KINGDOM ANIMALIA
Characteristics of Animals
Seven Levels
of Taxonomic
Classification
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Seven Levels
of Taxonomic
Classification
for the…
Human
KingdomAnimalia
Phylum-Chordata
Class-Mammalia
Order-Primates
Family-Hominidae
Genus-Homo
Seven Levels
of Taxonomic
Classification
for the…
Lion
KingdomAnimalia
Phylum-Chordata
Class-Mammalia
Order-Carnivora
Family-Felidae
Genus-Panthera
Seven Levels
of Taxonomic
Classification
for the…
Collared
Anteater
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Xenarthra
Family: Myrmecophagidae
Genus Tamandua
Species: tetradactyla
Seven Levels
of Taxonomic
Classification
for the…
Fire Coral
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Cnidaria
Class: Hydrozoa
Order: Capitata
Family: Milleporidae
Genus: Millepora
Species: alcicornis
Kingdom Animalia
All animals are multicellular,
mitochondrial heterotrophs—they
have multiple cells with
mitochondria and they rely on other
organisms for their nourishment.
Most animals ingest their food and
then digest it in some kind of
internal cavity.
Animal Species
Somewhere around 9 or 10
million species of animals
inhabit the earth.
About 800,000 species have
been identified.
Animal Phyla
Biologists recognize about 36
separate phyla within the
Kingdom Animalia.
Animal Phyla Web Page
Major Animal Phyla
Mollusca
5%
Arthropoda
87%
Other
12%
Chordata
2%
Cnidaria
1%
Platyhelminthes
1%
Nematoda
1%
Annelida
1%
Porifera
1%
Echinodermata
1%
Animal Movement
Most animals are capable of
complex and relatively rapid
movement compared to plants
and other organisms.
Animal Reproduction
Most animals reproduce sexually,
by means of differentiated haploid
cells (eggs and sperm).
Most animals are diploid, meaning
that the cells of adults contain two
copies of the genetic material.
Animal Sizes
Animals range in size from no
more than a few cells (like the
mesozoans) to organisms
weighing many tons (like the
blue whale).
a mesozoan
blue whale
Animal Habitats
Most animals inhabit the seas,
with fewer in fresh water and
even fewer on land.
Animal Cells
Animal cells, like all eukaryotic
cells, have internal structures
called organelles that serve
specific functions for the cell.
Animal cells lack the rigid cell
walls that characterize plant
cells.
Animal Cell Diagram
Animal Bodies
The bodies of most animals
(all except sponges) are made
up of cells organized into
tissues.
Each tissue is specialized to
perform specific functions.
In most animals, tissues are
organized into even more
specialized organs.
Animal Symmetry
The most primitive animals are
asymmetrical.
Cnidarians and echinoderms
are radially symmetrical.
Most animals are bilaterally
symmetrical.
Radial Symmetry
…applies to forms that
can be divided into
similar halves by more
than two planes passing
through it.
Animals with radial
symmetry are usually
sessile, free-floating, or
weakly swimming.
Bilateral Symmetry
…applies to forms
that can be divided
into similar halves by
only one plane passing
through it.
Animals with bilateral
symmetry are most
well-suited for
directional movement.
Radial vs. Bilateral
Symmetry
Cephalization
Bilateral Symmetry usually has
led to cephalization—the
process by which sensory
organs and appendages became
localized in the head end of
animals.
Evolutionary Trends
If we analyze the basic body plans
of animals, we find that they
illustrate evolutionary trends.
Four major “advances” (in order):
1.
2.
3.
4.
Multicellular body plan
Bilaterally symmetrical body plan
“Tube-within-a-tube” body plan
Coelomate body plan
3 Major Bilateral Body Plans
1. Acoelomates
2. Pseudocoelomates
3. Coelomates
Each plan consists of 3 cell
layers: endoderm, mesoderm,
ectoderm (triploblastic)
Acoelomates
These animals
have no other
cavity than the
gut.
They are often
called the “solid
worms.”
Pseudocoelomates
These animals have a
body cavity (the
pseudocoelom) which
is not completely
lined with mesoderm.
The “tube within a
tube” body plan.
This category is also
composed of mostly
worms.
Coelomates
These animals have
a “true coelom”
lined with
mesodermal
peritoneum.
Most animals are
coelomate.
Protostome vs.
Deuterostome
Protostomes – mouth first
Deuterostomes – anus first