Modern Biology
Term 1/3
Review
Make sure you go over all of your learning targets.
Characteristics of life
Scientific Method
Hypothesis vs. Theory
Microscope techniques
What are the characteristics of life?
• Characteristics of Life
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Organization
Cells
Response to Stimuli
Homeostasis
Metabolism
Growth and Development
Reproduction
Change Through Time
Biology
The study of life
What are the levels of organization?
Organization and Cells
ATOM
BIOLOGICAL MOLECULE
ORGANELLE
CELL
ORGAN
TISSUE
What is Homeostasis?
What is Metabolism?
Homeostasis & Metabolism
Homeostasis
• The maintenance of a stable
level of internal conditions
even though environmental
conditions are constantly
changing.
Metabolism
• The sum of all the chemical
reactions that take in and
transform energy and
materials from the
environment.
What is the Scientific Method?
Steps of the Scientific Method
1. Observation: the act of perceiving a natural
occurrence
2. Forming a Hypothesis
1.
A statement that explains observations and data and can be tested
3. Test Hypothesis
1.
Experimenting -Control group vs Experimental group
2.
Independent variable vs dependent variable
4. Record and Study Data
5. Write a conclusion
How do I determine the magnification
of a microscope?
What’s my power?
To calculate the power of magnification, multiply the power of the ocular lens by
the power of the objective.
What are the powers of
magnification for each of
the objectives we have on our
microscopes?
Chapter 2
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Atoms
Periodic Table of Elements
Enzymes and Activation Energy
Properties of Water
What is an atom and what 3 things
make up an atom?
ATOMS
the simplest
particle of an
element that
retains all of the
properties of that
element
How do I use the Periodic Table?
• I can determine the atomic number?
▫ I can determine the number of protons?
• I can determine the atomic mass?
▫ I can determine the number of neutrons and
electrons?
• I can find the chemical symbol?
Periodic Table of the
Elements
▫ Atomic number: number
of protons in the nucleus
▫ Chemical symbol: consists
of 1,2, or 3 letters and is
usually derived from the
name of the element
▫ Atomic mass: the sum of
the number of protons and
neutrons in the nucleus
2
He
Helium
4
What is Activation Energy?
• Activation Energy: Amount of energy needed
to make a reaction begin. Abbrev = Eact
What do cells use to reduce the
activation energy?
• Enzymes
▫ Made of protein
▫ biological catalysts
 reduce the Eact to cellular temperatures
 speeds the reaction to maintain life
What is Polarity? What molecule is
polar? Why?
POLARITY
• In covalent bonds where the
“sharing” is unequal (like in
water).
Because of this uneven
pattern of charge, water is a
polar compound.
Chapter 3
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Lipids
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
What are carbohydrates?
Carbohydrates
Simple sugars
What are lipids?
Lipids
• Are made up of fatty acids and glycerol
▫ Examples: saturated fats, waxes, cholesterol,
hormones
• Lipids are made up of long CH2 or Carbon
chains
• This is how we store excess glucose
What are proteins?
Long chains of amino acids
What are nucleic acids?
Nucleic Acids
• Are made up of nucleotides
• Examples are DNA and RNA
▫ DNA is are genetic information and stores all of
the instructions the cells needs to do its job
▫ RNA help get the instructions to the cell
The Discovery of Cells
Organelles of a cell
Two basic types of cells – Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic
Relationships between size, shape, function, etc
Distinguish between plant and animal cells
Makeup of a multicellular organism – cells – tissues – organs – organ systems organism
Who had great hair and who didn’t?
The History of Cell
Robert Hooke
Anton von Leeuwenhoek
• 1665
• Created the first microscope
• Studied cork and saw “little
boxes”
• 1673
• Dutch trader, considered to be
the father on microbiology
• Made better lens
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
• What are prokaryotic cells?
• What are eukaryotic cells?
• How are the same and how are they different?
Comparing Cells: Prokaryotes to
Eukaryotes
SAME
FEATURES
PROKARYOTES
Plasma memb rane
DNA
Flagel l a
Metabo lic functions
Ribosomes ,
All Charac teristics
of life,
EUKARYOTES
DIFFERENT
FEATURES
No membranebound organelles,
Smaller upper
limit,
Pili, Mesosome,
Nucleoid region,
Binary fission,
circular DNA +
plasmids*,
Membrane-bound
organelles,
Nucleus,
Larger upper
limit,
Mitosis/Meiosis*,
Linear DNA*
Plant and Animals Cells
• What type of cell are plant and animals cells?
• How are they different?
Comparing Cells: Plant to Animal
Organelles unique to each
PLANTS
plastids like chloroplasts
cell wall
central vacuole
ANIMALS
centrioles
Why do cells stay small?
Passive and active transport
Diffusion and Osmosis
Hypo-, hyper-, and iso- tonic solutions
Endocytosis vs Exocytosis
What is Passive Transport? Give
examples
“Passive Transport”
• Crossing cell membrane using
NO energy.
• EXAMPLES
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Diffusion
Osmosis
Facilitated Diffusion
Diffusion through ion
channels
Explain diffusion
Diffusion
Explain osmosis
Osmosis
Solutions
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What is an isotonic solution?
What is a hypotonic solution?
What is a hypertonic solution?
What happens to plant and animals cells in each
type of solution?
What is Active Transport? Give
examples
Active Transport
• Uses energy; against concentration gradient
What are endocytosis and exocytosis?
Endocytosis
Exocytosis
The chemical equation
The role of chlorophyll & accessory pigments
The Light Reaction – roles of reactants and products
The Dark Reaction – roles of reactants and products
* The relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration*
Obtaining Energy
• What is an autotroph?
• What is a hetertroph?
Obtaining Energy
AUTOTROPHS
Gets energy directly
HETEROTROPHS
Gets energy indirectly
Visible Spectrum
• Light can be reflected,
transmitted or absorbed by
the object
• Pigments: compounds that absorb
light. This subtracts them from the
visible spectrum
Why are plants green? Why do the
leaves of trees change color in the
fall?
Visible Spectrum
• Chlorophyll is a pigment
▫ Reflects green
▫ Absorbs blue and red
• Carotenoids are accessory pigments
▫ Absorb green
▫ Enable plants to capture more energy
What does this reaction represent?
The process of photosynthesis
• I can describe what is happening during light
reactions
• I can describe what is happening during dark
reactions
The chemical equation
The major events of glycolysis
Compare the types of fermentation
Pathways of aerobic respiration
Aerobic vs. anaerobic respiration
Fermentation
The process which cells release energy
(from food molecules) by producing ATP
without oxygen
Anaerobic
Lactic Acid Fermentation
Alcoholic Fermentation