Unit 4: Review
AP Psychology
Who conducted the
Prison Experiment?
ZIMBARDO
LOSS OF SELF-RESTRAINT
THAT OCCURS WHEN GROUP
MEMBERS FEEL ANONYMOUS
DEINDIVIDUATION
TENDENCY FOR SOME
GROUPS TO MAKE BAD
DECISIONS…LIKE KENNEDY’S
THE BAYOF PIGS INVASION
GROUPTHINK
RULES ABOUT HOW PEOPLE
SHOULD ACT IN SOCIAL
SITUATIONS, DOESN’T HAVE TO
BE STATED ANYWHERE
NORMS
IN 1974 HE FOUND THAT OVER
60% OF PARTICIPANST OBEYED
THE EXPERIMENTER’S
ORDERS
STANELY MILGRAM
SOLOMON ASCH (1951)
STUDIED THIS WHEN HE
FOUND THAT 1/3 OF THE
SUBJECTS GAVE THE WRONG
ANSWER JUST TO AGREE WITH
THE GROUP AND FIT IN, HE
CALLED THIS
CONFORMITY
PEOPLE PERFORM BETTER
IN FORNT OF AN AUDIENCE
THAN THEY DO WHEN THEY
ARE ALONE
SOCIAL FACILITATION
SIMILARITY, PROXIMITY, AND
RECIPROCAL LIKING CAUSE
US TO BE ______________
TO OTHERS
ATTRACTED
THE MORE PEOPLE THAT
WITNESS THE CRIME, THE
LESS LIKELY IT IS THAT
SOMEONE WILL CALL OR
GO FOR HELP
BYSTANDER EFFECT
OR
DIFFUSION OF
RESPONSIBILITY
Sheriff’s research (1966) at a
summer camp established the
effectiveness of
________________________
Superordinate Goals
Belief that one’s culture (ethnic
or racial group) is superior to
others
ETHNOCENTRISM
AN UNDERSERVED NEGATIVE
ATTITUDE TOWARD A GROUP
OF PEOPLE
PREJUDICE
ACTING ON PREJUDICE IS
CALLED
DISCRIMINATION
WHEN EXPLAININING
OTHERS’ BEHAVIOR, I
BLAME INTERNAL
CHARACTERISTICS, BUT
FOR MY INAPPROPRIATE
BX I TEND TO BLAME
SITUATIONAL CUES
FUNDAMENTAL
ATTRIBUTION
ERROR & ACTOROBSERVER BIAS
OUR EXPECTATIONS ABOUT
OTHERS CAN INFLUENCE
THE WAY OTHERS BEHAVE
AND ULTIMATELTY CHANGE
THE OUTCOME
SELF-FULFILLING
PROPHECY
The “Pygmalion Effect”
The work of Rosenthal and Jacobsen
(1968)
“When we expect certain behaviors of
others, we are likely to act in ways that
make the expected behavior more likely
to occur.” (Rosenthal and Babad, 1985)
IF YOU WANT SOMETHING, ASK
FOR SOMETHING HUGE FIRST,
AFTER YOUR DENIED ASK FOR
SOMETHING MORE
REASONABLE
DOOR-IN-THE-FACE
EFFECT
FESTINGER & CARLSMITH
CONDUCTED A CLASSIC
EXPERIMENT ABOUT THIS IN
THE 1950S. THEY FOUND THAT
PARTICIPANTS CHANGED
THEIR ATTITUDES AND TOLD
OTHERS THEY ACTUALL
ENJOYED THE BORING TASK
THEY WERE ASKED TO
COMPLETE
COGNITIVE
DISSONANCE
THE MORE I EXPERIENCE IT,
THE MORE I LIKE IT
MERE EXPOSURE
EFFECT
A SET OF BELIEFS AND
FEELINGS
ATTITUDE
I AM A THEREAPIST
TRAINED IN FREUDIAN
METHODS, I AM A…
PSYCHOANALYSTS
I HAVE A GRADUATE
DEGREE (M.A.) IN
PSYCHOLGY, I AM A
THEREAPIST, I DEAL WITH
LESS SEVERE PROBLEMS
THAN A CLINICAL ONE
COUNSELING
PSYCHOLOGIST
I COUNSEL CLIENTS, BUT
HAVE A PH.D., NOT A M.D.
CLINICAL
PSYCHOLOGISTS
I COUNSEL AND PRESCRIBE
MEDS TO MY CLIENTS, I
GRADUATED FROM
MEDICAL SCHOOL AND
HAVE A M.D.
PSYCHIATRISTS
A COMMON FORM OF
PSYCHOSURGERY IN THE
1940S AND 1950S
PREFRONTAL
LOBOTOMY
I AM STILL USED TODAY AS A
LAST RESORT TO TREAT
MAJOR DEPRESSION
ELECTROCONVULSIVE
THERAPY (ECT)
I AM A SOMATIC THERAPY
I AM A TRANQUILIZER
I AM COMMONLY CALLED
XANAX AND VALIUM
ANTIANXIETY
DRUGS
I AM USED TO TREAT MOOD
DISORDERS
I MANIPULATE SEROTONIN
SOME REFER TO ME AS
PROZAC
ANTIDEPRESSANT
DRUGS
IF YOUR SYPTOMS INCLUDE
DELUSIONS OR HALLUCINATIONS
YOUR PSYCHIATRIST WILL
PRESCRIBE ME
ANTIPSYCHOTICS, LIKE
THORAZINE AND
HALDOL
WHAT IS THE VOCAB TERM FOR
DRUGS THAT TREAT
PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS?
PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY
WHAT DO YOU CALL
THERAPIES THAT
PRODUCE BODILY
CHANGE?
SOMATIC
THERAPIES
Albert Ellis started this therapy,
one is encouraged to expose
and confront dysfunctional
thoughts
Rational Emotive
Behavior
Therapy
(REBT or RET)
This therapy locates the
cause of the psychological
problem in the way that
people think
Solution here is to change unhealthy
thought patterns
Cognitive Therapy
A type of behavioral
therapy involving operant
conditioning
 Desired behaviors are identified and rewarded and
rewards are exchanged for desired objects and
privileges
Treatment for phobias, where
clients are trained to relax while
simultaneously asked to calmly,
in a step by step manner, think
about the fearful stimuli , goal
is to reduce anxiety
Systematic
Desensitization
Token Economy
Pairing a habit one wishes
to break with an
unpleasant stimulus
Like smoking and nausea
Aversion Therapy
This involves having the
client address the most
frightening scenario,
produces extreme anxiety,
client soon realizes that
their fears are irrational
FLOODING
Developed by Fritz Perls
focuses on the importance of
the whole, goal is to get
clients in touch with their
whole selves
Gestalt Therapy
In this method used in
client centered therapy,
therapist say very little,
they encourage clients to
talk = goal is to get clients
to choose a course of
action for themselves
Active Listening
(Reflective Listening)
The therapist uses
blanket acceptance and
support of a person
regardless of what the
person says or does
Unconditioned
Positive Regard
I created client-centered
therapy, obviously I am a
humanist
CARL ROGERS (1902-1987)
This branch of therapy
focuses on helping people
understand, accept
themselves, and strive to
self-actualize
Humanistic
Therapies
Psychologists that have
been influenced by Freud’s
work
Psychodynamic
Theorists
Type of treatment that
uses medicine for
psychological disorders,
ECT, or psychosurgery
Somatic
Treatments
In the course of therapy this
sometimes happens when patients
begin to have strong feelings
toward their therapist, they may
think they are in love with them or
view them as a parental figure, or
may seethe with hatred toward
them
Transference
A term used by
psychoanalysts to describe
a patient disagreeing with
his/her therapist’s
interpretation or suggestions
RESISTANCE
These techniques are
used by
psychoanalysts to
uncover unconscious
conflicts
Dream Analysis
&
Free Association
Term used to refer to
all forms of talk therapy
Psychotherapy
I am the center of the
universe, I am the best, I
have a personality
disorder called
Narcissistic
Personality Disorder
Sufferers feel constantly
persecuted, but it’s not my
dopamine (I don’t have
schizophrenia)
Paranoid Personality
Disorder
I need a lot of help from
others, and their attention,
I may have this pxy
disorder
Dependent Personality
Disorder
Sufferers are overly
concerned with certain
thoughts including
compulsions to perform
certain behaviors to the
point that their daily routine
is significantly altered
ObsessiveCompulsive Disorder
Sufferers like order and rules
and live their life very rigidly by
these rules and are often
shocked and dismayed that
others may violate these rules
Obsessive-Compulsive
Personality Disorder
Personality disorder
where sufferers
exhibit overly
dramatic behavior
Histrionic Personality
Person has little regard
for the feelings of others,
criminals seem to
manifest a high incidence
of this disorder
Antisocial
Personality
Disorder
OFTEN APPLIED TO
SCHIZOPHRENIA
ENVIROMENTAL STRESSORS CAN
PROVIDE THE CIRCUMSTANCE
FOR BIOLOGICAL PREDISPOSITION
THUS ENCOURAGING THE
ILLNESS TO EXPRESS ITSELF
STRESSVULNERABILITY
HYPOTHESIS
(OR DIATHESISSTRESS MODEL)
MUSCLE TREMORS AND
STIFFNESS
A SIDE EFFECT ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUGS
(AFFECTS 15% OF
SCHIZOPHRENICS)
TARDIVE
DYSKINESIA
States that high levels of
dopamine, overactive
receptors or too many
receptors seem to be
associated with
schizophrenia
Dopamine
Hypothesis
______________ schizophrenia
causes sufferers to remian
motionless in strange postures for
hours at a time
Catatonic
__________ schizophrenics
evidence use of odd language,
inappropriate laughter, or
exhibit the flat effect
Disorganized
_____________ schizophrenics
have delusions of persecution,
sufferers may claim “They are out
to get me!”
Paranoid
Belief that you have greater power
and influence than you do, like you
believe you are the channel the
aliens have chosen to contact
mankind, or you believe you are
the US ambassador to France
Delusion of
Grandeur
Martin Seligman’s research finding
on a cause of depression.
Occurs when one’s prior
experiences cause someone to
view themselves unable to control
aspects of their future, resulting in
passivity and depression
Learned Helplessness
Disorder with both Highs
and Lows
Bipolar Disorder
Feeling depressed? Try
phototherapy it may be lack
of the sun
Seasonal Affective
Disorder
Name some MOOD
Disorder
Major depression, Bipolar,
Dysthymic, Cyclothymic,
SAD
They used to call me “Multiple
Personality Disorder”
Now they call me
“DID”
Dissociative Identity
Disorder
A dissociative disorder that
involves sufferers finding
themselves in unfamiliar
environments and
psychogenic amnesia
Dissociative Fugue
I can’t move my arm, but doc
can’t find any medical
explanation for it…my
Psychiatrist say it is________
Conversion Disorder
I have had a headache all week…I
bet I have a brain tumor
Last week I had a fluttering heart,
I bet I am going to have a heart
attack any day
Hypochondriasis
“hy po con dry a seeze”
Disorder
Manifest psychological
problem into a physical
disorder
Somatoform
Fear of open, public
spaces, and worry if can’t
find exit
Agoraphobia
If severe they may not leave
home
Anxiety Disorder, in DSM-IV
What does DSM stand for?
Diagnostic and
Statistical Manual of
Mental Disorders