The Whole Student
Keenyn R. Wald, LPC
Mississippi State University
Student Counseling Services
$56,564.67
Overview
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Development over the life-span
College Student Development
Counseling Skills
Counseling Services
Life-Span Development
Infancy
1-3 years
Autonomy vs Shame/Doubt
Early Childhood
3-5 years
Initiative vs Guilt
Middle/Late Childhood
6 years to puberty
Industry vs Inferiority
Adolescence
10-20 years
Identity vs Identity Confusion
Early Adulthood
20s-30s
Intimacy vs Isolation
Middle Adulthood
40s-50s
Generativity vs Stagnation
Late Adulthood
60s and onwards
Integrity vs Despair
Life-Span Development
Infancy
1-3 years
Autonomy vs Shame/Doubt
Early Childhood
3-5 years
Initiative vs Guilt
Middle/Late Childhood
6 years to puberty
Industry vs Inferiority
Adolescence
10-20 years
Identity vs Identity Confusion
Early Adulthood
20s-30s
Intimacy vs Isolation
Middle Adulthood
40s-50s
Generativity vs Stagnation
Late Adulthood
60s and onwards
Integrity vs Despair
Come mothers and fathers
Throughout the land
And don't criticize
What you can't understand
Your sons and your daughters
Are beyond your command
Your old road is
Rapidly agin'
Please get out of the new one
If you can't lend your hand
For the times they are a-changin'.
Dylan, B., 1964
Emerging Adulthood
• 18-28
• Period of exploration and change
• Role experimentation, finding the right “fit”
Arnett, 2006
Emerging Adulthood
• Semi autonomy
• Students take on some of the responsibilities,
but others they leave up to the care of parents
Arnett, 2006
Emerging Adulthood
• Psychological development is not inevitable
• Think back to the vs stages of Erikson
Arnett, 2006
Emerging Adulthood
• Development is fostered when the student’s
environment provides a balance of challenge
and support
Arnett, 2006
Emerging Adulthood
• “the upward potential of youth is given wings
by the encouragement, the wisdom and the
leadership of adults far more than by any
stirrings inherent in the adolescent’s nature”
John J. Mitchell
Emerging Adulthood
• The goal of emerging adulthood is to
transform into an adult
Arnett, 2006
Emerging Adulthood
• Accepting responsibility for one’s self, making
independent decisions, and being financially
independent
Arnett, 2006
College Development
College Development
• Arthur Chickering
• Identified seven vectors of development
through the college years
Chickering, 1993
Developing Competence
• Intellectual
• Social
• Physical
Chickering, 1993
Managing Emotions
• Channel and release emotions, delay
gratification, and tolerate some level of
anxiety
Chickering, 1993
Autonomy → Interdependence
• Striving for self-sufficiency
Chickering, 1993
Mature Interpersonal Relationships
• Healthy and positive relationships
characterized by tolerance and reciprocity
• Increased appreciation of differences
• Acceptance of flaws in self and others
Chickering, 1993
Establishing Identity
• Integrate different facets of self
• “assembling a jigsaw puzzle”
• A healthy self-concept through all phases of
identity; vocational, personal, social
• Self-acceptance
Chickering, 1993
Developing Purpose
• “many college students are all dressed up but
do not know where they want to go. They
have energy, but no destination. While they
may have clarified who they are and where
they came from, they have only the vaguest
notion of who they want to be”
Chickering, 1993
Developing Integrity
• Question and examine inherited values, retain
and/or revising some, discarding others, and
adding new ones
• Congruence between values and actions
Chickering, 1993
Invisible suitcase
storage unit
Challenge and support
What an amazing opportunity!
Financial habits (+/-) formed at
this age are likely to persist
throughout adulthood
Shim et al., 2009
$$ Knowledge, attitudes, and
behaviors acquired during this
period can affect their lives
profoundly
Shim et al., 2009
Financial independence is a key
to achieving “adult” status
Shim et al., 2009
Student Loan Debt
• MS
• Avg: $27,322
• 57% of population
with debt
• AL
• Avg: $26,450
• 53% of population
with debt
• Nat’l $29,400
projectstudentdebt.org
ACHA/NCHA
• Within the past 12 months, which of the
following have been traumatic or very difficult
to handle:
• 33% of respondents
• Only academics was higher with 44%
Santrock, 2008
You get them at their best…
…and at their worst
And you get to impact them
throughout
Counseling
Warning Signs
Sudden change in behavior
Hopelessness & helplessness
Sleep disturbances
Substance use
High-risk behavior
Repeated/frequent appointments
Emotional distress
Using funds for others
Counseling
• Depression
• Anxiety
• Transition to college
Counseling
• Relationship issues
• Grief
• Substance use
Counseling
• Academic Concerns
• Identity issues
• Eating disorders
Counseling Skills
What is good listening?
Curiosity
Eye Contact
• Power differential
• Culturally appropriate
• Observe the students’ reaction and style
– How well you are doing will be reflected
Vocal Qualities
• Tone and speech rate
– I am happy to be here today.
• Accents?
Body Language
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Face them squarely and lean slightly forward
Have an expressive face
Use encouraging gestures
Be yourself
Empathy
• Does not mean agreeing them about
everything
• Trying to view it from their perspective
• Be genuine, use your own experiences
Summarizing and Paraphrasing
• Using their own words
• Using your words
Environment
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What is in your office environment?
Certifications
Art
Plants
How are you defined by your space?
Carl Rogers
• Congruence
• Unconditional Positive Regard
• Empathy
R.E.S.P.E.C.T.F.U.L.
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Religious/Spiritual identity
Economic class background
Sexual identity
Psychological maturity
Ethnic/racial identity
Lewis et al., 2011
R.E.S.P.E.C.T.F.U.L.
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Chronological/developmental challenges
Trauma and other threats to one’s well-being
Family background and history
Unique physical characteristics
Location of residence and language differences
Lewis et al., 2011
You can only do
what you can do
References
• Santrock, J. W. (2008). Essentials for life-span development. New York, NY:
McGraw-Hill.
• Arnett, J. J. (2006). Emerging adulthood: The winding road from the late teens
through the twenties. New York, NY: Oxford University Press
• Chickering, A. W. & Reisser, L. (1993). Education and identity. San Francisco, CA:
Jossey-Bass
• Lewis, J. A., Lewis, M. D., Daniels, J. A., & D’Andrea, M. J. (2011). Community
Counseling: A Multicultural-social justice perspective. Belmont, CA:
Brooks/Cole
• Shim, S., Barber, B.L., Card, N.A., Xiao, J.J., & Serido, J. (2009). Financial
socialization of first-year college students: The roles of parents, work, and
education. Journal of Youth Adolescence, 39, 1457-1470.