IP Routing
Chapter 8 Objectives
• Understanding IP routing
• Static routing
• Dynamic routing
–
–
–
–
RIP
RIPv2
OSPF
EIGRP
• Verifying routing
• Router Security
2
What is Routing?
To route a router need to know:
– Remote Networks
– Neighbor Routers
– All Possible routes to remote network
– The absolute best route to all remote
networks
– Maintain and verify the routing information
D
C
B
A
What is Routing?
To route a router need to know:
– Remote Networks
– Neighbor Routers
– All Possible routes to remote network
– The absolute best route to all remote
networks
– Maintain and verify the routing information
D
C
B
A
Basic Path Selection
What interface will the router send out a packet
if it has destination address of 10.10.10.10?
Simple IP Routing
>ping 172.16.20.2
Routing/PDU Example:
Host A Web browses to the HTTP
Server….
1. The destination address of a frame will be the
_______________________
2. The destination IP address of a packet will be the IP
address of the________________________________
3. The destination port number in a segment header will have
a value of __
Static Routes
Stub Network
172.16.1.0
172.16.2.0
SO
AA
172.16.3.1
SO
172.16.3.2
B
B
Routes must be unidirectional
Static Route Configuration
ip route remote network
[mask]
{address|interface}
[distance]
[permanent]
Router(config)#ip route remote_network mask
next_hop
Static Route Example
Stub Network
172.16.2.0
172.16.1.0
SO
SO
A
172.16.3.1
172.16.3.2
B
B
ip route 172.16.1.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.3.2
or
ip route 172.16.1.0 255.255.255.0 s0
Default Routes
Stub Network
172.16.1.0
172.16.2.0
SO
SO
A
172.16.3.1
172.16.3.2
B
B
ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 172.16.3.1
ip classless
Routing vs. Routed
• Routing protocols are used between
routers to:
– Determine the path of a packet through a network
– Maintain routing tables
– Examples?
• Routed protocols are:
– Assigned to an interface
– Once the path is determined by the Routing
protocol, determines method of delivery
– Examples?
Routing Protocols
IGPs: RIP, IGRP
EGPs: BGP
Autonomous System 1
Autonomous System 2
• An autonomous system is a collection of
networks under a common administrative
domain.
• IGPs operate within an autonomous system.
• EGPs connect different autonomous systems.
Classful Routing Overview
Classful routing protocols do not
include the subnet mask with
the route advertisement.
– Within the same network, consistency of the
subnet masks is assumed.
– Summary routes are exchanged between
foreign networks.
– Examples of classful routing protocols:
• RIP Version 1 (RIPv1)
• IGRP
Classless Routing Overview
Classless routing protocols
include the subnet mask with
the route advertisement.
– Classless routing protocols support
variable-length subnet masking (VLSM).
– Summary routes can be manually
controlled within the network.
– Examples of classless routing protocols:
•
•
•
•
RIP Version 2 (RIPv2)
EIGRP
OSPF
IS-IS
Administrative Distance
Router B
Router A
RIP
Administrative
Distance=120
IGRP
Administrative
Distance=100
Router C
Default Administrative Distance
•
•
•
•
•
•
Directly Connected: 0
Static Route: 1
RIP: 120
IGRP: 100
EIGRP: 90
OSPF: 110
Router D
Distance Vector
Distance—How far
Vector—In which direction
D
Routing
Table
C
B
A
Routing
Table
Routing
Table
Routing
Table
Distance vector algorithms do not allow a router to know
the exact topology of an internetwork.
All routers just broadcast their entire routing table out all
active interfaces on periodic time intervals
Discovering Routes
Discovering Routes
Routing Loops
Router Loop
Prevention
•
•
•
•
Maximum Hop Count
Split Horizon
Route Poisoning
Holddowns
RIP Overview
64kbps
T1
T1
T1
–
–
–
–
Hop count metric selects the path, 16 is unreachable
Full route table broadcast every 30 seconds
Load balance maximum of 6 equal cost paths (default = 4)
RIPv2 supports VLSM and Discontiguous networks
RIP Routing Configuration
Router(config)#router rip
Router(config-router)#network network-number*
10.3.5.0
172.16.10.0
192.168.10.0
router RIP
router RIP
network 172.16.0.0
network 10.0.0.0
network 172.16.0.0
network 192.168.10.0
*Network is a classful network address.
Every device on network uses the same subnet mask
RIP Version 2
• Allows the use of variable length subnet
masks (VLSM) by sending subnet mask
information with each route update
• Distance Vector – same AD, and timers.
• Easy configuration, just add the
command “version 2” under the router
rip configuration
router rip
network 10.0.0.0
version 2
Discontiguous Addressing
• Two networks of the same classful networks
are separated by a different network address
192.168.10.0/24
192.168.10.0/24
10.1.1.0/24
– RIPv1 and IGRP do not advertise subnet masks, and
therefore cannot support discontiguous subnets.
– OSPF, EIGRP, and RIPv2 can advertise subnet masks,
and therefore can support discontiguous subnets.
Passive Interface
Maybe you don’t want to send RIP updates
out your router interface connected to the
Internet. Use the passive-interface
command:
Router(config)#router rip
Router(config-router)#passiveinterface serial0
Internet
X
S0
Updates
Gateway
This allows a router to receive route updates on an
interface,
but not send updates via that interface
Verifying RIP
Router#show ip protocols
Router#show ip route
Router#debug ip rip
Router#undebug all (un all)
Summary
– Open your books and go through all the
written labs and the review questions.
– Review the answers in class.
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