Internet Infrastructure
© N. Ganesan, Ph.D.
Chapter Objectives
• Bring together in perspective various
components of the Internet
– Network Infrastructure
– Communication Infrastructure
– Organizations and groups that set
standards
Module
Network Infrastructure:
Hardware and Access
Infrastructure
Evolution
• Started as ARPANET
• Grew with the introduction of PCs, LANs and
WANs
• CCITT (now ITU) was the initial standard
setting organization
• Lower level protocols was X.25
• Higher level protocol was TCP/IP that
followed the initial introduction of the
Network Control Protocol (NCP)
Current Trend
• Global network based on high speed
fiber lines
• IPV4 is being replaced by IPv6
• X.25, Frame Relay etc. are being
replaced with ATM
Hardware Infrastructure
• The hardware infrastructure now is
essentially a hierarchy of
interconnected networks
–
–
–
–
Local
Departmental
Campus or Enterprise
Wide Area
Networking and Internetworking
Devices
• Hubs
– Layer 1 devices
• Switches
– Mostly Layer 2 devices
• Routers
– Layer 3 devices
Connection to the Internet Example
LA Fiber Connection Hierarchy
Source: http://www.above.net/products/maps/fibermaps_content.html
Internet National Connection
Example (Cogent Communications)
Internet Global Connection Example
(MCI)
Major Digital Line Types
• Lower speed access point
– DSL
– ISDN
• High network connections
– T1, T3 etc.
– OC3, OC12 etc.
Digital Lines and Speeds
Line
DS0
ISDN
T1
Speed
64Kpbs
128 Kbps (BRI)
1.544 Mbps
2 DSO (B channels)
24 DSO
T3
43.232 Mbps
28 T1
OC3
OC12
OC48
OC192
155 Mbps
622 Mbps
2.5 Gbps
9.6 Gbps
100 T1
4 OC3
4 OC12
4 OC48
Speed
• Faster backbones are providing faster
access to the Internet
• Internet2 is a joint venture project
between many universities to develop a
high-speed Internet
– This development, however, is very likely
to be spearheaded by the industry given
the commercial attractiveness of providing
fast Internet access
High-Speed Internet (Abeline)
Abeline Update
Source: http://www.internet2.edu/presentations/spring04/20040421-Abilene-Corbato.pdf
Internet Traffic
Source: http://www.internettrafficreport.com/main.htm
Internet Traffic Status in Asia
Source:
Asia Traffic Index
Response Time to Asia
Packet Loss in Asia
Connection Hierarchy
Definition of Terms
• POP (Point of Presence)
• NAP (National Access Points)
• High-speed backbone network service
End of Module
Module
Communication Infrastructure:
The Protocols
Protocol of the Internet
• TCP/IP
IP Addressing
• 32-bit numbering system
– Divided into network ID and host ID
• Grouped into Classes A, B, C, D and E
– Classes A, B and C are the ones relevant to
commercial use
• Several IP addresses have been reserved for
private and other uses
– Addresses used in Network Address Translation
(NAT)
– Addresses used of IP multicasting
TCP/IP Model
ISO/OSI Model
Mapping of the Models
Meeting the Demand for IP
Addresses
• DHCP
• Network Address Translation (NAT)
• IPv6
• Classless Inter Domain Routing (CIDR)
Some Application Layer Protocol
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
HTTP, HTTPS
FTP
Telnet
POP3
IMAP
SMTP
DNS
DHCP
SNMP
• X.500
• LDAP
For more info: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_layer
Transport Layer Protocols
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
TCP
UDP
ICMP
OSPF
SPX
NetBEUI
SMB
For more information access:
– http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_layer
Internet Layer Protocols
• IPv4, IPv6
• ARP
• NWLink
• NetBEIU
Network Interface Layer Protocols
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Ethernet
Token Ring
IEEE 802.11x
PPP
X.25
FDDI
Frame Relay
ISDN
ATM
•
•
•
•
T and E carriers
OC carriers
xDSL
Cable Modem
Some Popular Ports and Protocols
• 80 – HTTP
– Web services
• 20/21 – FTP
Additional Port Information
• Extensive list of port numbers at IANA
• http://www.iana.org/assignments/po
rt-numbers
Some Useful TCP/IP Commands
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
ping
ipconfig
finger
hostname
nslookup
tracert
nbtstat
netstat
• telnet
• ftp
Further Information on TCP/IP
Commands
• In Windows XP help, search for
“TCP/IP Utilities and Services”
• Access Garry Kessler’s manual at:
– http://www.garykessler.net/library/rfc21
51.pdf
End of Module
Module
Domains and DNS Infrastructure
Top Level Domain (TLD) Extensions
• “There are two types of top-level
domains, generic and country code,
plus a special top-level domain (.arpa)
for Internet infrastructure. Generic
domains were created for use by the
Internet public, while country code
domains were created to be used by
individual countries as they deemed
necessary.”
• Source: http://www.iana.org/domain-names.htm
The Three Top-Level Domains
• Country Code Domains (.uk, .de, .jp,
.us, etc.)
• Generic Domains (.aero, .biz, .com,
.coop, .edu, .gov, .info, .int, .mil,
.museum, .name, .net, .org, and .pro)
• Infrastructure Domain (.arpa)
Country Extensions
• http://www.iana.org/cctld/cctldwhois.htm
Domain Extensions
• Some prominent domain names
– .com, .edu, .org,
• Some interesting newer domain names
– .net, .pro
More Information on Domain
Extensions
• Some useful information on
qualifications, contact etc. can be
obtained by navigating through the
following IANA web link
– http://www.iana.org/gtld/gtld.htm
Where to Find Domain Registrant
Information?
– http://www.networksolutions.com/en_U
S/whois/index.jhtml
Internet Domain Growth
Source: http://www.isc.org/index.pl?/ops/ds/
Root Name Server Details
• ftp://ftp.internic.net/domain/named.r
oot
Accredited Domain Name Registrar
Directory
• Companies that are accredited by
ICANN
– http://www.internic.net/alpha.html
End of Module
Module
Internet Agencies
Important Internet Groups
• Internet Architecture Board (IAB)
• The Internet Engineering Steering
Group (IESG)
• Internet Society (ISOC)
• Internet Assigned Numbers Authority
(IANA)
Internet Engineering Task Force
(IETF)
• “The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
is a large open international community of
network designers, operators, vendors, and
researchers concerned with the evolution of
the Internet architecture and the smooth
operation of the Internet. It is open to any
interested individual.” - IETF
• http://www.ietf.org
IETF Working Groups
• The actual technical work of the IETF is done in its
working groups, which are organized by topic into
several areas (e.g., routing, transport, security, etc.).
The IETF holds meetings three times per year.” –
IETF
• The IETF working groups are grouped into areas,
and managed by Area Directors, or ADs. The ADs
are members of the Internet Engineering Steering
Group (IESG). Providing architectural oversight is
the Internet Architecture Board, (IAB). The IAB also
adjudicates appeals when someone complains that
the IESG has failed. The IAB and IESG are chartered
by the Internet Society (ISOC) for these purposes. “
Functional Overview of IETF
• http://www.ietf.org/tao.html
Internet Society
• “The Internet SOCiety (ISOC) is a professional
membership society with more than 150 organization
and 16,000 individual members in over 180 countries.
It provides leadership in addressing issues that
confront the future of the Internet, and is the
organization home for the groups responsible for
Internet infrastructure standards, including the
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) and the
Internet Architecture Board (IAB). “ - ISOC
• http://www.isoc.org/
Internet Architecture Board (IAB)
• “The IAB is chartered both as a committee of
the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
and as an advisory body of the Internet
Society (ISOC). Its responsibilities include
architectural oversight of IETF activities,
Internet Standards Process oversight and
appeal, and the appointment of the RFC
Editor. The IAB is also responsible for the
management of the IETF protocol parameter
registries.” – IAB
IAB Access
• http://www.iab.org/
Internet Assigned Numbers Authority
(IANA)
• “The central coordinator for the
assignment of unique parameter values
for Internet protocols.” - IETF
• “It is chartered by the Internet Society
(ISOC) to act as the clearinghouse to
assign and coordinate the use of
numerous Internet protocol
parameters.” - IETF
Internet Corporation for Assigned
Names and Numbers (ICANN)
• “The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and
Numbers (ICANN) is an internationally organized,
non-profit corporation that has responsibility for
Internet Protocol (IP) address space allocation,
protocol identifier assignment, generic (gTLD) and
country code (ccTLD) Top-Level Domain name
system management, and root server system
management functions. These services were
originally performed under U.S. Government
contract by the Internet Assigned Numbers
Authority (IANA) and other entities. ICANN now
performs the IANA function.” - ICANN
ICANN
• Home page
– http://www.icann.org/
• Further Information on ICANN’s role
– http://www.icann.org/tr/english.html
American Registry for Internet
Numbers (ARIN)
• “We at the American Registry for Internet
Numbers manage the Internet numbering
resources for North America, a portion of the
Caribbean, and sub-equatorial Africa. A full
list of countries in the ARIN region can be
found by clicking here. As a nonprofit
corporation with a bottom-up, communitybased structure, our focus is completely on
serving our members and the Internet
community at large.” – ARIN
More About ARIN
• http://www.arin.net/about_us/about.
html
ARIN Equivalent in Asia
• Asia Pacific
– http://www.apnic.net/
National Registries
• For further information of national
domain registries for different countries
access the following site:
– http://www.norid.no/domenenavnbaser/
domreg.html
Council of Registrars (CORE)
• “CORE is an international not-for-profit
association of Registrars constituted
under Swiss Law. CORE is active in the
Domain Name Registration area since
1997.” -CORE
• Access at:
– http://www.corenic.org/
More on CORE
• “CORE's members are professional registrars
from various areas (Europe, North America,
Asia-Pacific) who handle domain name
registration on behalf of customers. Currently
CORE has members in present in 14 countries
and manage in total over 400,000 domain
names in various TLDs.
• CORE also acts as Registry Operator for two
Sponsored TLDs, .aero and .museum. “ CORE
Internet Network Information Center
(InterNIC)
• Provides the public with information
regarding internet domain name
registration services
• http://www.internic.net/
All About Registering a Domain
• FAQ on domain registration from
InterNIC
– http://www.internic.net/
Internet Research Task Force (IRTF)
• Internet Research Task Force (IRTF)
– “To promote research of importance to the
evolution of the future Internet by creating
focused, long-term and small Research Groups
working on topics related to Internet protocols,
applications, architecture and technology.” IRTF
– http://www.irtf.org/
World Wide Web (W3) Consortium
• “The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)
develops interoperable technologies
(specifications, guidelines, software, and
tools) to lead the Web to its full potential.
W3C is a forum for information, commerce,
communication, and collective
understanding. “ –W3
• http://www.w3.org/
A Sample Work of W3C
• For more information on W3C’s work
on the http protocol
• http://www.w3.org/Protocols/
National Telecommunication and
Information Administration (NTIA)
• “The National Telecommunications and
Information Administration (NTIA) is
the Executive Branch agency principally
responsible for domestic and
international telecommunications and
information policy issues. “ - NTIA
NTIA Responsibilities
• NTIA also manages the Federal use of the spectrum;
administers infrastructure grants to support the
development of a national information infrastructure
accessible to all Americans; manages public
telecommunications facilities grants designed to
maintain and extend the public broadcasting
infrastructure; and performs cutting-edge
telecommunications research and engineering,
including resolving technical telecommunications
issues for the Federal government and private sector.
“ - NTIA
Access NTIA
• http://www.ntia.doc.gov/
VeriSign©
• Manages the .com and .net domains
• Access at:
– http://www.verisign.com/productsservices/naming-and-directoryservices/index.html
Network Solutions
• One of the largest and earliest domain
name registrars
• http://www.networksolutions.com/en
_US/home.jhtml;jsessionid=N4E3VGW
I3GXDSCWLEAMCFEY?_requestid=16
2872&layoutIdIndex=0&_requestid=162
872
References
• ARIN
• High speed internet backbone
• North American Network Operators
Group
End of Module
End of Chapter