Presentation for
Deforestation
project
By: Ming Chun, Shang Wen,
Chloe and Amanda
Causes
Good without them
Mining
Coal mining
Land is cleared for coal mining
Metal mining
Land is also cleared for metal mining.
To separate gold from ore, mercury is used.
The mercury get absorbed by the plants
and kills them.
Palm oil
 Land
is cleared for palm oil plantations
 Great use of palm oil
 Made into biofuel (substitute of fossil
fuels!!)
Looking at the two reasons (palm oil and
mining), need for land is a serious cause.
More causes (brief)
 Poor
management of forests
 Local poverty
 Timber
 Forest fires (first caused by company “Itzi”)
 Jealousy of locals on big companies (they
cannot log while the big companies can.
Thus, this cause the locals to log illegally)
Palm oil
Cause of deforestation
What is palm oil?
 It
is a red liquid at room temperature but lighter
coloured after boiling
 Comes from the African Oil Palm
Palm oil(Liquid)
 First commercially cultivated in
1911 on Sumatra island
Oil palm
Solid Palm oil
block
Uses
 Ingredient
in food
 Cheap substitute for bread
 Make biodiesel
 Make bread, cereal, sweets and soaps
 Cooking oil
 Make chocolate
Fun Fact: In World War 2, Palm oil combined
with Naphtha to produce Napalm!
Why do people want to buy
palm oil?
 It
is cheap
 Has a high stability when frying
Countries with large palm oil
production
Indonesia
-More than 20.9 million tons
 Malaysia
-17.7 million tons
-Uses 4,500,000 hectares of land
-Employ more than 570,000 people
 Nigeria
-More than 2.5 million hectares of land used
 Columbia
-Uses 1,000,000 hectares of land
-35% made into biofuel

Why does palm oil cause all
this?
Can only be
cultivated in
rainforests
Get shot
down by
them
Orangutans
live there
Eat farmers
crops
Orangutans
run away
from the fire
Orangutans
fled from
their habitats
Current measures
How to stop deforestation?
1.Conservationists groups
Have them to promote conservation
Why not working??
Factories:
Less land
for
plantations
What is
Indonesia?
Less
people
with jobs
Population
decrease!!
2.Signing of regulation


President of Indonesia Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono
signed a regulation on an implementation of a
national inventory of greenhouse gases. There was
a program called "Moving Towards a Green
Indonesia" which helped conservationists groups
and also deal with deforestation.
Why EPIC FAIL: Deforestation is not fully banned
even though the carbon usage is thought to be
able to decrease by 26%.
3. Pressure from
conservationist groups’ fans
Supporters of Greenpeace pressured companies like
Nestle and Unilever to change their palm oil sourcing
policies to stop deforestation as the forests are
cleared mostly for palm oil. This helped as companies
(which were providing palm oil to the buyers) used
less land for palm oil plantations as they need less
palm oil.
Why EPIC fail
 Still a lot of other companies using palm oil and thus
the problems are not solved.
 Fun fact (not really fun after all): Unilever is one of
the biggest buyers of palm oil from Indonesia but it
buys only 3% of the palm oil bought all the
companies!

Things to note
Nestle sells stuff like Milo, Kit Kat, Koko
Krunch and the latest product is Nescafe
Dolce Gusto (the coffee maker stuff) while
Unilever sells a range of products like Dove,
Sunsilk, Lipton, Lux, Vaseline, Ben and Jerry's,
Clear, Cif, Comfort, Lifebuoy, Rexona and
Domestos
Military raids
 Confiscate
chainsaws
 Illegal loggers put to jail.
Efforts to prevent deforestation
(not in Indonesia)





Brazil
Creation of a federal force to fight environmental crime –
for which 3,000 new agents will be hired – and the training
of 1,500 current staff in Brazil’s environmental agencies
Assembly of a committee composed of six ministers with
portfolios affecting deforestation, such as rural credit and
land property policy.
Inclusion of protected area costs in highway plans and
budgets – a key measure as new and improved roads
often cause greater deforestation
Why EPIC fail: This is not working as this is only among 10% of
the Amazon forest in Brazil. There are still a lot of other areas
that would be worse
Enforcement of laws
Anyone who causes a forest fire will be given
a sentence of at least 10 years.
2. If it is severe, the DEATH penalty will come.
Question – Why is it not working?
1. Nobody enforces the laws
2. The enforcers when sent are easily bribed
It is like… the school sets a rule to not allow
socks below ankle length. At first, everybody
obeys. After a while, nobody comes to check
and the students start wearing them.
1.
Stakeholders
People involved
Who they are and how they
uses it








Tribes-They use it for home and shelter
Eco-tour Operators-they use the rainforest as a tool for
education and for them to show people the beauty of the
rainforest
Factories- They use the rainforest as a source of income
Animals-They use the rainforest as a home and for protection
Scientists- They use the rainforest as a way of discovering things
(like new plants for medication) that can benefit others
Government-They try to protect the rainforest and stop things
that help destroy it
Conservationists-They use the rainforest as a tool for education
and they try to protect it
Schools- They educate people just like eco-tour operators
Their job and what they do
Tribes They help spread around the seeds of eaten fruit
 They eat the fruit then let the animals carry around the
seeds, planting more of that species
Eco-Tour Operators They tell people how the rainforest is being threatened
and what they can do to help stop this
 They take tour groups around and show them the
rainforest and how wonderful it is so they can
appreciate it
Their job and what they do
(cont.)
Factories Cut down trees for plantations
Animals Spread around seeds and “plants” them
 Make trees and plants grow as well as fruits that tribes in
the rainforest can live off
Scientists To go into the rainforests and try to find good uses for
new plant specimens
 They find new plant species then use them in
experiments to see if they can be used for medicine
Their rights and
responsibilities
We respect them and they respect us
TRIBES
Rights
 To retain their
homes
 To be able to find
food easily
 To have water
 To feel protected
in their homes
 To have clothes
Responsibilities
 To help distribute
plants and seeds so
that species can
keep growing
 To only take what
they need and
nothing more
ANIMALS
Rights
 To feel protected
 To always have food
 To have shelter
in their home
 To retain their
homes
Responsibilities
 To keep spreading
around seeds for food
purposes
 To protect the forest
from other threats
ECO-TOUR OPERATORS
Rights
 Educate people
 Fine people if they
pollute(Example: Litter)
the rainforest.
 Show
tourists
the
rainforest and let them
appreciate it
Responsibilities
 Educate people
 Be role models by not
polluting the rainforest
 Respect laws that try to
protect the rainforest
WORLD GOVERNMENTS
Rights
 To be allowed to request countries to
reduce greenhouse gases
 To be allowed to try and pay countries to
protect their rainforests
 To put in the Kyoto (international
agreement against greenhouse emissions)
into place
WORLD GOVERNMENTS cont.
Responsibilities
 To reduce greenhouse gases and the
burning of fossil fuels in other countries
 To protect the rainforests and what’s left
of them
FACTORIES
Rights
 Make money
 Able to make
living
Responsibilities
 Burn
trees
in
designated areas (not
illegal places)
 Burn trees sustainably
Scientists
Rights
 To be able to explore the rainforest (with
conditions)
 To be allowed to observe different
species but make NO contact
 To be granted permission to explore
different parts of the rainforest in order to
look for new plant species
Scientists
Responsibilities
 To not move/change around any areas of
the rainforest e.g. plant fruit where
animals are trying to sleep
 Not to disturb the wildlife inside the
rainforests
 To respect how the rainforest and to not
do anything to pollute it
Conservationists
Rights
 To be able to at least try to protect the rainforests
 To be able to protest against non-environmental
projects (things that hurt the environment and it’s
rainforests) and not get in trouble for it


Responsibilities
To be able to protect the rainforest and everything in
it
To not stand by and watch the environment along
with it’s rainforests be destroyed
School
Rights and Responsibilities
 Educate people
 Hold conference to stop deforestation
Effects if their rights are not
fulfilled
Tribes The tribe will die out
 People will forget about them
Eco-tour operators People will forget how they should treat/behave in
the rainforest
 People will forget how important rainforests are
Factories They can’t help/support themselves or their
families
Effects if their rights are not
fulfilled (cont.)
Animals Animals could become more aggressive because of
the stress from everything happening around them
Scientists Cures for diseases that could’ve been found
would’ve disappeared because scientists couldn’t
explore and look for them
World governments Rainforests will have even MORE threats working
against the existence of them!
Conservationists No one will be there to help the rainforests exist
What are the effects if their
responsibilities are not fulfilled
Tribes The rainforest and the species within it will
diminish faster than before because seeds of
plants aren’t being distributed
Eco-tour operators Rainforests will be in even worse conditions
 Different species will perish faster
Factories There would be unemployment
What are the effects if their
responsibilities are not fulfilled (cont.)
Animals More animal species will die out
 More plant/fruit species will die out
Scientists Animals could start acting up because scientists have
made with the animals and they’ve reacted badly
 Cures that can solve current illness would be extinct
World governments Rainforests won’t be protected at ALL anymore!
Conservationists Rainforests simply WON’T exist anymore
Schools
 You might have to say bye to the rainforest (not literary)
Linking Charts
Linking Charts (cont.)
Other country involvement
and consequences on other
countries
Lending a helping hand
Chart
Consequences
WHAT DOES HAZE LEAD TO?
1st effect – Economic losses
WHY?
 1. Tourist income
 Some countries, especially Singapore, rely a lot on tourists to
survive.
 With the haze, they will avoid coming, and thus we will lose a lot.
 2. Trade income
 With the haze absorbing and scattering light, there were a lot of
visual problems.
 This heavily affected land, sea and air transport, causing late
arrival of goods, and thus cause heavy losses. For example, in
the 1997 haze, both Singapore and Malaysia lost US$0.4b.
Consequences (cont.)
2nd effect – More illnesses
WHY?
1. Lack of protective measures
 Many Asian countries did not have the financial means to supply protective measures like
respiratory masks. In turn, this caused more people to be ill.
2. Poor environment
Haze causes asthma diseases and respiratory problems. In 2006, there was a 20% increase of
patients in areas west of Singapore. Although the west of Singapore usually has the highest PSI
levels, it is only by several points. NEA denied speculation that the construction sites in Tuas and
Jurong contributed to the haze, although it is hard to tell.
 Crowded environment
 While some people opted to stay in their homes, others decided to spend time in shopping
malls. As there are more crowds in public areas, the chances of spreading and getting
diseases are higher.
 Increase of ozone
 With haze, the amount of air purifiers to purify the air in the house will soar. However, many
of these purifiers release ozone, which in turn causes people to suffer similar diseases as to
the haze.
Consequences again
3rd effect – Higher PSI levels
WHY?
1.
The number of pollutants in the air is increased with
haze. This will cause the PSI levels to rise. Take the
1997 haze in Singapore as an example. The PSI
levels shot up to 226 at one stage, entering very the
unhealthy stage. The immune system of people
with heart or lung disease will be weakened, in
addition to more widespread symptoms of transient
irritation in the healthy population.
2.
Usually, the time when most deforestation happens
clashes with the Ghost Festival. Smoke is released as
offerings and worsens the impact of the haze, thus
increasing the PSI.
What are other countries doing?
 Singapore
- Provided efficient satellite
equipment and good photos, to view where
the hot spots were. They managed to detect
146 hot spots.
 Malaysia - Provided fire-fighting equipment
that Indonesia lacked funds to buy and ablebodied fire fighters to help put out the fire.
*Please note these were only solutions to stop
the fires but not deforestation.
What are other countries doing?
(cont.)


Norway – Signed a letter of intent with Indonesia. In
exchange for up to US$1 billion, Indonesia would place a
two-year moratorium on new logging concession. This is
expected to put curbs on Indonesia's palm oil industry and
delay plans for the creation of a huge agricultural estate in
Papua province, where the Papua Forest is home to
orang utans.
Also, to prevent illegal burning after this letter, Norway will
set up a system in Indonesia to reduce corruption so that
the deal can be enforced. With the money, Indonesia
would have enough resources to combat deforestation.
The money goes to making the farm land more productive
and thus reduce the need for deforestation.
What are other countries
doing? (cont.)
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Brunei – Import orang utans from the forests of
Indonesia to live in their safer forests
Joint effort by Malaysia, Brunei, Borneo and
Indonesia – Create save the forest campaign to
protect animals in the forests
America – Import orang utans from Indonesia to
live in an artificial environment
Spent US$1.5m to save the orang utans
Request other countries to stop importing wood
from Indonesia to stop the tree cutting
Wrote off Brazil’s debt of $21 million in exchange
for forest protection
What are organisations doing?





United Nations – Encourage rich countries to
contribute funds to help reduce deforestation
(REDD Plus, aka Reducing Emissions from
Deforestation and Degradation)
ASEAN – Set up the ASEAN Agreement on
Transboundary Haze Pollution. The purpose is to
address haze pollution, namely prevention,
mitigation and monitoring.
Designated 27 national protected areas from
selected countries as National Heritage Parks
Strongly urged Indonesia to ratify the Agreement
Set up the ASEAN Haze Technical Task Force to
combat the fires
Rate of deforestation in Southeast Asia
As you can see, Malaysia and
Indonesia’s rates are the highest.
Worrying reasons


A study broke down changes in forest cover by
island. Borneo, which is shared by Malaysia,
Brunei, and Indonesia, topped the list in terms of
total area lost at 5 million hectares during the
period, accounting for 12% of its 2000 cover.
The most worrying sign is, forests declined at a
faster rate in Sumatra, which lost 23.7% of its
forest cover or 3.5 million hectares. If other
countries cannot defend themselves, I cannot see
them helping Indonesia.
Consequences
Serious threats to the world
A brief summary
Extinction of species



With deforestation, trees will be burned down.
Many animals will lose their homes and migrate to
other unsuitable environment.
Some animals are unable to adapt, and they
might die easily. Predators will of course, be
introduced and the population will be
unbalanced. Thus, some animals might die of
quickly.
In addition, when the poor animals seek refuge
from a farmer, they get killed or injured badly.
Greenhouse effects
 Enormous
quantities of CO2 are released
from the burnt trees. While the input of
CO2 to the atmosphere is increased, its
output decreases.
 Many scientists believe that deforestation
has been contributing significant amounts
of carbon dioxide to the global
atmosphere and thereby to the
greenhouse effect or global warming.
Natural disasters



In forest fires, global warming is caused by the
CO2 released during forest fires. Global
warming leads to dire consequences. Floods,
droughts, earthquakes and acid rain.
Trees increase water infiltration. However,
when the forests are burned, they are unable
to transport water from heavy rain to streams.
Thus, this leads to floods.
Droughts can also be caused during the dry
season, because water supply to streams are
not provided.
Acid rain
 WHY?
Rain clouds get polluted by the haze
released by deforestation.
 EFFECTS
When acid rain comes into contact with
anything, it practically destroys it. The Sphnix
has already some parts destroyed by acid
rain.
Soil Erosion


Trees with the help of deep root systems are
able to draw water from sub-surface water
table. Humidity prevents excessive water loss
and rapid desiccation. Plants contribute
organic matter which upon decomposition
adds humus to the soil.
Deforestation leaves the ground surface bare.
Further loss of nutrients might occur. Where
remaining vegetation is burned to clear the
land and agriculture attempted loss of
nutrients is even more rapid. Already poor
tropical soil is made poorer.
Soil Erosion (continued)



The top soil which is thus lost is irreplaceable.
Nature takes about 1000 years to produce 2.5 cms
of top soil.
Massive soil erosion aggravates flood situation in
two ways. Firstly, the deposition of silt and
sediments in river beds makes them shallow.
Secondly, land devoid of forest cover loses its
water holding capacity.
About 10 million hectares of forested land can
hold enough water to fill completely a reservoir as
large as that of Bhakra-Nangal dam. In absence
of plant cover this water flows down in rapid
torrents.
Interlinking Chart
Orang utans



Orang Utans
About 1000 orangutans have died during the dry
season earlier. Forest fires have produced thick
smoke across Borneo. They have suffered from
dehydration, respiratory problems, lack of food
and even sustained injuries due to the forest fires.
The fires have destroyed their habitats.
Orangutans flee the burning forest in search of
food and safety, often to nearby palm oil
plantations, where they are abused. Shouldn’t
orangutans be saved? Why are they being
abused? In my opinion, the world should do
something to save these orangutans.
Some current measures
 Wildlife
Direct
 Petition to the Indonesian President to halt
the Tripa Swamps deforestation
 Send rescue teams to palm oil plantations
to save the orang utans
In some cases, forests are closed off, and they are considered
protected parts. However, some parts are not clearly marked… which
just spells the word BAD.
In other cases, there is an international law giving orang utans
endangered statuses.
Solutions? Maybe not…
1.
2.
3.
4.
Ban the use of kerosene and other materials that
catch fire easily. Daily necessities e.g. charcoal
and oil rationed to a limited quantity able to be
bought
Seal off the forests and only allow access to
plantations
Have air patrols occasionally using only one or
two people when deforestation is mostly carried
out, and make sure nobody damages or harms
the forest. Just arrest anyone that come to the
forests without question
Have several robot guards that cannot be
toppled to guard the forests
THE END!
Thank you for your kind attention
NOTE: Please save the forests!!!