STD:VI Sub: English II
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No.
1 Parts of Speech
Chapter Name Pg.
No.
2
2 Subject and Predicate
3 The Phrase and The Clause
4 The Verb and its kinds
5 Modal Auxiliaries
6 The Article
7 The Tense
8 The Sequence of Tenses
9 The Sentence
10 Agreement of Verbs with Subjects
11 Comparison of Adjectives
12 Relative Pronoun
13 The Infinitives
14 The Participle
15 The Geranal
16 Active – Passive Voice
17 Direct – Indirect Speech
18 Letter Writing
19 Essay Writing
33
35
41
43
47
52
57
61
64
74
97
100
5
7
9
11
27
30
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Name the part of speech of each word in the following sentence
1. The cunning fox jumped over the poor lamb
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2. Mohammedians fast in the month of Ramzan.
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3. Time and tide wait for no man.
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4. The coolies cannot carry such heavy loads easily.
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5. A sudden change came over him.
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6. Wait here till I return.
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7. Fighter planes fly at a very great speed.
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8. Intelligent people kill two birds with one stone.
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9. Mala is poor but happy.
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10. Lactometer checks the purity of milk.
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11. I will watch while you sleep
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12. Gold and silver are expensive metals.
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13. How far is London from here?
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14. A fair little girl sat under a tree.
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15. Sit down and rest for a while
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16. Each student was given a chocolate.
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17. The police ran after the thief but he escaped quickly.
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18. Alas! The poor old beggar is dead.
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19. Open your book.
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20. Hurrah! Our team has been selected for the dance competition.
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21. There is temple near my house.
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22. Will you come to my house this evening ?
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23. Great people achieve great respect in life.
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24. Reading makes a man wise.
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25. Whose bicycle have you brought ?
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26. The hunter aimed his target on a deer.
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27. Mythological books impart spiritual knowledge.
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28. Is your plant growing tall every day?
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29. Pay attention when instructions are given in the class.
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30. How is your grandmother today?
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31. I have brought some sweet mangoes for you.
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32. The little girl was drowned in the deep pond.
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33. India is a rich country. It has many rivers and mountains.
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34. The puppy is very weak so it needs food.
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35. I can see many stars twinkling in the sky.
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36. Deepak goes to school by bus but Vivek goes to school by bicycle.
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37. Alas! His car dashed with a tree and he got injured.
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38. An old farmer had a goose which laid a golden egg every day.
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39. Can I take your book?
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40. Newspapers give us interesting news.
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41. Our servant swept the room neatly.
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42. Slow and steady wins the race.
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43. There are six mangoes left in the box.
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44. My sister found an old torn book in the library.
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45. Mrs. Sharma is wearing a red saree.
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SUBJECT AND PREDICATE
DIVINE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES INTO SUBJECT AND PREDICATE
1. To hit the target, he aimed with one eye.
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2. In corner of the room, stood the punished boy.
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3. Reckless driving is the hobby of the youngsters.
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4. Men of bad character seldom succeed in life.
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5. The tiny little saplings in the garden are planted by him.
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6. To appreciate is an art.
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7. On the top of the hill, there lives a hermit.
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8. Here comes the bus.
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9. There father, whom you met yesterday, is a doctor.
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10. Post this letter immediately.
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11. Do you like ice-cream?
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12. Stone walls do not make a prison.
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13. Borrowed garments never fit well.
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14. There is no one in the hall.
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15. My father’s working hours are long.
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16. Silk, which is made in south, is of excellent quality.
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17. There is a little fountain in front of my house.
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18. To swim here is dangerous.
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19. Still waters run deep.
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20. The news left us disappointed.
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21. Opportunity never knocks the door twice.
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22. A thing of beauty is a joy forever.
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23. Under the chestnut tree, the village headmaster taught his students.
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24. The boat, struck by a great wave, sank.
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25. The cackling of geese saved Rome.
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26. Don’t lean out of a moving bus.
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27. Thank you.
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28. Whatever his master instructs him, he follows.
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29. To deceive your best friend is a disgrace.
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30. Hearing the foot- steps, the thief ran away.
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31. Help the poor and the needy.
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32. The bravery of the small boy saved the child from a wolf.
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33. Little Jack Horner sat in a corner.
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34. Open rebuke is better than secret love.
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35. An empty vessel makes much noise.
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36. The Prime Minister, with all his Cabinet Ministers, has submitted his resignation
to the President.
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37. A desire to win is necessary for one’s success.
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38. The secretary and the members of the club have already discussed the issue.
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39. Can I become a good speaker?
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40. Cover your book.
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THE PHRASE AND THE CLAUSE
IDENTIFY PHRASES AND CLAUSES IN THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES
1. Nobody can become rich without hard work.
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2. Birbal was a man who was full of wit.
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3. The woman with a red saree is my mother.
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4. He does not know where I live.
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5. I am proud of his success.
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6. We heard about the ghost in that place.
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7. People admire the soldiered for their bravery.
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8. This is the house built by my father.
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9. This is the house which my father built.
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10. Hari went to the market when the rain stopped.
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11. She desires to have some food.
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12. I can’t understand what his problem is.
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13. We returned to our classes when the bell rang.
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14. The man of principles is always respected.
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15. God is that which nobody knows.
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16. My friends help me with whatever they have.
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17. Gaurav lost his examination paper plan which he had prepared.
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18. Kolkata Knight Riders played in an improved manner at the IPL.
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19. I wish to travel in a jet plane.
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20. There came a monster to my door.
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21. It was a sunset of great beauty.
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22. They never fail who die in a great cause.
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23. Answer these questions in a few words.
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24. I purchased all the medicines which the doctor had prescribed.
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25. Please leave the room at this very moment.
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26. Humpty Dumpty sat on the wall.
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27. My mother wears a chain which is made of gold.
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28. My mother wears a chain of gold.
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29. The monkey is eating a ripe banana with great joy.
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30. What we give to the poor and the needy, we lend to the God.
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THE VERB AND ITS KINDS
PICK OUT THE VERBS IN THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES AND SAY THEIR KINDS.
ALSO PICK OUT OBJECT AND COMPLEMENT WHEREVER NECESSARY.
1. The stranger praised the child.
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2. The fire burns dimly.
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3. The tiger is the national animal of India.
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4. Gita offered me a cup of coffee.
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5. The cake seems delicious.
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6. A farmer grows crops.
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7. The evening grows dark gradually.
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8. The crow flew down and stole the bread.
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9. Each dog brakes in his own yard.
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10. Hercules soon returned with golden apples.
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11. The old beggar was sleeping under the shady tree.
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12. Don’t turn the pages so fast.
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13. The scooter is popular vehicle.
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14. God is everywhere.
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15. Do you like milk?
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16. The little child shouted in delight.
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17. My brother fell in his sleep.
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18. Bright stars were twinkling at night.
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19. Namita gave a present to her aunt.
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20. Rimmi becomes impatient before exams.
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21. Raghav became a doctor.
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22. The grocer had a bag of rice.
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23. Mahatma Gandhi was shot.
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24. Judges wear wigs.
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25. My friend returned me my book.
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26. The Patels left their luggage at the station.
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27. The sunset was very beautiful.
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28. Tell the truth.
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29. The horse kicked the man forcefully.
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30. My mother grows herbs in her kitchen garden.
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MODAL AUXILLARIES
 Verbs ‘can’, ‘could’, ‘will’, ‘would’, ‘shall’, ‘should’, ‘may’, ‘might’, ‘must’, ‘ought to’, etc
are known as MODAL AUXILLARIES.
 MODAL means ‘mood’ and AUXILLARY means ‘helping’.
 MODAL AUXILLARIES/MODALS are used before ordinary verbs expressing certain moods such as ‘ability’, ‘possibility’, ‘permission’, ‘certainty’, ‘duty’, ‘compulsion’, etc.
 MODAL AUXILLARIES are also known as defective verbs as they don’t have ‘-s’, ‘-ing’ or ‘-ed’ forms.
1) USES OF CAN/COULD:
‘Could’ is the past equivalent of ‘Can’.
Ex:-
Used to express-
 ABILITY:-
 POSSIBILITY:-
 IN POSITION OF:-
I can
We
walk very fast. can get water nearby.
My boss can lend you money.
 HAVE RIGHT TO:- You can continue your work.
 PERCEPTION(FEELING) I can feel the air.
2) USES OF MAY/MIGHT:
‘Might’ is the past equivalent of ‘May’
.
Ex:-
Used to express-
 PERMISSION:-
 POSSIBILITY:-
May I use your pen?
He may go to the doctor today.
 DOUBT/UNCERTAINTY:- It may rain soon.
 HOPE:-
 FEAR:-
 PURPOSE:-
We hope you
I fear he may may
fail.
succeed.
We use dictionary so that we may Improve our
vocabulary .
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3) USES OF SHALL/SHOULD:-
‘Shall’ is used with first person (I/We)
Ex:- I shall come tomorrow.
*‘Shall’ is used with second and third person to express command, promise,
compulsion, determination, etc.
Ex:-
 PROMISE:- She shall be rewarded is she wins.
 THREAT:-
 COMMAND:-
You shall be punished if you misbehave.
They shall obey me.
 DETERMINATION:- We shall defeat the enemies.
*‘Should’ is the past equivalent of ‘Shall’
*It is used to express-
Ex:-
 DUTY:-
 ADVICE:-
We should respect our elders.
You should read good books.
 DISAPPROVAL:- They shouldn’t have gone there
 POSSIBILITY:- If it should rain, the school will remain closed.
 WISH:- We should like to know the future plans.
4) USES OF WILL/WOULD:-
*‘Will’ is used with first person (I/We) to express –
 WILLINGNESS:- I will carry your bag.
 PROMISE:-
 THREAT:-
I will help you.
I will punish you if you misbehave.
 DETERMINATION:- We will succeed at any cost.
*‘Will’ is used with second person (YOU) in interrogative sentences for making a polite request.
Ex:- Will you please bring me a glass of water?
*‘Would’ is the past equivalent of ‘will’.
* It is used to express –
 WISH: – I would like to travel in spacecraft.
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 REFUSAL:-
 PAST HABIT:-
 CONDITION:-
She
He wouldn’t would
listen to me.
have a nap after lunch.
If he should hear of your success, he
would be surprised.
 POLITE SPEECH:- Would you mind closing the door?
5) USES OF MUST:-
‘MUST’ is used to express –
 COMPULSION:- We must keep our promises.
 DETERMINATION:- I must finish my work in time.
 INEVITABLE RESULTS:- He gets high pay. He must be very rich by now.
 DUTY:- We must obey the rules.
 STRONG LIKEHOOD:- She must be mad to win.
6) USES OF ‘OUGHT TO’, ‘OUGHT TO HAVE’ AND ‘OUGHT NOT TO HAVE’:-
 ‘Ought to’ is used to express desire, duty or probability.
Ex:- We ought to help the poor.
 ‘Ought to have’ is used with past participle to express a desire which was not fulfilled.
Ex:-You ought to have obeyed your parents.
 ‘Ought not to have’ is used to express disapproval of something done in the past.
Ex:- She ought not to have laughed at his mistakes.
7) USES OF NEED:-
* ‘Need’ is used in negative and interrogative sentences.
* ‘Need not’ with perfect tense refers to the past.
Ex:- Students need not go to school on Sundays.
8) USES OF USED:-
*‘Used to’ is used to express permanent state in the past or past habit.
Ex:- 1) There used to be a temple near my house many years ago.
2) Uncle John used to smoke before his marriage.
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FUNCTIONS
1) permission
2) ability, capacity
3) possibility
4) past possibility
5) unfulfilled desire
6) compulsion, necessity
7) lesser/weaker possibility
8) suggestion, advice
9) duty, obligation
10) polite request
11) desire, unfulfilled duty
12) assumption
13)promise, command
MODAL AUXILLARIES
May, can, could
Can, could
May
Might
Might
Must
Might
Should, ought to, ought to have
Should, must, ought to
Would, could
Ought to, ought to have
Will/would
I/We – will
Other subjects – shall/will
Will
Used to
Will/Shall
Will
Must
Need, need not
14) Willingness
15) past habit
16) insistence
17)determination
18) strong possibility
19) necessity
1. The most commonly used Modals:
Can could may might
Will would
Must ought to shall need dare
2. Asking for and giving permission
May, can and could should
3. Asking for things: Can, Could, May, Will
4. Possibility, ability: Can, Could be able to, Could, Was able to
5. Could to make suggestions: What shall we do…?
6. May be, Might be; May have, Might have
7. Necessity, compulsion: Must, have to, Have got to, Had to, Had got to
8. Should have
Should have done means that it was the right thing to do b ut wasn’t done.
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9. Ought to
Ought to convey the same sense as should.
10. Promise: Will, Shall
11. Request: Can, could, will would
12. Prohibition: mustn’t, ought not to
13. Absence of necessity: Needn’t have, didn’t need to
Modals are verbs used to express the mood of the speaker. They are used to give advice, seek or give permission, make suggestions, make polite requests, give invitations, etc.
Asking for and giving permission:
May, Can and Could
1. Preeti: Mummy, I’m really hungry. Can I eat these butter toasts?
Mother: Why not? You can eat all of them if you like.
2. Vinay (to a neightbour). Could I use your car, please?
Mr. Bhushan: Yes, of course
3. Ritu (to the teacher). May I go to the rest room, Madam? I’m feeling uneasy.
Teacher: Yes, please do.
To ask for or give permission we use can, could or may.
Can is informal, could is very polite; may is formal. All of them are correct. The choice depends on the situation and the speaker’s relation to the listener.
Asking for things: can, could, may, will
To ask for things, we normally use can or could.
Can I have those bed sheets, please?
Could you pass on the pepper, please?
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May is also possible, but being very formal it is not preferred. However, we can use will if we like:
Will you pass on the pepper, please?
Fill in the blanks with can, could or may, keep in mind the speaker and the person being addressed:
1. Students (standing at the door of the Principal’s office). Madam, ________ I come in?
2. Child to his mother. I don’t want to eat this custard. __________ I have some ice cream
instead?
3. Ronny (talking to a friend who has a photo frame in her hand). This picture frame seems
to be beautiful __________ I have a look at them?
4. A car driver to a stranger __________ you please tell me the way to the hospital?
5. Typist (talking to her boss on intercom). I have typed all the letters, Sir. __________ I
bring them in for your signatures?
6. Shefali to her elder sister. __________ I wear your shoes, Rekha? Mine does not go
with this dress.
7. Father (to his son). _________ you pass on today’s newspaper to me?
Possibility, ability: can, could, be able to :-
1. We use can to say that something is possible, or that somebody has the ability to so
something:
He can easily balance on a stick.
A computer can make these lengthy calculations in ten seconds.
2. The negative form of can is cannot (can’t)
I’m afraid I can’t spare so much money.
3. (Be) able to is possible instead of can:
He is easily able to stand on his head.
A computer is able to make these lengthy calculations in ten seconds.
4. Can has only two forms – can (present) and could (past):
She can do this exercise in five minutes. (present)
She could do this exercise in five minutes. (past)
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But (be) able to can be used in all tenses. So sometimes it is necessary to use (be) able
to: The engineers haven’t been able to locate the fault.
I haven’t been able to get a job.
It is not possible to use can in these sentences.
Discuss with your partner which of the following activities are possible ad then make sentences using can or can’t :-
Example : We can’t smoke in a cinema hall.
1) smoking in a hospital 2) reading in an aero-plane
3) chewing gum in a class 4) talking in an aero-plane
5) sleeping in a cinema hall 6) carrying a pet snake in a train
7) cutting trees in a forest 8) climbing Mt. Everest without oxygen
Complete these sentences using can or (be) able to. Use can if possible otherwise use(be) able to:
1. She thinks she __________ beat anybody in the clas.
2. I haven’t ____________ revise the whole of my syllabus.
3. __________ you see the river from your house4top ?
4. I don’t think I’ll __________________ attend the wedding.
5. Ring up Alok. He might _____________ help you
6. Only your father ______ help you in this situation.
7. I am busy on Sunday, but I ________ spare some time on Monday morning.
8. Shilpa is very sincere but I doubt if she _____________ impress her teachers.
9. He has lots of money. He ________ buy anything he likes.
10. The light is dim; but I __________ read the book.
Could, was able to
 Could suggest general ability or permission to do something, was able to suggests ability in a particular situation:
 When my father was young, he could easily lift a 200 kg weight.(general ability)
 My father was able to lift the heavy box and carry it upstairs. (ability in a particular situation)
 We could buy tickets in advance. (General ability)
There was mad rush for the movie; but we were able to buy tickets in advance(in a particular situation).
 The negative couldn’t can be used in all situations.
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Complete these sentences using could, couldn’t or(be) able to:
1. I went to every drugstore, but I _________ get the medicine.
2. In spite of continuous firing by the army, the terrorists _________ escape.
3. I didn’t have the complete address. So, I __________ locate the house.
4. Although the river was flooded, I ___________ swim to the bank.
5. The question paper was so lenghy that no student ____________ complete it in three hours.
6. The whole place was full of mosquitoes. I ___________ sleep at all.
7. I ____________ meet him personally, but I _______ contact him on the phone.
8. One __________ walk down to the market or take a rickshaw to go there.
Fill in the blanks with can , can’t, could or couldn’t and one of these verbs:
Supply drive lead speak
Wait accept take
1. I’m afraid I _________ any longer. I’m already quite late.
2. It was so foggy that we _________ very fast.
3. We are glad to inform you that we ________ you all the books you need.
4. It was a cloudy day; so I ______ any photographs.
5. We regret to say that we ______ these damaged goods.
6. Even though she was blind, she ___ quite a satisfying life.
7. He couldn understand Japanese but he ___________ it fluently.
Could to make suggestion s: What shall we do…….?
What shall we do this evening?
We could go for a long walk.
We could play scrabbles.
We could go to see a movie.
Can is also possible in these sentences, but could is less sure than can. It is more usual to use could.
Give suggestions in reply to these questions. Use could. Some clues are provided.
Example: Where shall we go during the summer vacation?( to Darjeeling)
We could go to Darjeeling.
1. Where shall we park our car ?( in our neighbour’s garage)
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2. What novels shall we buy?(David Copperfield, Oliver Twist)
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3. What shall we have for breakfast?(butter toasts and milk)
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4. When shall we go to see Jurassic Park?(tomorrow evening)
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5. When shall phone Clara? (now)
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Could, could have
Could refers to the present; could have refers to somemoment in the past:
I am so hungry, I could eat dozens of chapattis.( now )
I was so hungry, I could have eaten dozens of chapattis.
( at some moment in the past )
We often use could have to talk about things which were possible but didn’t happen.
He slipped son badly on a banana skin, he could have hurt himself(but he didn’t)
Complete these sentence with could or could have + a suitable verb:-
1. It was a very pleasant day yesterday. We ___________ on a picnic.
2. I was feeling so weak, I __________ any moment.
3. I was feeling so thirsty, I __________ anything for a glass of water.
4. My uncle gave me lift in his car, or I ___________ late for the school.
5. Did you go to the movie last evening ? No. We _____________ but we decided not to.
6. The hotel served us very bad food. Why did you go to a hotel?You __________ to my house.
Possibility: may, might, could
Where is your father
He may be in his office.
He might be playing tennis withn Vijay.
(Perhaps he is in ….)
(Perhaps he is playing……..)
Both may and might are used to suggest possibility. But might suggests a lesser possibility than may. Could is also possible in these sentences.
He could be in his office.
But could suggests still lesser possibility.
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Rewrite these sentences using may, might or could: ( In most cases, more than one response is possible.)
Example: Perhaps the colours are of a cheap quality.
The colours may(might/could) be of a cheap quality.
1. The baby is crying. Perhaps it is hunger.
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2. Perhaps the inspection team is taking a round of the school.
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3. Nikhil has not come to the school today. Perhaps he is ill.
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4. This hotel is perhaps too expensive for us.
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5. I can see people wading across the water. Perhaps water is not very deep at this place.
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May be, might be; may have, might have
Where is Renu?
She may/might be in the lawn.
I can’t find my purse anywhere.
You may/might have left at home.
Read the given situations. Then make sentences with the help of the clues provided:
Example: The Principal wants to meet Anubha immediately. I wonder where she is
(she/be/chemistry lab)
1. There is a phone for Dr. Singh. Do you known where he is? (he/leave/early)
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2. I wonder why the train has stopped suddenly.(somebody/pull/chain)
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3 I was surprised that Juhi wasn’t at the wedding.(they/forget/invite)
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4. The phone has been ringing for such a long time. Where is Parul?(she/sleep)
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5. Do you know where my car keys are?(you/leave/in the car)
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Necessity, compulsion: must, have to, have go to, had to, had got to
1. We use must and have to say that it is necessary to do something. Sometimes, we can use either of them:
You must put in real hard work if you want to do well.
You have to put in real hard work if you want to do well.
2. But there is a difference between the two of them. Must carries the speaker’s personal feelings. Have to suggests some external compulsion or that there is some kind of a rule about it or the situation demands it:
You must see this movie from the very beginning.(I want you to do that)
You have to reach the office by 9 a.m.(That’s the rule.)
My eyes can’t stand sun light. I have to wear goggles.(My situations demands that I wear goggles.)
3. Must doesn’t have a past tense form. So we can use must to talk about the present or the future:
We must phone Satish now.(present)
We must phone Satish tomorrow.(future)
But we can use have to in all tense:
I had to withdraw money from the bank(past)
I have ton withdraw money from the bank.(present)
I’ll have to withdraw money from the bank.(future)
4. In questions and negative sentences with have to, we normally use do/does/did:
Do you have to stay back at the school daily?
Did the children have to come in the school uniform daily?
5. Have got to. We can use have got to instead of have to:
We have got to finish these drawings by tomorrow.
I have got to buy these books before I go to school.
Complete these sentences with must or have to/had to. Sometimes it is possible to use either must or have to:
1. We _____________ show our identity cards at the gate.
2. The patient’s condition is quite serious. You ______ call in a doctor immediately.
3. You _______ come and meet me when you visit Delhi next.
4. All those students who want to take part in the tournament ___________ report to the coach today.
21

5. Reema cannot see the blackboard from a distance. She ___________ sit in the front now.
6. You ___________ taste this dish. It’s so delicious.
7. Last evening our car broke down on way to the station. We _________ tow it away to the garage.
8. It’s raining hard.We may __________ cancel the show.
9. I’m sorry I couldn’t come last evening. I ___________ go to doctor.
10. You _______________ buy this dictionary. It’s really useful.
Mustn’t, don’t have to
You mustn’t tip the attendant.
(It is necessary that you do n’t tip the attendant)
You don’t have to tip the attendant.
(There is no need to tip the attendant. But if you want to, you can.)
Complete these sentences with mustn’t or don’t/doesn’t have to:
1. If you want to recover fast, you ___________ miss any of these doses.
2. It’s no parking zone. We ___________ park our car here.
3. Very few passengers travel by this train. We __________ book tickets in advance.
4. On Saturdays children _____________ come to school in uniform.
5. I’ll return his books tomorrow. He ________ remind me.
6. We __________ pay the bill only in cash. We can pay by cheque also.
7. You _______________ eat so many toffees and chocolates. They aren’t good for teeth.
8. We ______________ board a moving train. It can be very dangerous.
9. L et’s play outside. We __________ disturb the patient.
10. He ____________ get his father’s permission for everything he does.
Make questions to which the underlined words in these sentences might be the answers. Use have to in your questions:
Example: I had to pay Rs. 525 for this dress.
How much did you have to pay for this dress ?
1. I had to wait for fifteen minutes for the bus.
_____________________________________________________________________
2. I have to show him my fractured leg.
_____________________________________________________________________
3. I had to drop Keshav near the library.
_____________________________________________________________________
4. The Principal had to sign eight notices in all.
_____________________________________________________________________
5. Mr. Gupta has to reach the office at 8:30
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_____________________________________________________________________
Complete these sentences with don’t/doesn’t/didn’t have to + one of these verbs:
Get take hire look pay
Example: We’ll make all the arrangements. You ___________ for anything.
We’ll make all the arrangements. You don’t have to worry for
anything.
Suggestion, advice, duty(obligation)
We use should to make a suggestion or to give advice:
You don’t look well. You should see your doctor.
You should do something = It’s the right thing to do.
Should is not as strong as must or have to.
Look at these examples:
You should wear a helmet while driving a motor bike(It’s the right thing to do)
You must wear a helmet while driving a motor-bike.(It is necessary. So I advice you to do so.)
You have to wear a helmet while driving a motor-bike.(That ’s the law.)
Study these situations carefully. Then write the advice you would like to give:
Example: Advice. She should take him to the doctor.
Should have
Should have done means that it was the right thing to do but wasn’t done.
It was a pleasant day. You should have arranged the party in the lawn.
Complete these sentences with should have+ the verb inn then brackets:
Example: It was wrong to take the decision yourself. You ____________ the matter to the
Principal.(report)
It was wrong to take the decision yourself. You should have reported the matter to the Principal.
1. Ours was a much better team. We ___________ the match.(win)
2. Why did you wait so long ? You _____________ the police immediately(phone)
3. I had great difficulty in reaching your house. You _________________ clear directions.
4. Why did you drink tap water ? You ____________ it before drinking it.(boil)
5. It was a serious problem. The Principal _____________ a meeting to discuss it(call)
6. Venu is a better artist. You ____________ he role to her.(offer)
Ought to
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Ought to conveys the same sense as should. But it carries with it a sense of moral duty.
Example: You ought to take care of your old parents.(It is your moral duty to_________)
You ought to abide by the laws of the land.
Ought to also suggests that it is the right thing to do. Hence these days both should and ought to are used to convey the same idea.
Promise: will, shall
Will and shall are used to suggest promise, or some kind of assurance. Will with I and we, and shall with other subjects carry the force of a promise:
Example: We will come to your birthday party.(promise)
You shall get here all the comforts of a home.(assurance)
However , since it is now common to use will with all subjects to indicate future time, will with I and we is not enough to suggest promise. We should say:
I assure you, ………..
We promise, we’ll……………
Request: can, could, will would
Example: Can you do me a favour?
Would you speak a bit louder?
Can and could are more usual than will and would. Could and would are more polite than can and will
* Look at these situations and write requests beginning with can/could/will/would:
* Here are some rude commands. Use can/could/will/would to make them polite. Add some explanation for your request:
Example: Switch that television off!
I have to prepare for a test tomorrow. Could you switch that television off, please?
1. Don’t make noise here !
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
2. Get me a cup of tea!
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
3. Open that window!
24

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
4. Take away the dog!
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
5. Don’t make a crowd near the patient’s bed
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Prohibition: must n’t, ought not to
You mustn’t walk along the
Corridor when classes are
Going on(It is prohibited)
You ought not to tease the animals(As a duty, you should not. It is not right to………….)
It is mustn’t that really suggests prohibition. Ought not to is more like shouldn’t.
Fill in the blanks with mustn’t or ought not to:
1. You ___________ take any medicine without the doctor’s advice.
2. You __________ keep these library booksn with you for more than a week.
3. We ________ leave the car unlocked.
4. Cars ___________ be parked in front of the shops.
5. You ___________ go inside without signing the entry register.
6. We ____________ throw rubbish in the street.
Wish: may
May is normally used to express a wish:
May you be happy!
May you be blessed with a long life!
We putn a mark of exclamation at the end of these sentences.
What would you say in these situations ? Begin your sentences with may.
Example : At the station, to a friend you have come ton see off.
May you have a happy journey!
1. To a candidate, contesting an election.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
2. To a friend, going to take his final examination.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
3. To a friend’s sister who is going to get married.
25

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
4. To a friend who has been ill for a very long time.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
5. To a friend about to play in a chess tournament.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Absence of necessity: needn’t have, didn’t need to and the verbs given in the brackets:
1. The hotel provides a decent bed. You ___________ your own bedding(bring)
2. He knew our program was confirmed. I ___________ him.(remind)
3. All the lessons were at my tips. I __________ them again.(revise)
4. These books are available in the library. You _________ them(buy)
5. Uncle had sent his driver to receive us. We _________ for a taxi.(look)
Dare:-
I daren’t go into a lion’s den.
The child dared not talk to his father.
Dare you swim across this flooded river ?
Dare means not to be afraid to do something. It is mostly used in negative sentences and in questions.
FILL IN THE BLANKS WITH APPROPRIATE MODAL AUXILIARIES :-
1. Sometimes boys __________ play a trick on their teacher.
2. __________you do me a favour?
3. The breeze is cool and fresh, it __________ rain soon.
4. Manish __________ speak five languages.
5. In olden days, very few people __________ afford a car.
6. If I had received an invitation, I __________ have gone to the party.
7. We __________ live in a huge bunglow when we were children.
8. She__________ not _____ say such things about me.
9. He__________ obey you whether he likes it or not.
10. What __________ I do to relieve my tension?
11. You __________ apologize to your mother for your rude behavior.
12. She __________ help you regarding your project.
13. Visitors __________ take out their shoes before going to the temple.
14. You __________ not waste your time during your duty hours.
26

15. Ratan takes coaching so that he __________ pass the exams.
16. Help! He __________ be drowned if no one saves him.
17. I took an umbrella so that I __________ not get wet.
18. Your sister loves dolls. You __________ send her some.
19. My father __________ to take coffee before meals, but he doesn’t do so now.
20. Vidhya __________ win a scholarship, but I doubt it.
21. “I __________ smell something burning in the kitchen.” “__________you?
“It__________ be the cake in the oven.”
22. Mr. Shah worked very hard so that he __________become rich.
23. Trespassers __________ be prosecuted.
24. Little children __________ to be careful when crossing the road.
25. You __________ be right, but I’m going back to check.
26. Today is a holiday. So my dad __________ not go to office.
27. Freedom fighters died so that we __________ live freely.
28. __________I go now, please?
29. We put up a fence so that our neighbours __________not overlook us.
30. With luck, tomorrow __________ bring a brighter future.
THE ARTICLE
 ‘Articles’ are divided into two parts - 1) Indefinite Articles (A, An)
(They don’t point out at any particular person or thing)
2) Definite Article (The)
(It points out at particular person of thing)
USES OF INDEFINITE ARTICLES “A/AN”
1. Used before singular countable noun, mentioned for the first time, which represents a particular person or thing.
2. Used before a singular countable noun, which represents an entire class.
Ex:- There was a king. The king was very kind.
3. Used as a compliment addressing any professional.
4. Used before certain numerical expressions.
5. Used in expressing price, speed and ratio.
6. Used with ‘a few’ and ‘a little’
Ex:- A cow eats grass.
(Here, ‘a cow’ means all the cows)
Ex:- 1. Mrs. Gupta is a doctor.
2. My father is an engineer.
Ex :- I brought a dozen bananas.
Ex:- Sugar is sold at Rs. 40 a kilo.
Ex:- 1. A little knowledge is a dangerous thing.
27

2. We are going on holidays for a few days.
Ex:- What a beautiful girl she is! 7. Used in exclamations before singular countable noun.
USES OF INDEFINITE ARTICLE “THE”
1. Before a noun when it is repeated after its use once.
8. Before common nouns which are only one of a kind.
9. Before an adjective which is used as noun,
10. Before the names of newspapers, magazines, ships, trains, etc.
Ex:- A man and a boy were going on a dusty road.
The man was sitting behind the boy who was riding a bicycle.
Ex :- The principal is in his office. 2. Before a noun which is one of its kind in the given situation.
3. Before a noun which is made definite by adding a phrase or a clause.
4. Before the names of people, families and proper adjectives.
5. Before the names of any public building, association, institution, etc
6. When the singular noun is used to represent the whole noun.
7. Before ordinal nos and superlatives.
Ex:- 1. The boy is sitting on a donkey.
2. The girl, who is standing in the corner, is my sister.
Ex :- The Indian Spices , The Chinese
Silk, The Indians, The French, The
Patels, The Sharmas, etc.
Ex :- The Taj Mahal, The Parliament, The
Oxford University, The Rajpath Club, etc
Ex :- The dog is a faithful animal.
Ex : The first, The best, The most beautiful,etc.
Ex :- The sun, The moon, The stars etc.
Ex :- The rich must help the poor
11.Before the names of oceans, gulfs, bays, sacred books, etc.
Ex:- The Indian Express, The Times of
India, The Outlook, The Titanic, The
Rajdhani Express, etc.
Ex :- The Indian Ocean, The Gulf of
Persia, The Ramayana, The Quran, etc.
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OMISSION OF ARTICLES
1. Before the names of towns, cities, countries, persons, mountain peaks, streets, days, months,etc.
2.Before the names of material nouns.
3.When abstract noun is used in real sense.
Ex:-Ahmedabad, India, Akbar,
Mt.Everest, Victorian Street, Monday,
January, May, Etc.
Ex :- Neither gold nor silver is found here.
Ex :- Honesty is the best policy.
4.Before arts, science (subjects) and languages.
Ex :- 1. Painting is my hobby.
2. I like to study science.
3. The people of India speak
Hindi.
SPECIAL RULES :-

A not AN must be used before the vowels beginning with the sound YOO or WAA. Ex
:- A European, A university, A union, A uniform, A one-eyed man, A one rupee note etc.

A silent consonant followed by a vowel takes up AN as the article.
Ex :- An hour, An honest man, An honorary service, An honourable profession etc.
FILL IN THE BLANKS USING SUITABLE ARTICALES. PUT A ‘X’ WHERE NO
ARTICALE IS NEEDED :-
1. There is __________ nest on ___________ tree. There is __________ egg inside it.
2. __________ eagle can fly high in the sky but __________ hen cannot.
3. Do you have __________ answer to my question?
4. Kelly gave her teacher __________ orchid and __________ rose.
5. We saw __________ car being driven at __________ speed of 150 kms __________
hour.
6. __________ breakfast in __________ hostel consists of __________ milk __________
bread and jam.
7. Can I have __________ piece of cake? __________ cake is very tasty.
8. Mr. Ram Kapoor goes to __________ office on __________ scooter but his children
go to __________ school by __________ bus.
9. __________ people of France are called __________ French. They speak __________
French.
10. __________ honest man is __________ noblest work of God.
11. We stayed at __________ hotel in __________ centre of __________ town.
12. He is __________ Indian but his wife is __________ European.
13. __________ Russians defeated __________ Germans.
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14. __________ organist plays __________ organ.
15. __________ attempts to prevent __________ floods were __________ utter failure.
16. There is __________ union of domestic servants too.
17. My uncle is officer __________ officer un __________ Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
18. I saw __________ ugly boy riding on __________ ass.
19. There is __________ orchard nearby. __________ orchard has many people trees.
20. We make __________ butter and cheese from __________ milk.
21. Give me __________ envelope. I’ll put my letter in __________ envelope.
22. There is __________ egg on this plate and __________ dirty mark on __________
tablecloth.
23. When we reached the station, we found that __________ Frontier Mail was running
__________ hour and __________ half late.
24. Harry plays __________ piano but his brother prefers to play __________ tennis.
25. __________ English is __________ language of __________ people of __________
England.
26. Let’s go and have __________ drink at __________ canteen on __________ other
side of __________ road.
27. You can write __________ letter on __________ piece of __________ paper in
__________ ink or with __________ pencil.
28. __________ boy who scored __________ highest marks in __________ High School
Examination was awarded __________ scholarship. He is __________ son of
__________ poor cobbler.
29. There was __________ accident near __________ gate of __________ school
__________ day before yesterday.
30. __________ Brahmaputra is one of __________ longest rivers in __________ India.
SIMPLE
CONTINOUS PERFECT
PRESENT
TENSE
S+v
1
(s/es)+o
* Shows habit,
general truth,
things which
remain same for
a longer time.
* Words like
‘daily’,
S+is/am/are+ v
1+ ing+o
* Shows action going on in present tense..
* Also shows people’s plans and arrangements for future.
S+ has/have+ v
3
+ o
* Express an action which has just been completed.
* Words such as
‘ever’, ‘never’, ‘yet’,
‘already’, ‘once’,
‘twice’, ‘several
PERFECT
CONTINUOUS
S+ has/have+ v
1+
+ing+ o
* Shows action started at some point of time in the past and is still continuing.
* Used with
30

‘everyday’,
‘usually’,
‘generally’,
‘often’,
‘rarely’ etc. are
used.
Ex. :- John plays cricket
Ex. :- John is play playing cricket

PAST
TENSE
S+v
2
+o
* Denotes an action finished at some point of time in the past.
* Denotes specific time in the past like ‘yesterday’,
‘last night’, ‘last week/month’, ’a few year’, etc.
Ex. :- John played cricket
S+ was/were+ v
1+ ing+o
* Denotes an action going on in the past when a new short action happened.
* Words like
‘while’,
‘when’, etc. are used..
Ex. :- John was play playing cricket

FUTURE
TENSE
S+ will/shall+v
2
+o
* Denotes an action which will take place at some time in the future.
S+ will/shall+ v
1+ ing+o
* Denotes action started at some point of time in the future.
Ex. :- John will Ex. :- John will be play cricket playing cricket

The teacher said that the earth is not flat.
The farmer told his sons union is strength
The teacher taught is that us two and two make four
.
I told him that Karma is a gambler times’ etc.
Ex. :- John had been playing cricket. expressions such as
‘Used with expressions such as
‘how long’, ‘since’ etc.
Ex. :- John has been playing cricket.
S+ had + v
3+
+ o
* Denotes action completed in the past before another action happened.
* Words like
‘before’,
‘when’, etc are used.
Ex. :- John had played cricket before I arrived.
S+ haD+ v
1
+ing+ o
* Denotes action started in the past and continued in the past..
S+ will/shave+ have
+ v
3+
+ o
* Denotes action completed at some point of time in future.
Ex. :- John will have played cricket.
S+ haD+ v
1
+ing+ o
* Denotes action started in the past and continued in the past..
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2. A past tense in the principal is followed by any tense in the subordinate clause.
If the Subordinate begins with ‘than’ ;as,
I then saw him oftener than I see him now.
He valued my friendship more than he values yours.
He liked you more than I do/I did/I shall(like you).
Exercise-1
.Correct the Tense of the given in brackets :
1. She walked as gracefully as she (can).
___________________________________________________________________________________
2. She told you why she (to do) that.
___________________________________________________________________________________
3. He tried how fast he (can) walk.
___________________________________________________________________________________
4. I walked so fast that I (tire) myself.
___________________________________________________________________________________
5. We walk not visit the zoo if it (rain)
___________________________________________________________________________________
6. He worked harder than you (do).
___________________________________________________________________________________
7. I told him that he (be) late for school.
___________________________________________________________________________________
8. He asked me whether I (see) his donkey
___________________________________________________________________________________
9. We hope that better times (come).
___________________________________________________________________________________
10. He said that he (be) a nasty fellow.
___________________________________________________________________________________
Exercise-2
Correct the Tense of the given in brackets.
1. If he did not come ,what (shall) I do?
___________________________________________________________________________________
2. I say that all (to be) well that (to end) well.
___________________________________________________________________________________
3. He ran fast so that he ( may) catch the train.
___________________________________________________________________________________
4. He cannot see unless he (wear) glasses.
___________________________________________________________________________________
5. Whenever we (meet) we talk of old times.
___________________________________________________________________________________
6. He was weaker last year than he (be) now.
___________________________________________________________________________________
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7. I little knew that he (be) an early riser.
___________________________________________________________________________________
8. Take quinine test you (suffer) from malaria.
___________________________________________________________________________________
9. I shall ask him whether he (steal) my watch.
___________________________________________________________________________________
10. We will not let you go till you (apologies).
___________________________________________________________________________________
 The tense in the Principal clause determines the tense in the subordinate clauses.
 If the verb in the principal clause is in the present or future tense, the subordinate clause can be in any tense according to the sense conveyed.
 If the tense in the principal clause is in the past tense,the tense in the subordinate clause is also in the past tense.
Exceptions to the above rule :
 If the subordinate clause expresses some universal truth, habitual fact or historical fact, the tense remains unchanged
Fill in the blanks with correct tense of verbs given in the brackets.
1. He speaks as though he _______angry[be].
2. As soon as she ______ the news, she shouted on me[hear].
3. He selected because he ________fit[be].
4. We were so tried that we _______hardly speak.
5. A village once stood where now ________ruins.[lie]
6. We asked her if we _______call on her.
7. She said that she ________ never disobey me.[will]
8. She waited for the train until it ________[come]
9. She was afraid lest she ________get hurt.[shall]
10. The more money he earned ,the more he ________[want]
11. I shall forgive you since you ___________sorry.[be]
12. You must be careful lest you ________lose your purse[shall]
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13. We fought that we _________win.[may]
14. He helped that orphan more than he ________his own children.
15. My grandfather walks so fast that I _______not keep up with him.[can]
16. Galilio maintained that the earth _____round the sun.[move]
17. I learnt from my bitter experience that pride ________before a fall [go]
18. She _________not see unless she wears glasses.[can]
19. The priest said all men _____ mortal [be].
20.He went to U.S in order that he ________ get a good job.[may]
21. Just as we_____ the house, the clock struck ten.[leave]
22.He was abler than you ________.[think]
23. I am surprised that you ________believe in ghosts.[can]
24. I told him why I______ that[do].
25. My father taught me that time ________money.[be]
26. When she saw me last ,I ________ younger.[look]
27. He rested his horse ,for it ________.[limp]
28. Anvita performed better than we ________.[expect]
29. The judge found that he _________ guilty.[be]
30. Ginni said that she _______ her morning walk daily.[take]
TENSE OF THE
GIVEN VERB
SIMPLE PRESENT
TENSE
‘DO/DOES’ AS MAIN
VERB
‘DID’ AS MAIN VERB
SIMPLE PAST TENSE
‘HAS/HAVE’ AS MAIN
VERB
‘HAD’ AS A MAIN
VERB
PRESENT
CONTINUOUS
TENSE
ASSERTIVE
SENTENCE
1)They run fast.
2)Sita writes neatly.
1)He does his work regularly
2)They did their work regularly.
1 )He did his work regularly.
2)They did their work regularly
1)They ran fast.
2)Sita wrote neatly.
1)He has a big bunglow.
2)They have a big bunglow.
1)He had a big bunglow.
2)They had a big bunglow.
1)She is swimming in the river.
2)They are swimming in the river
INTERROGATIVE
SENTENCE
1)Do they run fast?
2)Does Sita writ e neatly
1)Does he do his work regularly.
2)Do they do their work regularly.
1) Did he do his work regularly.
2)Did they do their work regularly
1 )Did they run fast?
2 )Did Sita write neatly.
1 )Does he have abig bunglow.?
2 )Do they have a big bunglow?
1) Did he have a big bunglow?
2) Did they have a big bunglow?
1)Is she swimming in the river?
2)Are they swimming in the river?
34

PAST CONTINOUS
TENSE
PRESENT PERFECT
TENSE
PAST PERFECT
TENSE
PRESENT PERFECT
CONTINOUS TENSE
SIMPLE FUTURE
TENSE
FUTURE CONTINOUS
TENSE
FUTURE PERFECT
TENSE
IMPERATIVE
SENTENCEE
1)She was swimming in the river.
2)They were swimming in the river.
1)Amit has done his work.
2)The children had done their work.
1)Amit had done his work.
2)The children had done their work.
1)She has been swimming in the river.
2)They have been swimming in the river.
1)I shall come tomorrow
2)The plants will grow soon.
1)I shall be coming tomorrow.
2)The plants will be growing soon.
1)I shall have come tomorrow.
2)The plants will have grown soon.
1)Get out.
2)Please, bring me a glass of water.
1 )Was she swimming in the river?
2) Were they swimming in the river?
1 )Has Amit done his work ?
2) Have the children done their work?
1) Had Amit done his work?
2) Had the children their work?
1 )Has she been swimming in the river?
2 )Have they been swimming in the river?
1) Shal l I be come tomorrow?
2) Wil l the plants have grow soon?
1 )Shall I have coming tomorrow?
2) Wil l the plants have growing soon?
1 )Shall I have come tomorrow?
2 )Will the plants have grown soon?
1) Will you get out?
2) Will you please bring me a glass of water?
PUT PROPER PUNCTUATION MARKS AND WRITE THE KINDS OF SENTENCES:-
1) what a piece of workman is
_____________________________________________________________________
2) who does not love his country
_____________________________________________________________________
3) don’t go too near the cage
_____________________________________________________________________
4) an honest man is the noblest work of god
_____________________________________________________________________
5) please allow me to pass
_____________________________________________________________________
6) let me never catch you telling lies
_____________________________________________________________________
7) she looked beautiful in her wedding dress
_____________________________________________________________________
8) please help me to carry this box
_____________________________________________________________________
9) did she look beautiful in her wedding dress
_____________________________________________________________________
35

10) how beautiful looked in her wedding dress
_____________________________________________________________________
11) Rekha is gentle lovely and kind
_____________________________________________________________________
12) get up early in the morning
_____________________________________________________________________
13) Delhi the capital of India stands on the Yamuna
_____________________________________________________________________
14) how lucky I was
_____________________________________________________________________
15) was Raman injured in the accident
_____________________________________________________________________
16) learn your lessons soon
_____________________________________________________________________
17) December, January and February are cold months
_____________________________________________________________________
18) what a pleasant scene it was
_____________________________________________________________________
19) has she a sweet voice
_____________________________________________________________________
20) i read the times of India daily
_____________________________________________________________________
21) lend me your book please
_____________________________________________________________________
22) where is the Karnavati golf club
_____________________________________________________________________
23) call the witness immediately
_____________________________________________________________________
24) alas the king is no more
_____________________________________________________________________
25) how brave our soldiers are
_____________________________________________________________________
CHANGE THE FOLLOWING STATEMEMTS INTO QUESTIONS:
1. They had visited the Taj before.
_____________________________________________________________________
2. The children go to school on time.
_____________________________________________________________________
3. Shilpa did not ask for permission for leave.
_____________________________________________________________________
36

4. The teacher advises the students to work hard.
_____________________________________________________________________
5. Stop talking and begin your work hard.
_____________________________________________________________________
6. I sent a parcel to Mr. Gupta.
_____________________________________________________________________
7. They have a plan to destroy the whole business.
_____________________________________________________________________
8. The customer inquired about the whole business.
_____________________________________________________________________
9. I shall be waiting for you near the garden.
_____________________________________________________________________
10. Please pay attention when the teacher teaches in the class.
_____________________________________________________________________
11. The rain had destroyed the entire crops.
_____________________________________________________________________
12. My father goes to his office regularly.
_____________________________________________________________________
13. My family doctor has been practicing his profession since 25 years.
_____________________________________________________________________
14. Lata will be singing a song at a concert next week.
_____________________________________________________________________
15. Its was raining heavily last night.
_____________________________________________________________________
16. The termites have destroyed the furniture of my house.
_____________________________________________________________________
17. The boys are enjoying in the rain.
_____________________________________________________________________
18. Read the instructions carefully before using a new product.
_____________________________________________________________________
19. The girls were quarrelling in the garden.
_____________________________________________________________________
20. My uncle has a big bungalow.
_____________________________________________________________________
21. This book covers the entire syllabus.
_____________________________________________________________________
22. He died in child hood.
_____________________________________________________________________
23. Honesty is the best policy.
_____________________________________________________________________
37

24. He had passed the examination with flying colours.
_____________________________________________________________________
25. The students will appreciate his efforts.
_____________________________________________________________________
26. Keep quiet.
_____________________________________________________________________
27. Abdul Hamid has shown great courage.
_____________________________________________________________________
28. She does her work neatly.
_____________________________________________________________________
29. The children have eaten their meals.
_____________________________________________________________________
30. Be accurate.
_____________________________________________________________________
31. Seema shall have to go tomorrow.
_____________________________________________________________________
32. The gardener is watering the plants.
_____________________________________________________________________
33. The labourers did their work on time.
_____________________________________________________________________
34. The sunset was very beautiful .
_____________________________________________________________________
35. The old man was walking along the road.
_____________________________________________________________________
CHANGE THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS INTO STATEMENTS:
1. Will she be helping you in your needle-work?
_____________________________________________________________________
2. Has she helped me ?
_____________________________________________________________________
3. Does Shilpa like chocolates?
_____________________________________________________________________
4. Has uncle been waiting for since an hour?
_____________________________________________________________________
5. Did the wind blow down the apple from the tree?
_____________________________________________________________________
6. Had the hen laid the eggs ?
_____________________________________________________________________
38

7. Will you remember the details given by your teacher?
_____________________________________________________________________
8. Did all of them have a good dinner?
_____________________________________________________________________
9. Is truth the only road set by God towards heaven?
_____________________________________________________________________
10. Did you correct your mistake yesterday?
_____________________________________________________________________
11. Does a rolling stone gather no moss?
_____________________________________________________________________
12. Were you absent yesterday?
_____________________________________________________________________
13. Will you get out of my room?
_____________________________________________________________________
14. Does a cuckoo sing sweetly?
_____________________________________________________________________
15. Did the labourers do their work on time?
_____________________________________________________________________
16. Do we learn good manners in school?
_____________________________________________________________________
17. Will you be coming tomorrow for the movie?
_____________________________________________________________________
18.
Was ‘Singham’ an enjoyable movie?
_____________________________________________________________________
19. Were the children writing proper notes in the class?
_____________________________________________________________________
20. Have you gone through this book?
_____________________________________________________________________
21. Is a farmer an important person?
_____________________________________________________________________
22. Have all the students done well?
_____________________________________________________________________
23. Will you please pass me the book?
_____________________________________________________________________
24. Does she speak French?
_____________________________________________________________________
25. Do judges wear wigs?
_____________________________________________________________________
39

26. Did the girl win the prize?
_____________________________________________________________________
27. Was he present in the party?
_____________________________________________________________________
28. Will she come for the movie?
_____________________________________________________________________
29. Did he go home early?
_____________________________________________________________________
30. Does he grow food for the country?
_____________________________________________________________________
31. Are the policeman honest?
_____________________________________________________________________
32. Was it necessary for you to leave so soon?
_____________________________________________________________________
33. Will you please pay attention in the class?
_____________________________________________________________________
34. Did he do his work regularly?
_____________________________________________________________________
35. Are the boys playing football in the rain?
_____________________________________________________________________
ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTION IN SHORTENED FORM :
1. Can you finish this work soon?
_____________________________________________________________________
2. May I use your pen?
_____________________________________________________________________
3. Were you busy last night?
_____________________________________________________________________
4. Has he taken your permission?
_____________________________________________________________________
5. Are they going for a movie?
_____________________________________________________________________
6. How far is Mumbai from here?
_____________________________________________________________________
7. Would you like to have a cup of coffee?
_____________________________________________________________________
40

8. Should I ask for his help?
_____________________________________________________________________
9. Who teaches you English?
_____________________________________________________________________
10. Is it going to rain today?
_____________________________________________________________________
11. Will they help us?
_____________________________________________________________________
12. Who came to visit you last morning?
_____________________________________________________________________
13. Did Rama gone to the market?
_____________________________________________________________________
14. Had you played the trick?
_____________________________________________________________________
15. Who had played the trick?
_____________________________________________________________________
RULES
No.
1.
2.
3.
CONDITION
Two or more singular nouns joined by the conjunction ’ and’
Two or more singular nouns joined by the conjunction 'and’ which refer to the same person
Two or more singular nouns joined by the conjunction’ and’, suggesting one idea.
VERB
Plural
Singular
Singular
EXAMPLE
Both father and mother work in a bank
My friend and guide has come.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Words joined to a singular noun by ‘with’ or ‘as
well as’
Two or more subjects connected by, ’nor’ ,’or’
‘neither-nor’, either-or’.
When one of the subject is plural and connected by ‘nor’, ’or’, ‘neither’, ‘either’-or’
When two nouns of different nos. are joined together by ’nor’ ,’or’, ’neither-nor’, and
‘either-or’ then the verb agrees to nearest subject.
‘Either’ ,‘neither’ ,’each’, ’,every’, ’everyone,
’many ’,etc
Two nouns qualified by distributive adj ‘each’
Singular
Singular
Plural
Singular
/Plural
Singular
Singular
Bread and butter is my favourite breakfast.
1)The captain, with his crew, has arrived
2)Deepak as well as Mahesh comes here everyday.
Neither Sita nor Gita was present
Neither Sita nor Gita her sisters were present
1)Neither they nor he was present.
2)Neither he nor they were present
Every man does his duty.
Each boy and every girl was given
41

10. and ‘every’ and connected by ‘and’ some noun which are plural in form and singular meaning.
Singular a gift.
Mathematics is my favourite is my favourite subject.
11.
12.
13
14 some noun which are singular in form and singular meaning.
When collective noun is used as one whole
When the member of the collective noun are divided.
When a plural noun is a proper noun for a singular object or noun.
Plural
Singular
Plural
Singular
Twelve dozen cost is very noisy.
Our class is very noisy
The students of our class are very noisy.
The Abrabian Nights is an interesting book.
FILL IN THE BLANKS WITH VERBS IN AGREEMENT WITH THEIR SUBJECTS:
1. The scissors__________ in the drawer.[is/are]
2. The news ___________that the President will visit us soon.[is/are]
3. Thousand miles ____________a long distance.[is /are]
4. I and my brother__________ in the same school.[study/studies]
5. The Australians_________ faster the Indians[bowl/bowls]
6. His information ___________proved wrong.[has/have]
7. Most of them__________ failed in the exams.[has/have]
8. Politics _________ not a profession for all.[is/are]
9. The President as well as the vice- president ____________invited.[was/were]
10. It ________two to start an argument.[take/takes]
11. Many a man ________ died for a good cause.[has/have]
12. Both of them ___________ honoured at the function.
13. The Red Indians _________a courageous race.[is/are]
14. Neither of the two actors ___________ nominated for Filmfare.[was/were]
15. Vanilla ice-cream with hot chocolate sauce ________my favourite dessert.[is/are]
16. A large crowd ________expected at the fair.[is/are]
17. The pair of gloves __________to my sister.
18. These scissors__________ sharpening.{need/needs]
19. A pair of trousers _________hanging in the cupboard.[is/are]
20. A group of people_______ standing in the cupboard.[is /are]
21. Good advice________ not always heeded.[is /are]
22. Measles_________ a serious disease.[is/are]
23. Trousers______ hanging in the cupboard.[is/are]
24. Most of the traffic_____ by this road[go/goes]
25. All the furniture in the house ______old-fashioned.[is/are]
26. Some of the votes_______ to have been miscounted.[seem/seems]
27. Three –quarters of the students __________ against the fee-hike.[is/are]
28. Every one of my friend ________ rich[is/are]
29. The committee ___________ divided in its opinion.[was/were]
30. The United States___________ many fighter planes [has/have]
42

31. Half of the land __________ under cultivation.[was/were]
32. Several of the children _________ awarded scholarship. .[was/were]
33. All my luggage__________ been spoiled in the rain. [has/have]
34. Jeevan, as well as his friends,_________ in conserving energy.[believe/believes]
35. The islands of Caribbean ____________very busy during the tourist season. [is /are]
No
1.
3
RULE
Adjective are generally formed by adding’
er’ to the comparative and ‘est’ to the
Superlative.
2.
Adjective ending in’ -e ’ take ‘r’ and ‘-st’ in their changing degrees
DEGREE
POSITIVE COMPARA-
1)great
2)bold
3)fast
TIVE great er bold er fast er
1)able
2)white
3)large
1)big
2)fat
3)red
Abl er
Whit er
Larg er bigg er fatt er redd er
SUPERLA-
TIVE
Great est bold est fast est
Abl est whit est larg est
Bigg est fatt est redd est
4
5
6
If there are three letters in a adjective, last consonant and a vowel before it , the new adjective so formed will have a doubled last consonant and then –‘er’and ‘-est’ is added to it to form comparative and superlative.
If the consonant ‘y’ is used in the end; a)if there is a consonant before ‘ y’ , then ’y’ changes to ;’-ler’ and ‘-lest’ b)if there is a vowel before ‘y’ , then ’y’ change and ‘-er’ and ‘est’ is added to the formed degrees
If there are six or more letters in an adjective, then ‘ mo re’ and ‘ most
’ is used to change the degrees
Some adjective have irregular
Comparisons
1)dry
2)happy
3)busy
1)gay
2)grey
1)beautiful
2)intelligent
3)active
1)good/well
2)bad/ill/evil
3)in
4)up
5)little
6)many/much

‘Elder-Eldest’ is used for blood relations/family relations

‘Older-oldest’ is used for persons as well as things.

‘Than’ is never used with ‘elder’ dr ier happ ier bus ier gayer greyer more beautiful more intelligent more active better worse inner upper less more
Dri est happ iest bu siest
Gayest grey est most beautiful mos t intelligent most active
Best worst innermost uppermost least most
43


The preposition ‘to’ is used with ‘ elder’, ’superior’, `inferior’, ’senior’
and
‘junior’ .
CASE
POSITIVE DEGREE
is/was as{adj} as
is/was
so as{adj} as
other [C.N] is
/was so {adj} as
COMPARATIVE DEGREE
is/was
{adj} than X
is/was {adj} than
X
is /was {adj} than any other[C.N]
Very few {C.N} are
/were as as {adj} as
is /was {adj} than many/most other
[C.N]
{adj}= adjective, [C.N]=common noun, X,Y=proper nouns
SUPERLATIVE DEGREE
is/was the {adj}
[C.N]
is/was one of the
{adj} [C.N]
1. Lead is the heaviest of all metals.
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
2. The tiger is the most ferocious of all animals.
________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
3. Billu is as funny as Charlie Chaplin.
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
4. The wheel is greater than all other inventions.
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
5. The Euro is stronger than the American dollar.
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
6. Nehru was of the most important political leaders of the world.
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
7. This is the least expensive dress in the shop.
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
44

8. Learning English is not so difficult as learning Japanese.
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
9. Very few animals are as useful as the cow.
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
10. Akbar had a greater region than Babar.
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
11. Burgers are not more popular than pizza.
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
12. ‘Titanic’ was larger than any other ship in the world.
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
13. Some people have more money than brains.
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
14. Very few cities in India are as overpopulated as Mumbai.
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
15. Reading is better than thinking.
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
16. Our team scored the highest points in the quiz contest.
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
17. Sunita’s space journey was more adventurous than Gulliver’s travels.
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
18. My Christmas tree has grown taller other trees in my garden.
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
19. This airliner is larger than any other airliner I have ever seen.
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
20. The air of the hills is cooler than the air of the plains.
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
45

21. Bad health is more terrible enemy than poverty.
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
22. Crying for spilt milk is as foolish as weeping for the moon.
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
23. Few buildings in the world are more beautiful than the Taj Mahal.
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
24. This newspaper has larger circulation than many other newspapers in India
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
25. I speak English more fluently than him.
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
26. Very few stories are as remarkable as ‘The Harry Potter Series’.
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
27. Few flowers in my garden are as pretty as the rose.
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
28. The captain played the worst of all.
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
29. The poor are happier than the rich.
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
30. Things here are not so bad as before.
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
31. Honour is dearer to me than life.
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
32. Gulli has grown taller than her friends.
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
33. Rajnikanth is one of the courageous super-hero.
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
46

34. His common sense is more than a drop of water in the ocean.
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
35. Grammar is more difficult than other subjects.
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________ ii. RELATIVE PRONOUNS
:
1. This is a man. He stole my purse.
This is the man who stole my purse.
2. This is the boy. His nature is good.
This is the boy whose nature is good.
3. This is the boy. The teacher praised him.
This is the boy whom the teache praised.
4. This is the house. Jack built it .
This is the house t hat Jack built.
5. This is the horse. It won the race.
This is the horse which won the race.
Who does two things : (i) It join two sentences, (ii) It is also used for the Noun (man ) that goes before it.
Whose does two things : (i) It joins two sentences,(ii) It is also used for the Noun (boy) that goes before it.
That does two things : (i) It joins two sentences,(ii) It is also used for the Noun (horse ) that goes before it.
Which does two things : (i) It joins two sentences,(ii) It is also used for the Noun (horse) that goes before it.
The Pronoun who, whom, which, and that, which join two sentences and sentences and refer back to Nouns going before them, are called Relative Pronouns.
47

The Noun to which a Relative Pronoun refers or relates is called its Antecedent. It will be noticed that in sentence 1 the antecedent of who ‘man’. In sentence 2 the antecedent of whose is ‘boy’. In sentence 4 of that is ‘house’.
Underline the Relative Pronouns and circle their Antecedents in the following sentences:-
1. God helps those who help themselves.
2. It is only donkeys that bray.
3. Bring me the clothes which the dhobi has washed.
4. This is the man whose mother died.
5. Is this the cup that you broke?
6. We love those persons who are kind to us.
7. Asoka was the wisest king that ever lived.
8. This is the Juggler whom we saw yesterday.
9. The child whose parents are dead is called an orphan.
10. I hate those people who are cruel .
Who is used for persons only. It may refer to a Singular or Plural Noun or Pronoun; as,
13
The boy who works hard succeeds.
The women who saw the tricks were surprised.
He who is honest is loved by all.
They never fail who die in a great cause.
Which is used for animals and things without life. It may refer to a Singular or Plural
Noun or Pronoun; as,
The horse which won the race is Bali’s.
The horses which we bought are not good.
The book which you gave me is interesting.
The pens which we lost have been founds
15 That is used for persons, animals and things .It may refer to a Singular or Plural noun
:as;
48

He is the wisest man that ever lived.
These are the boys that can be trusted.
This is the horse that I want to buy.
These are the only horses that neigh.
This is the ring that I lost yesterday.
These are the books that I have read.
Exercise -10
1. He ____________ is content is rich.
2. Take anything ____________ you like.
3. God helps those _____________ helps themselves.
4. Here is the ring _____________ Sita lost.
5. This is the boy _____________ hit me.
6. This is the man _____________ horse won the race.
7. It is only camels _____________ can cross the deserts.
8. The man _____________ is the honest is trusted.
9. These are the boys _____________ all praise.
10. They _____________ are tumble need fear no fall.
Exercise 11 Join together pairs of the sentence by means of a relative pronoun:
1. He is a rogue. No one trusts him.
_____________________________________________________________________
2. We got into a bus. It was full of passengers.
3. I saw a juggler . He was showing his tricks.
_____________________________________________________________________
49

4. Here is the book .you lost it yesterday.
______________________________________________________________________
5. Here is the book. You lost it yesterday.
______________________________________________________________________
6. We met a boy. He had lost his way.
______________________________________________________________________
7. My brother is dad. I loved my brother.
______________________________________________________________________
8. These are the boys. Their parents are here.
______________________________________________________________________
9. Bali stole the pen. Bali was punished.
______________________________________________________________________
10. That is the man. We saw him yesterday.
______________________________________________________________________
The pronoun used to join two sentences is known as relative pronoun . it also refers back to the noun used before it is known as antecedent . Eg : This is the boy . He won the prize. This is the boy who won the prize. (who – relative pronoun)
1. Your daughter was very unhappy. She had lost her diamond ring.
A _______________________________________________________________
2. Sachin wants to go Delhi. Tisha lives there.
A _______________________________________________________________
3. Our friends had failed us. We trusted them completely.
A _______________________________________________________________
4. The witness was praised by the judge. His existence was given very clearly.
A _______________________________________________________________
5. I was thanked by the ladies’ had directed them to the station.
A _______________________________________________________________
6. The woman gave a cry. I had directed them to the station.
50

A _______________________________________________________________
7. The man turned out thief. You admired him so much.
A _______________________________________________________________
8. We met the sailor. Their ship was wrecked.
A _______________________________________________________________
9. I have many promises. I have to keep them.
A _______________________________________________________________
10. Valya was once a dreaded robber. He wrote the ‘Ramayan’
A _______________________________________________________________
11. People talk in sleep. They are called somniloquists.
A _______________________________________________________________
12. Some people die young. God loves them.
A _______________________________________________________________
13. This is Mr. Joshi. His dog won the first prize in the annual dog show.
A _______________________________________________________________
14. I watch the Tom and Jerry show. It is shown on the television at 9 pm every night.
A _______________________________________________________________
15. Have you met Mr. Conrad? He is from England.
A _______________________________________________________________
16. Here is the doctor. The doctor looked after me during my sickness.
A _______________________________________________________________
17. She loved her father very much. He died few years back.
A _______________________________________________________________
18. it is not clear . He says it.
A _______________________________________________________________
51

19. That is the lesson. I asked him to learn it by heart.
A _______________________________________________________________
20. Some people talk more. They do less work.
A _______________________________________________________________
21. Chandragupta was a mighty emperor. His kingdom extended far and wide.
A _______________________________________________________________
22. That is the temple. Our forefather built it.
A _______________________________________________________________
Define: Infinitives
When a verb merely suggests an action and is not limited by number and person, it is called as Infinitives.
The infinitives are sometimes used as a subject or an object of a finite verb.
They are used both with and without ‘to’
Eg: 1. They wish to succeed in business (with to)
2. I bid her do this (without to)
The infinitives are used like a noun. It can be the subject or the object of a verb.
Eg: 1 . To err is human, to forgive divine. (To err - Subject)
 Read the following sentence
1. He reads a book.
2. To forgive is divine.
In sentence 1 : The verb ‘reads’ has ‘He’ for its subject . the verb ‘reads’ is limited by the number and person of its subject . it is ,therefore, called a ‘ Finite Verb’ . All the verb in the
Indicative.
Imperative and Subjunctive Mood are finite.
In sentence 2 : ‘To forgive’ merely names the action expressed by the verb ‘forgive’. It has no subject , but it is the subject to the verb ‘is’ . It is, therefore, not limited by Number and Person as a verb that has a subject . So it is called the Infinite or the Infinitive.
52

1. The Infinitive 2. The Participle 3. The Gerund
1. It may be the subject , object or complement of another verb ;as ,
To enjoy is enjoyable. To err is human.
They like to play. She desire to sing .
I long to go abroad.
She appears to be a good girl.
2. It may be used as an Adjective , Adverb or Predicate; as,
Water to drink is plenty.
She came to see me.
These shops have been built to let.
The ‘to’ of infinitive is omitted in the following verbs:
Bid, behold , dare , feel , hear , know, let , make ,need , observe ,please , see , watch.
Examples:
1. Let it happen.
2. I bade him do it.
3. You need not sit here.
4. I saw her write a letter.
5. I watched her dance happily.
6. You dare not abuse me.
7. She heard her baby weep.
8. I made him ive up drinking.
To’ is not used after ‘had better’ after ‘rather’; as’
You had better go now.
I would rather go on foot than take a ride.
Note : The Infinitive is formed by putting ‘to’ before the first of the verb. It partly like a NOUN
AND Partly like a verb.
Study the following patterns:
No.
The object of the verb is an infinitive.
Subject+Verb (not)+ to- Infinitive etc.
53

1
2
3
4
5
I don’t want
They want
He forgot
You failed
We decided to miss the show.
to go to the pictures.
to post to the pictures.
to keep your promise.
not to help him.
Exercise – 1
1. I agree_____________________.
2. She is determined _____________________.
3. I forgot _____________________.
4. Please try_____________________.
5. I have decided _____________________.
6. He has refused _____________________.
7. I hope _____________________.
8. Does you remember_____________________ ?
9. Does he want _____________________?
10.Would you like _____________________?
The Verb is followed by a noun or pronoun.
Subject+Verb Noun or pronoun (not) + to-Infinitive No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
The teacher forbade
She asked
I told
He wanted
Who taught me me her us you to talk to sing a song. to open the window. not to be late. to dance.
Exercise -2
1. Father warned me _________________________.
2. The teacher allowed me _________________________.
3. Mother advised her _________________________.
4. He warned us not _________________________.
5. We like you _________________________.
6. The beggar stopped the passer by _________________________.
7. Did he advised you _________________________.
8. Our country expects us _________________________.
9. Please help me _________________________.
10. I told the servant _________________________.
54

No.
The Verb is followed by an Adjective.
Subject + Verb
1. The purse was
Adjective beautiful
to-Infinitive to buy.
2. This book is easy
3. The parcel was
4. His story was heavy
interesting
5. English is
‘A’
1. This novel is interesting
2. Punjabi is easy difficult
Exercise – 3
‘B’ to read. to carry. to hear. to learn. to learn to wear.
3. This passage is easy
4.These shoes are comfortable
5. Apples are good
6. Your story is hard to eat. to read. to believe. to follow.
7. Milk is good
8. These mangoes are good to taste to hear.
9. Her tale was interesting to wear.
10.That woolen suit is warm to drink.
The infinitives are used as the subject of a Finite Verb.
No. It + to be
1. It is
2. It is
Subject Complement a mistake difficult
Subject to believe his story to convince you.
3. It is
4. It is
5. It is wrong wise easy
Exercise – 4
Rewrite the following sentence , using the introductory word ‘it’. to steal. to drive slowly. to find fault.
1. To find fault is easy.
_____________________________________________________________________
2. To try again is useless.
_____________________________________________________________________
3. To speak English is easy.
_____________________________________________________________________
4. To talk to her is a pleasure.
55

_____________________________________________________________________
5. To eat too much is harmful.
_____________________________________________________________________
6. To waste your time is foolish.
_____________________________________________________________________
7. To live without air is impossible.
_____________________________________________________________________
8. To talk too much is a folly.
_____________________________________________________________________
9. To climb Mount Everest is difficult.
_____________________________________________________________________
10. To void road rage is wise.
_____________________________________________________________________
The Infinitives is one of the purpose or aim.
No. Subject + Verb
1. We assembled
2. We got up
3. We eat
4. She went
5. He has gone
to-Infinitive etc. to listen to him. to salute the national flag.
to live. to buy sweets.
to drink water.
Exercise – 5
1. They agreed _______________________________________________ .
2. We stopped _______________________________________________ .
3. She called _______________________________________________ .
4. He loves _______________________________________________ .
5. We stood up _______________________________________________ .
6. The boys ran _______________________________________________ .
7. We pray _______________________________________________ .
8. He is waiting _______________________________________________ .
The Infinitives is a Verb- Noun
 It may be used as the subject , or object or complement of another verb.
 The word ‘to ’ is generally used with the infinitive , through not an essential part of it.
 Certain verb like let , make , bid, hear ,see, grow , need are generally used without
‘to’.
Exercise : Join the following pairs of sentences using infinitives:
1. She visits he poor . She wants to relative their sufferings.
_____________________________________________________________________
56

2. The stickers held a a meeting. They wishes to discuss the terms of the employers.
_____________________________________________________________________
3. He has six children. He must not afraid of it.
_____________________________________________________________________
4. I speak the truth. I am not afraid of it.
_____________________________________________________________________
5. The old man has little energy left . He cannot take his morning exercise .
_____________________________________________________________________
6. The robber took out the knife. He intended to frighten the old couple.
_____________________________________________________________________
7. Every cricket team has a captain. He direct the others players.
_____________________________________________________________________
8. Everyone should do his duty. India expects this of everyman.
_____________________________________________________________________
9. It is your scared duty. You must serve your parents.
_____________________________________________________________________
10. The students are anxious. They want to know their result.
_____________________________________________________________________
11. They have appointed Mrs. Lal. She will teach us English.
_____________________________________________________________________
12. You are very fortunate. You have won the first prize.
_____________________________________________________________________
13. She is very eager. She wants to become a film star.
_____________________________________________________________________
14. She heard the news of her success. Then she was very glad.
_____________________________________________________________________
15. He has no money. He can’t buy car.
_____________________________________________________________________
The Participle is a word which is partly a verb and Adjective.
Study the following sentence:
1. The damaged goods were thrown away.
2. All living creature breathe.
In the above sentences , ‘ damaged ‘ and ‘living’ are formed from the verbs ‘damage and ‘live’
. They qualify he Nouns.
‘goods’ and ‘creatures’ are also part of the verb ‘damaged’ and ‘living’. These are, therefore, called Verbal Adjective or Participles.
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(i)The Present Participle (ii) The Past Participle
1. Participle ending in ‘ing’ ,as,
(iii)The Perfect Perticiple
Listening , writing , running, hearing , swimming, are called Present participles.
2.Participles ending in ‘d ,ed,t,n,en,’ as,
Wounded ,teased ,burnt , broken , etc are called Past Participles.
3.Participles formed by addition of ’having been’ placed before a past participle of verb as,
‘Having heard’ or ‘Having been explained’ are Perfect Participles.
Examples :
1. Having heard the lecture , we returned home.
2. Having been insulted, he resigned.
Use of the participles :-
1. It may help in forming continous tenses(Active Voice); as,
I am going . I was going . I shall be going.
2. It may act as simple adjective; as’
I saw a flying bird
A flowing river is a sight to see.
3. It may act as an adjective in the absolute phrase: as,
God willing, we will succeed.
Weather permitting, we shall go out for a walk.
Fill in the sentence below with the given Present Participle:
Smiling , moving , losing , riding , barking , playing , swimming , waiting , sleeping
1. Avoid ____________ in deep waters.
2. Let the ____________ dogs lie.
3. ____________ dogs seldom bite.
4. She kept us ____________ for long.
5. We saw a man ____________ a horse.
6. India cannot play a ____________ game.
7. A ____________ stone gathers no moss.
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8. I took a photograph of the ____________ child.
9. We listened to the band ____________ in the park.
10. He tried to jump out a ____________ train and hurt himself.
Pick out the participle in each of the following sentence and say weather Present or a
Participle
1. We saw the starts shining.
_____________________________________________________________________
2. Blinded by the storm, she fell on the ground.
_____________________________________________________________________
3. Running fast, he caught the rain.
_____________________________________________________________________
4. I saw her dancing on the stage.
_____________________________________________________________________
5. Waving the sword, he challenged the opponent.
_____________________________________________________________________
6. Dumb stricken, she collapsed on the ground.
_____________________________________________________________________
7. God willing, I shall have another factory.
_____________________________________________________________________
8. I saw the trees laden with mangoes.
_____________________________________________________________________
9. We met a traveler, carrying a bag of caps.
_____________________________________________________________________
10. I can hear them shouting in the class.
_____________________________________________________________________
 The Participle may be called Verbal Adjective.
 The Three forms of Participles are: The present participle, The past Participle, The
Participle.
 It acts as a simple adjective.
Define : Participle: A participle is so called because it is partly a verb and partly an adjective.
Eg: 1) I saw a boy running.
2) I found Tina waiting for a bus.
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 The participle that shows the action in going in going on or is in complete or unfinished. Such a participle is called ‘Present Participle’. The ‘Present
Participle always ends in ‘ing’.
Eg: 1) Hearing the noise , I woke up. (Hearing- pre-participle)
 The participle ends in – ‘ed’,’d’- ‘en’ –‘n’ and –‘t’ shows that action is finished.
 Such participle are called ‘Past Participles’ . Eg: Having lost our way , we sat down to rest.
 Participle can be used to join pairs of sentences together.
Eg: We saw some children. They were playing with fire works.
 We saw some children playing with fire works.
 We saw some children playing with fire works.
Exercise join the sentence using Participles:
1. We turned left. We reached the station.
____________________________________________________________________
2. Sunil banged at the gate. He demanded admission.
____________________________________________________________________
3. The porter opened the gate .we entered.
____________________________________________________________________
4. A cross stole a pieces of cheese. She flew to her nest to enjoy the tasty meal.
____________________________________________________________________
5. He had resolved on a certain courses. H e acted with vigor.
____________________________________________________________________
6. The Queen was too old. She could not walk.
____________________________________________________________________
7. My mother comforted the child. It was crying.
____________________________________________________________________
8. A hungry fox saw some bunch of grapes. They were hanging from a vine.
____________________________________________________________________
9. The letter was badly written. I had great difficulty in making out its contents.
____________________________________________________________________
10. Dev removed his coat. He rushed to the river.
____________________________________________________________________
11. Nitu was a gymnast. She knew the importance of exercise.
_________________________________________________________________
12. It was Sunday . All shops were closed.
_________________________________________________________________
13. Reema met her friend. She asked her where she was going.
_________________________________________________________________
14. Manav read the news. Manav rushed out of the house.
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_________________________________________________________________
15. The holy man took pity on the mouse . he turned it into a baby girl.
_________________________________________________________________
Define : Gerund: A gerund is a word that is partly noun and partly a verb.
Eg: 1) Swimming is a good exercise. (Subject) (Swimming- gerund)
2) Teach me swimming.(object)(Swimming-gerund)
3) Seeing is believing.(Complement of a verb)(Seeing-gerund)(believing-
gerund)
4) He is fond of swimming.(Object of a preposition)(Swimming-gerund)
 Gerund is a kind of a verb which has a a verbal function as well as noun function.
Therefore it is a verb- noun.
Eg: 1 ) Swimming is a good exercise. (Subject - Gerund)
 Here the ward ‘Swimming’ is formd rom the verb to swim by adding-‘ing’ hence
it is like a verb
 The word ‘Swimming’ is the name of an action and also the subject of a
sentence. Hence it does the work of a noun.
 Therefore, ’Swimming is a gerund ’Verb-noun’ (verbal noun)
The Gerund is a word ending in ‘ing’ which is partly a noun ; as,
Sudha is fond of watching reality shows.
Doing is more difficult than talking
In the above sentence ‘watching’ , doing, ‘talking’ are Verbal Nouns because they are formed from verbs, but they do the work of nouns.
‘Watching ‘ is the object of a preposition and ‘Doing’ is the subject of a verb . They are therefore, called Gerunds or Verbal Nouns.
A Gerund may be used:
1. As the subject of a verb of a verb ; as,
Seeing is beliving
Painting is his hobby.
Smoking is injurious to health.
2. As the object of a transitive verb; as,
I like main toys.
She loves watching cartoon shows.
He enjoys reading novels.
3. As a complement; as,
The best exercise is running.
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Seeing is believing
What I cherish most is visiting new places.
4. As an object of preposition; as,
He was honoured for telling the truth.
I was punished for coming late.
They were fined for trespassing.
Both the present participle and gerund end in ‘ing’.
The present participle is used like an adjective while the gerund is used like a noun;as,
Present Participles Gerunds
1. Riding alone the road, I saw a snake.
2. They saw him painting.
3. Running fast, he caught the thief.
I am fond of riding.
Children are fond of playing.
Swimming is a good exercise.
1. ______________ is believing. (see)
2. Stop ______________ . (talk)
3. Children love ______________ castles of sand. (make)
4. I love ______________ the truth. (speak)
5. We are tried of ______________.(wait)
6. ______________ is a good exercise. (walk)
7. Mona loves ______________.(paint)
8. The boys like cricket. (play)
9. ______________ gives us joy.(sing)
10. ______________ is necessary to health. (bathe)
Rewrite each of the following sentence using gerunds in
1. People do not like to wait for their turn.
________________________________________________________________
2. Children love to make toys.
________________________________________________________________
3. I like to swim.
________________________________________________________________
4. She loves to dance.
________________________________________________________________
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5. To talk too much is not good.
________________________________________________________________
6. To save is a good habit.
________________________________________________________________
7. To see is to believe.
________________________________________________________________
8. To drive a car is difficult.
________________________________________________________________
9. To solve other’s problem is not easy.
________________________________________________________________
10. To tell a lie is a sin.
________________________________________________________________
Let’s Review
 A Gerund is formed by ‘adding’ ‘ing’ to the verb. It is partly a verb and partly a ‘noun’
 A Gerund may be used on the subject, object or complement of a verb.
 Whereas Present Participle is used as an adjective, the gerund is used as noun.
REWRITE REPLACING INFINITIVE WITH GERUND:
1. To drive a car requires skill.
___________________________________________________________________
2. To give is better than to receive.
___________________________________________________________________
3. No one likes to pay taxes.
___________________________________________________________________
4. To talk too much is not sign of intelligence.
___________________________________________________________________
5. To juggles between work and home exhausts me.
___________________________________________________________________
6. We moved about in the market to look for a designer gold bracelet.
___________________________________________________________________
7. To smoke is strictly prohibited in railway compartments.
___________________________________________________________________
8. To wait for a bus a long time is a boring experience.
_________________________________________________________________
9. To collect stamps is an interesting hobby.
___________________________________________________________________
10. To speak loudly in the auditorium is not allowed.
___________________________________________________________________
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11. I like to help people in difficulty.
___________________________________________________________________
12. My teacher hates to hit children.
___________________________________________________________________
13. I prefer to sit in the last seat.
___________________________________________________________________
14. I like to listen to old melodies.
___________________________________________________________________
15. To flatter others is not my cup of tea.
___________________________________________________________________
The voice shows whether the subject of a verb acts or is acted upon.
There are two forms of voice:
(i) The Active Voice
(ii) The Passive voice
The Active voice: The verb is said to be in the active voice when the subject acts; as,
(i) Dogs kill cats.
(ii) Mohit is eating apples.
(iii) He has beaten her.
(iv) You helped me.
The Passive voice: The verb is said to be in the Passive voice when the subject acted
upon; as,
(i) Cats are killed by dogs.
(ii) Apples are being eaten by Mohit.
(iii) She has been beaten by him.
(iv) I was helped by you.
From the above sentence, it is clear that when a sentence in the active voice is changed into the Passive voice, the following changes occur:
1. The object of the verb in the Active Voice becomes the subject of the verb in the
Passive voice; as , Cats, Apples ,She, I .
2. The Subject in the active Voice becomes the object of some preposition (by) in the passive voice.
3. In the passive voi ce the verb ‘to be’ in one of its forms (am, is, are, was, were) is used with the past participle of the transitive verb.
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 Only transitive verbs can be used in the passive voice because an Intransitive Verb has no object.
Study the following sentence:
Simple Present Tense
Active Voice Passive Voice (is,am,are+V3)
1. We like swimming.
2. I do not like her.
3. The help me.
4. Children buy toys.
Swimming is liked by us.
She is not liked by me.
I am helped by them.
Toys are bought by children.
Active Voice
1. The hen laid an egg.
2. John did not take a photograph.
3. Arthur wrote the stories.
4. We bought clothes
Active Voice
Simple Past Tense
Passive Voice (was/were +v3)
An egg laid by the hen.
A photograph was not taken by john.
The stories were written by Arthur.
Clothes were bought by us.
Simple Future Tense
Passive Voice (will/shall+be+v3)
1. We shall rebuild it.
2. She will like oranges.
3. They will not win the match.
4. You will help me.
Active Voice
It will be rebuild by us.
Oranges will be liked by her.
The match will not be won by them.
I shall be helped by you.
Present Continuous Tense
Passive Voice (is, am, are+being +V3)
1. I am writing a story.
2. You are flying kites.
3. She is not washing the clothes.
4. Women are drawing water.
A story is being served by the water.
Kites are being-flown by you.
The clothes are not being washed by her.
Water is being drawn by women.
Past Continuous Tense
Active Voice Passive Voice (was/were +being +v3)
1. The waiter serving tea.
2. You were catching a bird.
3. He was not breaking strings.
4. Jane was sweeping the floors.
Tea was being served by the waiter.
A bird was being caught by you.
String were not being broken by him.
The floors were being swept by Jane.
Past Perfect Tense
Active Voice
1. Seema has seen you.
2. You have solved the sums.
3. He has not sold the horse.
Passive Voice (has/have+been+v3)
You have been seen by Seema.
The sums have been solved by you.
The horse has not been sold by him.
4. They have received a parcel. A parcel has been received by them.
Past Perfect Tense
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Active Voice
1. She had already met him.
2. I had finished my work before seven.
3. The people had eaten all the sweets before the party began.
Passive Voice (had + been + V3)
He had already been met by her.
My work had been finished by me before seven.
All the sweets had been eaten by the people before the party began.
Future Perfect Tense
Active Voice
1. I shall have read the book.
2. You will have played the cricket match.
3. She will have done the home task by now.
Passive Voice (had + been + V3)
The book will have been read by me.
The cricket match will have been played by you.
The home-task will have been done by her by-now.
Transitive Verbs having two objects :
While changing a sentence that has two objects from Active to Passive Voice, make one of the objects the Subjects.
Study the following examples :
Active Voice Passive Voice (had + been + V3)
1. I gave him a toy.
2. Your sister taught us English.
3. He told me a story.
A toy was given to him by me.
He was given a toy by me.
English was taught to us by your sister.
We were taught English to your sister.
A story was told to me by him.
Active Voice
1. They cut down the tree.
2. I know him
3. This bottle contains ink.
4. Carry it home.
5. He displeased me.
6. They say that she is a witch.
7. Mothers bring up children.
Passive Voice (had + been + V3)
The tree was cut down by them
He is known to me.
Ink is contained in this bottle.
Let it be carried home.
I was displeased with him.
It is said that she is witch.
Children are brought up by mothers.
Imperative Sentences
Passive Voice (had + been + V3) Active Voice
1. Obey your parents.
2. Recite a poem.
3. Leave the room.
4. Get up early in the morning.
5. Let us set to work.
Let your parents be obeyed.
Your parents should be obeyed.
Let a poem be recited.
A poem should be recited.
You are advised to get up early in the morning.
It is suggested that we should set to work.
Passive to Active Voice
Passive Voice
1. I am helped by Rajesh.
2. A kite was flown by Rohit. Rajesh helps me.
Active Voice.
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3. A song was sung by her.
4. He will be beaten by her.
5. A house is being built by them.
6. Food is being cooked by women.
7. A letter was being written by her.
8. The clothes were being washed by him.
9. His work has been finished by him.
10. HE will be forgiven.
11. My horse had been sold by me.
12. Ambala had never been visited by us before.
13. The bell had been rung by the peon before I reached the school.
14. Had this place never been seen by you before?
15. Will the poor be helped by you?
16. By whom will this question be answered?
17. A shop will have been received by me before you return.
18. Her letter will have been received by me before you return.
19. Let the doctor be sent for.
Rohit flew a kite.
She sang a song.
She will beat him.
They are building a house.
Women are closing food.
She was writing letter.
He was washing the clothes.
He has finished his work.
We shall forgive him.
I had sold my horse.
We had never visited Ambala before.
The peon had rung the bell before I reached the school.
Gad you never seen this place before?
Will you help the poor?
Who will answer this question?
You will have received her letter before you return.
Send for the doctor.
Kindly lend me your book.
This jug contains milk.
20. You are requested to lend me your book.
21. Milk is contained in this jug.
22. Your promise should be kept.
23. Honey is sweet when tasted.
24. It is time for tea to be taken.
25. It must be done by me.
You should keep your promise.
Honey tastes sweet.
It is time to take tea.
I must do it.
Change the voice in the following sentences :-
1. Does Sumit know you?
2. He helps the poor.
3. Boys fly kites.
4. I expect good news.
5. Children love games.
Change the voice in the following sentences :-
10.
11. The boy hit the ball.
12.
13. David threw the ball.
14. The child was bitten by a mad dog.
19. The people will arrest you.
20. They will greet us.
6. Heat expands metal.
7. She does not like me.
8. Mice are caught by cats.
9. Our principal writes books.
15. John taught us French.
16. We expected good news.
17. She lost her bunch of keys.
18. All the questions were answered by you.
23. We shall recite a poem.
24. Children will fly kites.
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21. My sister will help me.
22. The whole work will be finished by them.
25. He will spend all the money.
26. The letters will be delivered by the postman.
27. The mason is doing his job.
28. You are beating the boy.
29. She is learning her lesson.
30. Letters are being posted by him.
31. The farmer is ploughing the field.
36. They were doing nothing.
37. She was not telling lie.
38. The postman was delivering the letters.
39. Trees were being planted by the gardener.
40. The lesson was not being taught by the teacher.
32. They are plucking flowers.
33. He is now wasting his time.
34. The masons are building the house.
35. The bell is being rung by the peon.
41. She was breaking her fast.
42. Boys were playing cricket.
43. The boys were making a noise.
44. The driver was driving the bus.
45. She has lost her purse.
46. She has drawn this picture.
47. You have brought this news.
48. We have not taken our meals.
49. They have broken the window pane.
50. This letter has been written by Hamida.
51. The maid has washed the clothes.
52. All the cakes have been eaten by the children.
53. Please do it just now.
54. I do not know him.
55. Please help the poor.
56. I am looking into the case.
57. They are playing a drama.
58. Let us complete the work.
 The object of the Verb in the Active Voice becomes the Subject of the verb in the Passive Voice.
 The subject in the Active Voice becomes the object of some preposition (by) in the Passive Voice.
 Only Transitive Verbs can be used in the Passive Voice.
ACTIVE – PASSIVE VOICE
Active Voice : S + V + O
Passive Voice : S + Be form + V3 + by + O
 To change voice, the position of subject and object is interchanged.
TENSE
Present Tense
Past Tense
Future Tense
Perfect Tense
Continuous Tense
ACTIVE VOICE
V
1
Rules
V
2
Will / Shall + V
1
PASSIVE VOICE
Is/am/are + V
3
Was / were + V
3
Will / Shall + be + V
3
Has/have/had + V
3
Has/have/had + been + V
3
Is/am/are/was/were+ V
1
+ ing Is/am/are/was/were+ V
1
+ ing
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Having Modal Auxiliary
Imperative Sentence
 For Interrogative sentence,
Auxi. Verb + V
1
V
1
+ O
V + S + O +?
Who – by whom
Did – was/were
Do/does – is/ are
Auxi. Verb + be +V
3
Let + S + be + V
3
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SA 2 Worksheet
BE- Forms : -
 Is --- present tense(singular subject).
 Am --- present tense (subject – I).
 Are --- present tense (plural subject ).
 Was --- past tense(singular subject).
 Were --- past tense (plural tense).
 Being --- continuous tense.
 Been --- perfect tense.
 Be --- future continuous tense.
 Has --- present perfect tense(singular subject).
 Have --- present perfect tense(plural subject).
 Had --- past perfect tense(singular/plural subject).
 Shall --- future tense (subject --- I/We)
 Will --- future tense (subject --- You/He/ She/ It/ They)
Change into Passive Voice :-
1) The Tsunami destroyed the houses in Srilanka and other parts of India.
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
2) The preacher did not desire wealth and fame.
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
3) The servant has broken many of my plates and dishes.
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
4) Don’t make noise.
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
5) We consider him a great cook.
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
6) All the students must wear uniforms on the picnic.
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
7) One may achieve many things with little had work.
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
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8) Several people will attend the lecture.
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
9) The noise woke up the master of the house.
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
10) All the players dream about participating in the sports competition.
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
11) The doctors have successfully completed the operation.
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
12) I take my dog for a walk every morning.
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
13) The students had decorated the stage very beautifully.
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
14) Some strangers once made an attempt to break into a house.
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
15) The sales girl was showing us some books.
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
Change into Passive Voice :-
1) Ideas were being given by the art-teacher for the poster making competition.
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
2) Fatal illness is caused by smoking.
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
3) You are requested to bring a glass of water.
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
4) Vegetables and fruits are sold in this shop.
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
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5) The dacoit’s warnings were laughed at.
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
6) Michael Jackson is being missed by all.
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
7) I am told about this by everyone.
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
8) Not a word was spoken by me.
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
9) Gifts might be offered to you.
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
10) Let the song be sung.
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
11) She was promised a sports car on her birthday.
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
12) The important matters were being discussed.
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
13) People had been shocked by the bomb blasts.
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
14) ‘The Queen’ has been awarded the best ship.
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
15) You are being watched very carefully.
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
Change the Voice :-
1) The old house has been pulled down.
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
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2) They were called cowards.
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
3) Report the matter to the police now.
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
4) We are made staves by our habits.
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
5) One expects better behavior from a student.
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
6) They named their son khan.
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
7) The chemist will have closed the s hop by 8 o’clock.
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
8) Let the needy be helped.
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
9) We expect good news.
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
10) Obey the traffic rules.
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
11) The tickets will be booked by me.
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
12) T.V. repairs are undertaken.
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
13) The court has found the prisoner guilty.
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
14) You are requested to keep silence in the library.
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
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15) What you cannot cure must be endured.
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
 Direct Speech :- means the use of actually quoted words of the speaker.
 Indirect Speech : means what is said is reported without quoting the exact words only the substance of what the speaker said is given.
E.G. :
D.S. :- He said, “ I will write a story.”
I.S. :- He said that he would write a storyu.
Rules ti change Direct Speech into Indirect Speech.
1). To change the pronoun inside the inverted commas with respect to the person outside
the inverted commas.
Direct Speech
Indirect
Speech
Examples
Ist Person [I/we/me/my/our/us]
IInd Person [You/yours]
Changes to
Speaker
Changes to
Listener
(person after the reported
D.S. :- Geeta said, “ I am not well.”
I.S. :- Geeta said that she was not well.
D.S. :-
I.S. :-
The teacher said to
You are
Geeta, “ a good girl.”
The teacher told
was a good girl.
Geeta the she speech)
D.S. :- Geeta said, “ She will come today.”
IIIrd Person
No Change I.S. : Geeta said that she would
[He/She/it/they/them/him/her/his/their]
come that day.
2) If the ‘ reported verb’ is in present tense or future tense, the tense of the verb in the
reported speech is not changed.
EG:-
I) D.s.:- He says, “He knows the way.”
I.S.:- He says that he knows the way.”
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II) D.s.:- He says, “He knows the way.”
I.S.:- He says that he knows the way.”
3) If the ‘ reported verb’ is in past tense or future tense, then the verb in the reported
speech changes in the following manner
DIRECT SPEECH
Simple present
(is/am)---(are)
Present Continuous
(is/am/are+V+ing)
Present Perfect
(has/have +V)
Present Perfect Continuous
(has/have+been+V+ing)
Simple Past
(Was/were)
Past Continuous
(was/were+V+ing)
Past Perfect
(had+V)
Past Perfect Continuous
(had+been+V+ing)
Will
Shall
Can
May
Must
.
INDIRECT SPEECH
Simple past
(was)---(were)
Past continuous
(was/were+V+ing)
Past perfect
(had+V)
Past Perfect Continuous
(had+been+V+ing)
Past Perfect
(had been)
Past Perfect Continuous
(had+been+V+ing)
NO CHANGE
NO CHANGE
Would
Should
Could
Might
Had
4) If the reported speech express a universal truth or a habit, the tense the verb of in the reported speech won’t change even though the reported speech is in past tense.
Eg:- i) D.S :- The teacher said , “The earth moves round the sun.”
I. S :- The teacher said that the earth moves round the sun. ii) D.S:- Mani says , “Ram goes to school daily.”
I. S :- Mani says that Ram goes to school daily.
II.
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5) The words expressing nearness of time and place changes to the words expressing distance.
DIRECT SPEECH
Now
Here
This
These
Ago
Today
Yesterday
Tomorrow
Last night
Tonight
Come
Such
6) CHANGE OF REPORTED VERB
INDIRECT SPEECH
Then
There
That
Those
Before
That day
The previous day/ the day before
The next day/ the following day
The previous night/ the night before
That night
Go
Thus
ASSERTIVE
IMPERATIVE
DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH
Says
Said
Said to
Said/
Said to
Says that
Said that
Told that
Advised/suggested/pleaded/commanded/
Proposed/shouted/desired/begged/urged, etc depending upon the nature of the sentence. (Verb of direct speech changes to infinitive)
There are two ways of reporting the speech of a person :
1. Direct Speech 2. Indirect Speech
1. Raman said, “ I am tired.” (Direct Speech)
2. Raman said that he was tired. (Indirect Speech)
In sentence 1, the actual words spoken by the speaker are given within inverted commas.
This form of speech is called Direct Speech.
In sentence 2, the substance of what the speaker said is given. This form of speech is called
Indirect Speech.
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Reporting verb and reported speech
The verb ‘said’ which generally comes before the inverted commas is called the Reporting verb.
In the above sent ence ‘said ’is the reporting verb.
The exact words of the speaker given within the inverted commas are called the Reported
Speech.
In the above sentence ‘I am ill’ is the reported speech.
Note carefully the following points
1. The reported speech is put within inverted commas.
2. The first word of the reported speech begins with a capital letter.
3. The reported speech is separated by a comma from the reporting verb.
 Remember
When the actual words of a speaker are quoted, this form of speech is called Direct
Speech. When the substance of actual words and not the actual words are quoted, this form of speech is called Indirect Speech (Narration).
INDIRECT SPEECH
1. Inverted commas(“ ”) are not used.
2. The comma(,) separating the reporting verb from the reported speech is removed.
3. The conjunction ‘ that ’ is generally used after the reporting verb.
4. The tense of the reporting verb is never changed.
5. The question mark (?) and the mark of exclamation (!) are not used.
6. The interrogative, the imperative and the exclamatory sentences are put as assertive sentences.
7. The rules of the sequence of tenses are followed.
Rule 1 :- If the reporting verb is in the present or future tense, the tense of the verb in the reported speech is never changed; as,
Direct : He says, “Jack kills a giant.”
Indirect : He says that Jack kills a giant.
Direct : He says “Jack killed a giant.”
Indirect : He says that Jack killed a giant.
Direct : He s ays, “Jack will kill a giant”.
Indirect : He says that Jack will kill a giant.
Direct : Mother will say, “Dinner is ready”.
Indirect : Mother will say that dinner is ready.
Rule 2 :- If the reporting verb is in the past tense, the verb in the reported speech is changed into the corresponding past tense; as,
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1. Simple Present is changed into simple Past ; as,
Play, Plays : Played
2. Present Continuous is changed into Past Continuous ; as,
Am, is, are playing : Was, were playing
3. Present Perfect is changed into Past Perfect ; as,
Has/have played : had played
4. Present Perfect Continuous is changed into Past Perfect Continuous; as,
Has/have been playing : had been playing
5. Simple Past is changed into Past Perfect; as,
Played : had played
6. Past continuous is changed into Past Perfect Continuous ; as,
Was or were playing : had been playing
7. Past Perfect and Past Perfect Continuous remain unchanged.
8. ‘Shall, will can and may’ are changed into ‘should, would, could and might’ respectively.
Examples :
Direct Speech
1. She said, “Geeta is a singer”.
2. Raju said, “Latif works hard”.
3. I said, “Suresh is going to Karnal.”
Indirect Speech
She said that Geeta was a singer.
Raju said that Latif worked hard.
I said that Suresh was going to Karnal.
4. You said, “She has seen Kashmir” You said that she had seen Kashmir.
5. He said, “I did my work in the morning.” He said that he had done his work in the morning.
6. He said, “It was raining”.
7. I said, “I shall do it”.
8. He said, “Abdul will not come.
9. The teacher said, “Anil may pass”.
10.I said, “I can jump over the wall.”
He said that it had been raining.
I said that I should (would) do it.
He said that Abdul would not come.
The teacher said that Anil might pass.
I said that I could jump over the wall.
Exercise - 1
Change the following sentences into indirect speech.
1. Father said, “I know you”.
_____________________________________________________________________
2. Latif said, “Hamid has failed”.
_____________________________________________________________________
3. I said, “Father came at night”.
_____________________________________________________________________
4. He said, “The man shall come”.
_____________________________________________________________________
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5. They said, “The weather is fine.”
_____________________________________________________________________
6. I said, “The bus is at the door.”
_____________________________________________________________________
7. We said, “Raju is working hard”.
_____________________________________________________________________
8. The teacher said, “Neelu will pass .”
_____________________________________________________________________
9. My brother said, “David swims daily.”
_____________________________________________________________________
10. Sunil said, “All the girls were dancing.”
_____________________________________________________________________
11. She said, “Kamla has done her work.”
_____________________________________________________________________
12. He said, “Radha is going to Kolkata.”
_____________________________________________________________________
Exception to Rule 2 : If the reported speech expresses a universal truth or a habitual fact, the simple present tense in the reported speech remains unchanged ; as,
Direct : The geography teacher said, “The earth moves round the sun. ”
Indirect : The geography teacher said that the earth moves round the sun.
Direct : I said, “I am an early riser.”
(Universal Truth)
Indirect : I said that I am an early riser. (Habitual Fact)
Rules for the change of Personal Pronouns
Rule 1:- First Person (I, my, me, we, our, us)in the reported speech is changed into the person of the subject of the reporting verb; as,
Direct : Rohit said, “I am taking my meal”.
Indirect : Rohit said, that he was taking his meal.
Direct : You said, “ I am working hard.
Indirect : You said that you were working hard.
Direct : They said, “We are singing a song.”
Indirect : They said that they were singing a song.
Direct : We said, “We shall settle it”
Indirect : We said that we should settle it.
Rule 2:- Second person (you, your ) in the reported speech is changed into the person of the reporting verb; as,
Direct : He said to me, “You are not a singer”.
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Indirect : He told me that I was not a singer.
Direct : I said to him, “You are a bold boy”.
Indirect : I told him that he was a bold boy.
Direct : You said to her, “You have done your duty”.
Indirect : You told her that she had done her duty..
Rule 3 :- Third Person (He, she ,it, them, him, his, her, them, their) remains unchanged ; as,
Direct : I said, “He is a rich man”.
Indirect : I said that he was a rich man.
Direct : You said, “She is not beautiful”.
Indirect : You said that she was not beautiful.
Direct : He said to me, “They are gamblers”.
Remember
Indirect : He told me that they were gamblers.
i. Person ……………….. Subject ii. Person ………………...Object iii. Person …………………No Change
Note :
The reporting verb ‘said to’ is changed into ‘told’ in indirect speech.
Exercise – 2
TURN THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES INTO INDIRECT SPEECH :
1. Rohit said, “I have read the book”.
_____________________________________________________________________
2. He said, “I am waiting for long”.
_____________________________________________________________________
3. I said, “I like to read good books”.
_____________________________________________________________________
4. My brother said, “They are lying”.
_____________________________________________________________________
5. They said to her. “You did it well”.
_____________________________________________________________________
6. They said, “ We are singing a song”.
_____________________________________________________________________
7. She said, “My mother is calling me”.
_____________________________________________________________________
8. Geeta said, “I shall learn my lesson”.
_____________________________________________________________________
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9. We said, “We are not to blame for it”
_____________________________________________________________________
10. I said to him, “I shall travel first class”.
_____________________________________________________________________
11. You said to me, “I have wasted my time”.
_____________________________________________________________________
12. You said, “I was witnessing a magic show”.
_____________________________________________________________________
13. She said, “I have known him since childhood.”
_____________________________________________________________________
14. The teacher said to her, “You are weak in English”.
_____________________________________________________________________
15. They said, “We have seen many ups and downs of life”.
_____________________________________________________________________
Exercise – 3
TURN THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES INTO INDIRECT SPEECH.
1. We said, “The film is boring”
_____________________________________________________________________
2. I said to him, “You are in the wrong”.
_____________________________________________________________________
3. She said to me, “You are a nice fellow”.
_____________________________________________________________________
4. He said to me, “You are not a swimmer”.
_____________________________________________________________________
5. The ant said to the cricket, “You are silly”.
_____________________________________________________________________
6. She said to me, “You have spoiled my book”.
_____________________________________________________________________
7. You said to her, “Your mother is calling you”.
_____________________________________________________________________
8. He said to her, “You have no money to lend me”.
_____________________________________________________________________
9. Hamid said to Abdulla, “You have done your duty”.
_____________________________________________________________________
10. I said to him, “You do not take care of your health”.
_____________________________________________________________________
11. I said to her, “You cannot reach the school in time”.
_____________________________________________________________________
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12. The monitor said to Arun, “You are making a noise”.
_____________________________________________________________________
13. Father said to his son, “You have not done your work”.
_____________________________________________________________________
14. The mother said to her daughter, “You will spoil your career”.
_____________________________________________________________________
15. The teacher said to me, “You have not done well in the examination”.
_____________________________________________________________________
Exercise - 4
TURN THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES INTO INDIRECT SPEECH :
1. My brother said, “We will go for a walk”.
_____________________________________________________________________
2. My father said, “It will rain”.
_____________________________________________________________________
3. You said, “He is not a good fellow”.
_____________________________________________________________________
4. The teacher said, “He cannot pass.”
_____________________________________________________________________
5. She said, “He is starting a factory.”
_____________________________________________________________________
6. He said to me, “She is in the right.”
_____________________________________________________________________
7. I said to Lee la, “She is a nice dancer.”
_____________________________________________________________________
8. We said, “He plays cricket very well.”
_____________________________________________________________________
9. You said to him, “She is a foolish girl.”
_____________________________________________________________________
10. I said to her, “They are working hard.”
_____________________________________________________________________
Exercise - 5
CHANGE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES INTO DIRECT SPEECH :
1. She said that she would do her homework.
_____________________________________________________________________
2. I told him that he might go.
_____________________________________________________________________
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3. I told him that he did not help me.
_____________________________________________________________________
4. I said that he was a good cricketer.
_____________________________________________________________________
5. He told her that he would help her.
_____________________________________________________________________
6. He said that he was reading a story.
_____________________________________________________________________
7. You said that you loved your friend.
_____________________________________________________________________
8. She said that she had done her work.
_____________________________________________________________________
9. He said that he goes out for a walk daily.
_____________________________________________________________________
10. You told me that I had won a scholarship.
_____________________________________________________________________
11. She told me that honesty is the best policy.
_____________________________________________________________________
12. The girls said that they would do their duty.
_____________________________________________________________________
13. The boy told his father that he was very kind.
_____________________________________________________________________
14. Rani told you that you were wasting your money.
_____________________________________________________________________
15. The teacher told them that they could solve the sum.
_____________________________________________________________________
Change of words showing nearness
Words showing nearness of time or place are changed into words showing distance ;
As,
Now
This
Here
These into into into into
Hence into
Hither
Today into into
Note : then . Tonight that there those thence thither that day yesterday last night tomorrow thus ago come into into into into into into into that night the previous day the previous night the next day so before go
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The reporting verb ‘said to’ is changed into ‘told, asked, ordered, requested, advised, exclaimed, or some other word’, according to the form or sense of the sentence.
Examples :-
Direct : Rimi said, “ The accident occurred her.”
Indirect : Rimi said that the accident had occurred there.
Direct : She said to us, “Sital may come tomorrow.”
Indirect : She told us that sital might come the next day.
Direct : I said, “These grapes are sour.”
Indirect : I said that those grapes were sour.
Direct : Rashid said, “I am very busy now”.
Indirect : Rashid said that he was very busy then.
EXERCISE – 6
TURN THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES INTO INDIRECT SPEECH :
1. Father said, “I am yet to see him.”
_____________________________________________________________________
2. Reeta said, “I am unwell today.”
_____________________________________________________________________
3. You said, “I am bnusy in my work now.”
_____________________________________________________________________
4. I said to her, “He went away long ago.”
_____________________________________________________________________
5. She said to us, “I came here yesterday.”
_____________________________________________________________________
6. Narinder said, “I saw the show yesterday.”
_____________________________________________________________________
7. She said to me, “I am waiting for you here.”
_____________________________________________________________________
8. He said, “I intend to leave for Mumbai tonight.”
_____________________________________________________________________
9. They said, “We went to the theatre last night.”
_____________________________________________________________________
10. The teacher said to us, “I am too ill to speak now.”
_____________________________________________________________________
1. Assertive Sentences
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Direct Speech Indirect Speech
1. You said, “I am at cricket now.” You said that you were at cricket then.
2. He said to me, “I killed a deer He told me that he had killed a deer the yesterday.”
3. She said, “I am leaving now.” previous day.
She said that she was leaving then.
4. The man said, “God is everywhere.” The man said that God is everywhere.
5. Mohan said to his friend, “Tomorrow Mohan told his friend that the next day will be a holiday.” would be a holiday.
EXERCISE – 7
TURN THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES INTO INDIRECT SPEECH :
1. They said to us, “We need your help.”
_____________________________________________________________________
2. “Man is mortal”, said the saint.
_____________________________________________________________________
3. She said, “The cow died last week.”
_____________________________________________________________________
4. Boys said, “Today is a fine day.”
_____________________________________________________________________
5. Nawal said, “I left school long ago”.
_____________________________________________________________________
6. You said, “rama may come tomorrow”.
_____________________________________________________________________
7. The peon says, “I want leave for a week.”
_____________________________________________________________________
8. He says, “I am reading a delightful story.”
_____________________________________________________________________
9. I said to him, “I finished the work long ago.”
_____________________________________________________________________
10. My brother said, “Barking dogs seldom bite”.
_____________________________________________________________________
11. The priest said, “Honesty is the best policy ”.
_____________________________________________________________________
12. Hameed said, “I have finished my work today.”
_____________________________________________________________________
13. “Slow and steady wins the race,” said the tortoise.
_____________________________________________________________________
14. He said to me, “Your brother has sent you a gift.”
_____________________________________________________________________
15. They said, “We can read and write English.”
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_____________________________________________________________________
Exercise – 8
TURN THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES INTO DIRECT SPEECH :
1. He told me that he did not believe me.
_____________________________________________________________________
2. Raman said that the earth is not flat
_____________________________________________________________________
3. He said that he could not lead a happy life.
_____________________________________________________________________
4. He told me that he was very busy that day.
_____________________________________________________________________
5. I told my friend that he should not go that day.
_____________________________________________________________________
6. She told you that your aunt had sent you a gift.
_____________________________________________________________________
7. The postman told me that that parcel was not for me.
_____________________________________________________________________
8. The teacher said that the earth moves found the sun.
_____________________________________________________________________
9. He replied that he would prove what he said to be true.
_____________________________________________________________________
10. I said that Raksha was not going of Kashmir the next day.
_____________________________________________________________________
11. She said that she had told that story to her younger brother.
_____________________________________________________________________
12. Patel said that the sun rises in the east and sets in the west.
_____________________________________________________________________
13. The servant told me that my friends had come to see me the previous night.
_____________________________________________________________________
14. My father told me that he would go to the Principal the next day.
_____________________________________________________________________
15. Lincon told Scot that he could pay the bill by doing his duty to the country.
_____________________________________________________________________
2. Interrogative Sentences
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Direct Speech
1. She said, “Is your brother at home?”
2. She said to me, “Do you want my help?”
3. You said to him, “Have you done your work?”
4. She said to her, ”Are you going to the picture tonight?”
5. The stranger said to us, “Will you not mind
me?
6. I said to her, “What is your father?”
7. The teacher said to me, “What are you doing?”
8. He said, “Why do you lose heart so soon?”
Mark the Changes in interrogative sentences :
Indirect Speech
She asked if my brother was at home.
She asked me if I wanted her help.
You asked him if he had done his work.
She asked her if she was going to the picture that night.
The stranger asked us if we would not mind him.
I asked her what her father was.
The teacher asked me what I was doing.
He asked why she lost heart so soon.
1. The reporting verb ‘said to’ is changed into ‘asked’ or ‘enquired’.
2. The interrogative form is changed into the assertive form.
3. The conjunction ‘ if or whether ’ is used if the interrogative sentence begins with a helping verb; as,
‘is, are, am, do, did, has, have, will, shall, can, may’ , etc.
4. No conjunction is used if the question begins with an interrogative word; as,
‘what, when, why, where, who, whom’, etc.
Exercise – 9
TURN THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES INTO INDIRECT SPEECH :
1. The teacher said, “Are you ready?”
_____________________________________________________________________
2. She said, “Should I go now?”
_____________________________________________________________________
3. I said to him, “Do you know Subhash?”
_____________________________________________________________________
4. He said to him, “Did you buy this book?”
_____________________________________________________________________
5. “Is the dinner ready?” said I to my servant.
_____________________________________________________________________
6. He said to you, “Are you going away today?”
_____________________________________________________________________
7. She said to me, “Will you give me your pen?”
_____________________________________________________________________
8. I said to him, “Will you listen to such a man?”
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_____________________________________________________________________
9. I said to her, “Can you spare me a few minutes?”
_____________________________________________________________________
10. She said to her friend, “Do you believe in ghosts?”
_____________________________________________________________________
11. Mohan said to me, “Will you call on me tomorrow?”
_____________________________________________________________________
12. The teacher said to me, “Have you done your work?”
_____________________________________________________________________
13. He said t o us, “Are you coming to the meeting today?’
_____________________________________________________________________
14. My mother said, “Gaurav, have you taken your breakfast?”
_____________________________________________________________________
15. A stranger said to us, “Have you seen the horse that broke loose?”
_____________________________________________________________________
Exercise – 10
TURN THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES INTO INDIRECT SPEECH :
1. Simi said, “Which book are you reading?”
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
2. My father said, “How did you come by this watch?”
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
3. Hari said to me, “Why did you insult my brother?”
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
4. She said to the stranger, “Where have you come from?”
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
5. Krishan said to his friend, “Why are you so sad today?”
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
6. He said to us, “Why are you so sad today?”
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
7. The teacher said to the boys, “Why are you making a noise?”
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_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
8. She said to her, “When will you reach the school tomorrow?”
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
9. The postmaster said to the postman, “What are you doing here?”
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
10. The teacher said to Reeta, “Why did you not do the homework?”
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
11. Mohan said to Raj, “why did you not tell me about your visit to Agra?”
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
12. The angry father said to his son, “Why did you not speak the truth?”
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
13. “Which is the proper way to solve this sum, father?” said the boy.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
14. The mother said to her daughter, “How have you done in the examination?”
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
15. The leader said, “Who can defeat me?”
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Exercise – 11
TURN THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES INTO DIRECT SPEECH :
1. He asked us if we could cook.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
2. I enquired of him where he lived.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
3. I asked him what he had brought for me.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
4. She asked me if I had ever visited the Taj.
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_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
5. The stranger asked me what my name was.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
6. He asked his friend if he might take his pen.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
7. He enquired of me if I was invited to the feast.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
8. I asked him when he would leave for Hyderabad.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
9. I asked him if he had any objection to the proposal.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
10. You asked him if he would lend you a helping hand.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
11. The fox asked the hen if she would not play with her.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
12. Portia asked Shylock if he could show mercy to Antonio.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
13. The policeman enquired of the beggar where he was going.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
14. He asked his friend what places of interest he had visited in Mumbai.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
15. They asked whether they could enter the room.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
3. Imperative Sentences
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(Commands and Requests)
Direct Speech Indirect Speech
1. He said, “Go there at once.” He ordered them to go there at once.
2. I said to Leela, “Please lend me your I requested Leela to lend me her umbrella. umbrella.
3. My father said, “Take regular exercise.” My father advised me to take regular
4. She said, “Meena, do not waste your time.”
5. The servant said to his master, “Pardon me this time.”
6. He said, “Let us go to the river for a picnic.”
7. I said, “Let us wait for our friends.” exercise.
She advised Meena not to waster her time.
The servant begged his maser to pardon him that time.
He proposed that they should go to the river for a picnic.
I suggested that we should wait for our friends.
Mark the changes in Imperative Sentences :
1. The reporting verb ‘said’ is changed into ‘ordered, requested, advised, begged, proposed
(suggested)’, etc.
2. The imperative mood is changed into the infinitive mood by placing ‘to’ before the verb.
3. In case of sen tences beginning ‘Let us……….’ , use the reporting verb ‘proposed’ or
‘suggested’ followed by ‘that’ and ‘should’ as shown in the above examples (6 & 7).
Exercise - 12
TURN THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES INTO INDIRECT SPEECH :
1. They said to the servant, “Bring tea for us.”
_____________________________________________________________________
2. The teacher said to us, “Never tell lies.”
_____________________________________________________________________
3. The teacher said, “Boys, be silent.”
_____________________________________________________________________
4. The priest said, “Pray to Gold daily.”
_____________________________________________________________________
5. My mother said, “Let us sit in the sun.”
_____________________________________________________________________
6. He said to me, “Meet me at the bus stand.”
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_____________________________________________________________________
7. The monitor said to me, “Please sit down.”
_____________________________________________________________________
8. I said to her, “Let us go to school on foot.”
_____________________________________________________________________
9. I said to my servant, “Post the letters at once.”
_____________________________________________________________________
10. The father said, “My son, don’t miss the lesson.”
_____________________________________________________________________
11. The tortoise said to the hare, “Let us run a race.”
_____________________________________________________________________
12. The teacher said to the boys, “Do not make a noise.”
_____________________________________________________________________
13. I said to my brother, “Take exercise in the morning daily.”
_____________________________________________________________________
14. The Principal said to the students, “Do not talk nonsense.”
_____________________________________________________________________
15. She said to her mother. “Please give me a ten-rupee note.”
_____________________________________________________________________
Exercise - 13
TURN INTO INDIRECT SPEECH
1) She said, “our English teacher is very busy.”
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
2) The farmer said, “It is raining heavily”.
_____________________________________________________________________
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_____________________________________________________________________
3) Mita said, “Hiral has purchased a new pen.”
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
4) Ramesh said, “Jaya wrote an answer.”
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
5) Kashmiraben said, “The girls were reading in the library.”
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
6) The teacher said, “They had done their work properly.”
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
7) Sushma said to Beena, “I’ll learn English.”
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
8) Pravinbhai says, “Hasmukhbhai can type Gujarati very well.”
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
9) I said to Dhara, “You will have to do your homework.”
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
10) John said, “ I am busy now.”
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
11) The thief said to the Magistrate, “Please, pardon me.”
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
12) My Sister said, “I had no sleep last night. “
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
13) Nirmal said to Jay, “you are a brilliant boy”.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
14) My mother said to me,”Please bring me a glass of water”.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
15) Kamal said to Neetu, “I shal leave this place tomorrow”.
_____________________________________________________________________
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_____________________________________________________________________
16) The teacher said to Mohit, “Don’t disturb the class.”
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
17) My father will say, “I am proud of you.”
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
18) Seeta said, “I was ill last week.”
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
19) Raman says, “I have finished my work.”
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
20) The commander-inchief said to his soldiers, “Fire.”
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Exercise - 14
TURN INTO DIRECT SPEECH:-
1) The teacher advised Jack to work hard.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
2) The doctor said that the patients had taken the medicine.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
3) The children said that Mr. Shah was telling a good story.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
4) My grandfather said that honesty is the best policy.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
5) My friend told me that she would return my pen the next day.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
6) The principal said that the girls had been enjoying the Rangoli Competition.
_____________________________________________________________________
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_____________________________________________________________________
7) She told me that her mother taught her well.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
8) My brother told my mother that he would not eat anything.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
9) Our teacher said that God loves all the children.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
10) My father advised me not to read so slow.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
11) The headmaster says that Rustom will pass.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
12) I said that I should try to help her.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
13) Geet said that the boys had been playing cricket.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
14) The peon said that the principal was sleeping.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
15) Ben says that there is no watch in his hand.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
16) Ramesh ordered the principal was sleeping.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
17) The nurse told me that I had to take bitter pills.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
18) John said that he came there few years before.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
19) The gardener said that the flowers had bloomed well that day.
_____________________________________________________________________
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_____________________________________________________________________
20) My grandmother advised me not to eat too much sweets.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Let’s Review
 If the reporting verb is in the present tense, the tense of the reported speech is not changed.
 If the reporting verb is in the past tense, the tense of the reported speech is changed into its corresponding past tense.
 Adverbs of nearness are changed into adverbs of distance.
 The change of Person is done in the following way :
S O N
I II III
Subject Object No Change
That is, I Person changes with the Subject ;
II Person changes with the Object ;
III Person, No change.
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LETTER WRITING
I INFORMAL LETTER
FORMAT
From,
_______________
_______________
_______________
Dt :-
Salutation,
Body of the letter
Complimentary close / subscription
Explanation of format in detail
1. From (address)
Address of the writer
2. Date :-
(DD MM YYYY)
Eg :- 1 st April, 2015
3. Salutation :-
My dear friend
Dear father/ mother/ brother/ sister/ uncle/ aunt.
4. Body of the letter :-
Expresses in detail about the content. (80 – 100 words)
5. Complimentary close / subscription
Your loving friend / son/ daughter
Yours lovingly
Yours faithfully / sincerely
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PRACTICE LETTERS
1. Write a letter to your friend inviting him to spend few days with you.
2. Your friend is a bookworm. Encourage him / her through your letter to participate in sports.
3. Write a letter to your father describing your new friend.
4. Write a letter to your grandmother thanking her for New Year Greeting.
5. Write a letter to your cousin telling him that you have been made the monitor of your class.
6. Write a letter to your younger brother / sister who has failed in the examination.
Express your sympathy.
II FORMAL LETTER
FORMAT
From,
_______________
_______________
_______________
Dt :-
To,
_______________
_______________
_______________
Address of the writer/ sender
Designation / Post + Address of the receiver (To whom letter is written)
Sub :-_____________________________________________________
Salutation,
Body of the letter
Complimentary close / subscription
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Explanation of format in detail
1. From (address)
Address of the writer
2. Date :-
(DD MM YYYY)
Eg : 1 st April, 2015
3. To (address)
Designation / post of the receiver, to whom the letter is written, along with official address.
Eg :- To,
Municipal Commissioner,
Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation
Ahmedabad – 1
4. Sub :-
Reason for writing the letter.
5. Salutation :-
Sir / Madam
Respected sir / Madam (for teachers)
6. Body of the letter :-
Expresses in detail about the content (80 – 100 words)
7. Complimentary close / subscription
Yours truly / Sincerely / Faithfully
Yours obediently (for teachers)
PRACTICE LETTERS
1. Write a letter to your class teacher requesting him / her to change your place. Give reasons.
2. Write a letter to the Post Master of your area complaining about irregular delivery of letters.
3. Write a letter to the Municipal Commissioner of your city complaining about the bad condition of the roads in your area.
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4. Write a letter to the Editor of a leading newspaper expressing your view to plant more trees in your city.
5. Write a letter to the Principal of your school requesting him to excuse you from the
Annual examination as you are ill.
6. Write a letter t the Police Inspector complaining about the theft in your house.
ESSAY WRITING
1. Friendship
2. A visit to a circus
3. The Happiest Day of my life
4. Wonders of science
5. A magic show I witnessed
6. My Grandparents
7. A road Accident
8. My visit to Kankaria
9. The Computer
10. Good Manners
11. My country and its people.
12. If I were a Teacher
13. Morning walk
14. My ambition in life.
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