10
Blood: The River of
Life
Lesson 10.1: The Function and
Composition of the Blood
Lesson 10.2: Blood Types
Lesson 10.3: Blood Disorders and
Diseases
Chapter 10: The Blood
Lesson 10.1
The Function and
Composition of Blood
The Function and Composition of Blood
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•
•
•
the function of blood
the formed elements
physical properties of blood
plasma
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Blood
• Only Fluid Tissue
• Two components
– Formed elements
• Leukocytes (WBC) and platelets (buffy
coat) equal less than 1% of blood
• Erythrocytes (RBC) equal 45% of blood
–Aka. Hematocrit = measure of RBC
present
– Plasma (fluid portion) = 55% of blood
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The Function and Composition of Blood
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•
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manufacturing blood cells
red blood cells
white blood cells
platelets
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Blood Information
• pH = 7.35 – 7.45
• Temperature = 38oC or 100.4oF
– Slightly higher than body temp.
• Approx. 8% of body weight
– Males have 5-6 L while females have 4-5 L
although amount depends on size
• Color
– Oxygen rich blood is scarlet red
– Oxygen poor blood is dull or rusty red
– Blood is heavier & more viscous than water
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Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
• Symptoms:
• Headache, nausea,
achy – a lot like the
flu
• Convulsions &
unconsciousness as
levels increase
• Even though oxygen
level is low – person
looks very flushed –
NOT cyanotic
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Functions of the Blood--Protects
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Functions of the Blood -- Transports
Transports:
• CO2 and O2
• Waste products of metabolism
• Hormones
• Enzymes
• Nutrients
• Blood Cells
• Plasma proteins
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Functions of the Blood -- Regulates
• Body Temperature
• Acid-Base Balance (pH)
• Fluid and Electrolyte Balance
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Functions of the Blood -•
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•
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White Blood Cells Protect against infection
Antibodies Detect Foreign Material
Clotting Factors Prevent Excessive Bleeding
Example:
Engulfing TB bacteria
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The Formed Elements
• solid portion of blood
• red blood cells
– carry oxygen
• white blood cells
– immune response
• platelets
– clot
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Erythrocytes
• Structure:
– Few organelles
– Lack mitochondria
– Don’t do aerobic respiration so don’t use
up the oxygen that they are carrying
• Anucleate
–Only survive ~120 days
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RBC proteins
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RBC Proteins
• Hemoglobin
– 33% of cell weight
– Carries oxygen on
iron atoms
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RBC Proteins
• Spectrin
– to maintain membrane
integrity and change
cell shape so cell can
travel without rupturing
as it squeezes through
capillaries
• Misc. other proteins help
with facilitating gas
exchange and other
functions
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Physical Properties of Blood
• blood volume
– 4–5 liters of blood
• taste
– salty
• color
– bright red from artery
– dull red from vein
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Plasma
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•
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liquid portion of blood
90% water
8% plasma proteins
2% mixture of
electrolytes, nutrients,
ions, respiratory
gases, hormones,
waste products
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The Composition of Blood
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• Biconcave
shape
increases
surface area to
volume ratio
for gas
exchange
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Numbers of RBCs
• Outnumber WBC 1000 to 1
• Women
– 4.3 – 5.2 million RBC per mm3 of blood (about 1
small drop)
• Men
– 5.1 – 5.8 million RBC per mm3 of blood
– women typically have a lower percentage of RBC
which is why they tend to have trouble with
Anemia
• # of blood cells compared to amount of
plasma is major factor in blood viscosity
– If blood is too viscous – heart must work too hard
to pump it
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Review and Assessment
Match these words with 1–4 below: plasma, platelets,
bright red, red blood cell.
1. liquid portion of blood
2. carry oxygen
3. clot
4. arterial blood
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Anemia vs. Polycythemia
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Functions of RBCs
• Major function is to carry oxygen
• Single RBC contains ~250 million hemoglobin
molecules each
capable of carrying
4 oxygen atoms
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Hemoglobin
• Protection of hemoglobin
–Enclosed in RBC to prevent
fragmentation which would increase
blood viscosity
• Reminder:
–If blood is too viscous – heart must
work too hard to pump it
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Hematopoiesis
• Hematopoiesis: Blood cell formation
– Occurs in red bone marrow (myeloid) which is found in
the ends of long bones and in flat bones
• Stem Cell is called Megakaryocyte – make blood
cells in
• red bone marrow
• lymphatic tissue
• Hemocytoblasts convert to hemocytes
– Cycle takes 3-5 days
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Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)
• shape and size
– disk-shaped
– 7–8 micrometers in diameter
• hemoglobin
– binds with oxygen
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Stem Cells
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Erythropoiesis
• Erythropoiesis: Red blood cell formation
– Based on oxygen demands by body
• Hypoxia: too few RBCs = oxygen
deprivation
• Too many (polycythemia) = blood viscosity
increases
– Average production rate = 2 million/sec
– Controlled hormonally
• Based on level of available oxygen
• triggers erythropoietin production in kidney
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Erythropoiesis
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Erythropoiesis
• Production depends on:
– Fe, vitamin B12, and folic acid
• Necessary for DNA synthesis and
hemoglobin synthesis
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Life Cycle of RBCs
• After 120 days, the RBC is degraded and
recycled by Macrophages (cleanup crew)
• Hemoglobin is broken down to bilirubin
– Goes to liver to be excreted
– Liver damage can cause jaundice affecting many
body organs
– Review: Bilirubin excess in brain causes
kernicturus
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Life Cycle of RBCs
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End of Quiz #1 Material
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Leukocytes (WBCs) – body defense
system
• 4000 – 11,000 per mm3
• Complete cells with nuclei and various organelles
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Leukocyte Special Characteristics
• Diapedesis
– Reach infection site by slipping into and out of
blood vessels
• Ameboid motion
– Move through tissue spaces to reach location
• Chemotaxis
– Respond to chemicals released by damaged cells
in order to locate damaged area
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Leukocytes-Granulocytes
Contain specialized granules and lobed
nuclei
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Neutrophils
Active phagocytes –
attracted to
inflammation through
chemotaxis
• Numbers increase
during bacterial &
fungal infections
• Produce
white/yellow pus
and snot & mucus
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Basophils
• Basophils
– Located in certain tissues – aka. Mast cells
– Increase in # during allergy attacks
– Produce heparin & histamine to cause
vasodilation and attract other WBCx to area of
attack
– Produce clear watery snot
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Eosinophils
• Located in intestinal & pulmonary mucosa and
in dermis
• Increase in number during
– Parasitic infestations and produce
chemicals to counteract allergic reactions
– Produce greenish snot
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Leukocytes-Agranulocytes
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Leukocytes
• Lack granules
• Formed in bone marrow and then migrate to
lymphatic tissues – rarely circulate in blood unless
needed
• 2 types
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Leukocytes-Agranulocytes
• Lymphocytes
• Monocytes
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Leukocytes
• Lymphocytes: 3 types that play an immune
system role
– (B-cells, T-cell, and Natural Killer cells)
• T-cells (several types)
–Attack virus infected & tumor cells
• B-cells (several types)
–Produce antibodies (immunoglobulins) for
long term immunity
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Natural Killer Cells
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Leukocytes
• Monocytes
– Very mobile, aggressive macrophages
– Increase in number during chronic infections (such as
tuberculosis) and act against viruses and bacteria in
long term infections
– Activate lymphocytes to start immune response
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Leukopoiesis
• Activated by specific chemicals in response to
infections, toxins, tumor cells, etc.
• Granulocytes produced and stored in bone
marrow as needed
• Granulocytes have short life span - .5 to 9
days – die fighting invaders
• Agranulocytes may live days to years
depending on type
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Plasma
• Straw colored, sticky fluid matrix
• 90% water - 10% dissolved proteins, gases,
wastes, etc.
• Plasma proteins produced by liver: know
functions:
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Albumin – water balance
Fibrinogen - clotting
Alpha & beta globulins - transport
Gamma globulins - immunity
• Homeostatic levels maintained by various
organs
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Platelets (Thrombocytes)
• Formed by megakaryocytes (stem cells)
• Fragments of cells that clump together to form a
seal at damaged BV locations
• Not a complete cell – lack nuclei and organelles so
short life span
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White Blood Cells (Leukocytes)
• neutrophils
– first responders
• eosinophils
– allergic reactions
• basophils
– produce histamine
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White Blood Cells (Leukocytes)
• lymphocytes
– T cells
– B cells
– form antibodies
• monocytes
– become macrophages
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Characteristics of White Blood Cells
• granulocytes
– neutrophils
• perform phagocytosis
• kill bacteria and fungi
– eosinophils
• destroy parasitic worms
• control allergic responses
– basophils
• release histamine
• active in allergic reactions
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Characteristics of White Blood Cells
• agranulocytes
– lymphocytes
• B cells produce antibodies
• T cells and NK cells fight
cancerous tumors and viruses
– monocytes
• perform phagocytosis
• live longer than neutrophils
• morph into macrophages and
remove dead cell debris and
attack microorganisms
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Leukocytes-Agranulocytes
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Platelets (Thrombocytes)
• hemostasis
– stops bleeding
• steps of hemostasis
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vessel wall injury and constriction
platelet aggregation
platelet plug formation and coagulation
blood clot formation and retraction
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Clot formation
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Steps of Hemostasis
• Platelet plug formation
– Normally, platelets and endothelium are both positively
charged so they repel each other and the endothelial
wall of BV
– When endothelium ruptured, +platelets contact negative
collagen fibers
– Chemical changes cause platelets to swell and stick
together and to the wall
– Chemicals are released to attract more platelets to seal
cuts
– Platelet plug is formed – effective in sealing small
vascular nicks
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The Process of Hemostasis
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Aspirin
• Aspirin inhibits platelet plug formation and
prolonged bleeding may occur
– In small doses, it inhibits unnecessary clotting thus
preventing heart attacks & strokes
• Aspirin is an anticoagulant
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Steps to Hemostasis
• Vascular Spasms
– . initiated by serotonin released from anchored platelets
and stimulation of local pain receptors cause BV to
spasm
– vasoconstriction narrows BV decreasing blood loss
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Steps to Hemostasis
• Coagulation – blood clotting
• Critical events that occur:
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Thromboplastin released by injured tissue
interacts with prothrombin activator (PF3)
Which converts prothrombin to thrombin
Which joins fibrinogen molecules into a fibrin
mesh
– Which traps RBCs and pulls edges closer together
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Hemostasis (blood stopping)
Hemostasis
• Medical Animation Library: Blood Clotting
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Hemostasis
• More than 30 substances involved
– Procoagulant – promotes clotting
– Anticoagulant – inhibits clotting
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Homeostasis
• When body is in homeostasis – there are several
mechanisms that prevent clotting when it should
NOT occur and enhance clotting when it SHOULD
occur.
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Fibrinolysis (clot busting)
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Fibrinolysis
• When normal cell regeneration begins, clot
becomes unnecessary
• Plasmin (clot buster) is released until clot is
dissolved totally.
• release typically begins within 2 days and
continues until clot dissolved
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Review and Assessment
Fill in the blanks with: basophils, hemostasis,
hemoglobin, or T cell.
1. _______________ is a type of lymphocyte.
2. _______________ produce histamine.
3. _______________ binds with oxygen.
4. _______________ stops bleeding.
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Blood Groups
• RBCs contain antigens (glycoproteins) for cell
recognition
– 30 common varieties - over 100 "family antigens"
– common antigens - ABO and Rh cause vigorous transfusion
reactions
– others mainly used for ID purposes (paternity, inheritance,
etc. - only typed in cases of several transfusions (cumulative
effect)
• ABO blood groups
– based on presence or absence of A or B antigens
on RBCs
– plasma antibodies act against foreign antigens not
present on that individual's RBCs
– see chart
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Antigens & Antibodies
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Rh factor
• Rh+ 85% of Americans - carry Rh
antigen on RBC
• Rh- don't have antigen on RBC
• Rh- can go into Rh+ BUT Rh+
cannot go into Rh• less severe transfusion reaction
(hemolysis of donor RBCs) doesn't usually occur until 2nd
transfusion due to body's reaction
time
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In Pregnant Women
• can cause erythroblastosis fetalis (hemolytic
disease of the newborn)
• if Rh- woman carries Rh+ baby
– 1st baby is usually okay due to reaction time unless
there was a bleeding problem during the pregnancy or
a previous miscarriage or abortion.
– 2nd baby will have its blood cells attacked by mother’s
antibodies– Rhogam shot can prevent this if injected at 28 weeks of
pregnancy and again right after birth.
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Transfusions
• In case of blood loss, body tries to:
– 1. reduce BV volume to maintain circulation to
vital organs
– 2. step up production of RBCs for replacement
• 15-30% loss - pallor & weakness
• over 30% - severe shock may be fatal
• substantial blood loss - whole blood transfusion
• Plasma, electrolyte solutions ( Ringer's solution) etc.
can be used to increase blood volume while body
steps up production of RBCs
• Whole Blood transfusions can be given but blood
must be typed and matched to prevent transfusion
reaction
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Know the information contained in this
chart
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Transfusion Reaction
• Mismatched RBCs antigens attacked by plasma
antibodies
• agglutination of foreign RBCs can:
– clog small BV - reduce blood flow
– lysed RBCs release hemoglobin into blood-reduced
oxygen capacity - blocks kidney tubules and causes
renal shutdown
• Reactions: fever, chills, vomiting
• Treatment: alkaline fluids to dilute hemoglobin,
diuretics to increase urine flow to flush kidneys
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Agglutination
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Chapter 10: The Blood
Lesson 10.2
Blood Types
Blood Types
• blood types
• the Rh classification system
• complete blood count
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Blood Types
• A, B, AB, and O
• antigens and antibodies
– antigen
• on surface of RBC, identify self and non-self
– antibody
• in blood plasma, mark foreign cells
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Blood Types
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Blood Transfusions
• agglutination
– clumping of RBCs
• universal recipient
– blood type AB
• universal donor
– blood type O
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The Rh Classification System
• Rh-positive individuals
– have Rh factor antigen on RBCs
• Rh-negative individuals
– do not have Rh factor antigen on RBCs
• Rh factor complications
– erythroblastosis fetalis
– RhoGAM
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Complete Blood Count
• detects blood disorders or diseases
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Review and Assessment
True or False?
1. Blood type O is the universal donor.
2. Agglutination is the clumping of RBCs.
3. Antigens are in blood plasma.
4. Antibodies are on the surface of RBCs.
5. Rh factor is positive or negative.
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Chapter 10: The Blood
Lesson 10.3
Blood Disorders
and Diseases
Blood Disorders and Diseases
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•
•
•
•
•
anemia
jaundice
hemophilia
polycythemia
leukemia
multiple myeloma
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Anemia
• decrease in number of RBCs
• insufficient amount of hemoglobin
• acquired anemia
– deficient diet, parasitic worms, disease
• inherited anemia
– genetic makeup
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Acquired Anemias
• iron-deficient anemia
– insufficient dietary intake of iron
– bleeding from intestinal worms
– pregnancy
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Acquired Anemias
• aplastic anemia
– damage to stem cells in bone marrow
– causes
•
•
•
•
toxins
radiation therapy or chemotherapy
infectious disease
heredity
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Acquired Anemias
• pernicious anemia
– intestines can not absorb vitamin B12
• anemias caused by chronic disease
–
–
–
–
rheumatoid arthritis
kidney disease
chronic infections
cancer
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Inherited Anemias
• sickle cell anemia
– RBCs have
abnormal shape
– crises–painful
episodes
• Cooley’s anemia
– cannot produce
fully formed
hemoglobin
– cannot make
enough RBCs
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Jaundice
• yellow-colored skin and
whites of the eyes
–
–
–
–
excess bilirubin
from breakdown of RBCs
possible liver damage
newborns
photobank.kiev.ua/Shutterstock.com
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Blood Disorders
• hemophilia
– inherited
– blood does not clot
• polycythemia
– overproduction of RBCs
– causes thick blood
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Leukemia
• cancer of the blood
• acute lymphocytic
leukemia
– over production of
lymphocytes
• acute myeloid
leukemia
– too many myeloblasts
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Leukemia
• chronic lymphocytic leukemia
– high level of lymphocytes
• chronic myeloid leukemia
– too many granulocytes
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Multiple Myeloma
•
•
•
•
plasma cell cancer in bone marrow
may damage bone
treatable
incurable
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Review and Assessment
Match these words with 1–4 below: jaundice,
leukemia, anemia, hemophilia.
1. cancer of the blood
2. blood does not clot
3. yellow colored skin
4. decrease in number of RBCs
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