibers
Irregular Ordinary Connective Tissue

Structure:



Elastin & collagen in
large GS
Moderate strength &
elasticity
Function:


Binds cells into tissues
and tissues into organs
Provides supporting
framework for nerves,
blood vessels, and
lymph vessels
1) Loose
Irregular Ordinary Connective Tissue
2) Adipose

Structure:



Random network of collagen & elastin with little GS
Moderate elasticity & strength
Function:


Padding around organs and joints
Continuous layer beneath skin for insulation
Irregular Ordinary Connective Tissue


3) Irregular Collagenous
Structure:
 Few elastin fibers &
little GS
 Resists stretch in any
direction
Function:
 Forms epimysium,
epineurium,
perichondrium,
periosteum, & capsule
around kidneys, liver, &
spleen
Irregular Ordinary Connective Tissue


Structure:
 Few collagen fibers &
moderate GS
 Stretches in many
directions
 Moderate strength
Function:
 Forms walls of arteries,
larger arterioles,
trachea, bronchial tubes
4) Irregular Elastic
Regular Ordinary Connective
Tissue

1) Regular elastic



Elastin fiber bundles arranged parallel
Moderate strength and extensibility in single
direction
Elastic ligaments of the spine:

Ligamentum flavum, ligamentum nuchae
Regular Ordinary Connective Tissue



2) Regular Collagenous
Collagen fiber bundles
arranged parallel
Strong & inextensible
Tendons, aponeuroses,
ligaments, joint capsules,
retinacula
Other Terminology


Fibrous tissue
Elastic tissue
Special Types of Connective
Tissue


Cartilage
Bone
Cartilage Tissue

General Structure


General Mechanical Properties





Highly specialized GS (proteoglycans + H20 = gel)
Anisotropic
Strong; resists all load conditions
Moderate stiffness
Good extensibility & elasticity
Types of Cartilage Tissue



Hyaline (articular)  joints, costal cartilage, trachea,
bronchial tubes, larynx, external nose
Fibrocartilage  articular discs, labrum, lining of grooves
Elastic  larynx, ear lobe, eustachian tube
Bone Tissue

General Structure


General Mechanical Properties




Collagen in hard, solid GS (bone salt)
Anisotropic
Strongest & stiffest
Little elasticity & extensibility
Types of Bone Tissue


Compact (cortical) bone  more dense
Trabecular (cancellous, spongy) bone
Summary



The skeletal system forms one part of the
musculoskeletal machine which makes movement of
the human body possible.
To best understand human movement, the skeletal
system should be studied at the cellular, tissue,
organ, organ system, and organism level.
We have examined the tissue level of the skeletal
system and better understand how the tissue level
contributes to the overall function of the organism
with regard to human movement.
Summary



Connective tissue is the primary tissue of the
skeletal system. It is the strongest and most
elastic tissue in the body, which makes it
most suitable for the functions performed by
the skeletal system.
There are 8 types of connective tissue in the
human body.
The unique function of the various types of
connective tissue is determined by the
structure of the tissue.