* 1837
Concept originated by Rowland Hill in Britain with his
postal reforms (uniform rates and prepayment by sender via
postage stamps)
* 1907
Term originated in Theodore Vail’s slogan of ‘One
Policy, One System, Universal Service’ for AT&T, USA
* 1934
It became a national policy for making available wire
& radio communication service with adequate facilities at
reasonable charges across USA
* US is a key objective of the UPU. Even Art 1(d) of ITU lays a
broad directive for States “to promote extension of the
benefits of the new technology to all world’s inhabitants”
Affordability:
for all users, the price of
the service should not be a
factor that limits service
Availability:
access
the level of service is
the same for all users in
their place of work or
residence, at all
times and without
geographical
discrimination
Accessibility:
all subscribers should be
treated in a nondiscriminatory manner
with
respect to the price,
service and quality of the
service, in all places,
without distinction of race,
sex, religion, disabilities
etc.
Essentials
*
* The underlying concept of Universal Service is to ensure that telecommunication
services are accessible to the widest number of people (and communities) at affordable
prices
Continuing
subsidies
Limited
subsidy
support
By ideal
regulatory and
legal
environment
Source: Navas-Sabater et.al, 2002
.
Capacity to avail
other Entitlements
Build Capabilities
ICT as tool
(means)
ICT as an Entitlement
ICT as a goal
(ends)
Making ICT services Available,
Accessible & Affordable enough
Individual Development
* NTP 2012 has one of its
goal as ‘Right to Broadband’
* Universal
access (UA) is when everyone can access the
service somewhere, at a public place]
* Universal
service (US) is when every individual or
household can have service or adequate proportion of the
population can. (i.e., subscriber penetration targets)
* With
the onset of Broadband revolution & maturation of
mobile/wireless communications, UA/US policies & strategies
is looking beyond telephony.
* In
the deregulated competitive sector, the US obligation of
the State towards the excluded sections, un-served or
the underserved areas remains of paramount focus of the
State
US: (Stream I) ‘02-’16
Public phones
VPT /RCP schemes (‘02-’12)
New VPT ‘09-’16 (Feb)
UA: (Stream II) ’02-’14
Rural household phones
RDEL scheme (‘02-’10)
RDEL (Prior to ’02), still being
funded
UA: (Stream III) ‘07- …
Mobile voice coverage
Mobile (‘07- Nov. ’13)
LWE & Mobile for
uncovered villages
schemes upcoming
UA & US: (Stream IV) ‘09-’18
Wire-line BB
Provisioning of BB Kiosk & BB
connection ‘09-’18 (Jan)
UA: (Stream V) ‘10- …
OFC Infrastructure
OFC infra Coverage schemes (Assam - ’10 –’17 , NE I/II – ’12-’20 )
BBNL funding for NOFN, Transmission Plan in NER, Submarine OFC &
Satellite B/w augmentation in Islands,
(Stream VI) ‘10- … Pilots- on new tech. developments
SMCF (‘10-’14) & Sanchar Shakti (‘12-…)
& Renewable energy support to towers
Subsidy disbursed against closed & ongoing schemes in each Stream of
USOF Activities signifying the currently prominent Streams
100%
116 cr
1 cr
90%
80%
7,500 cr
70%
597 cr
60%
50%
2,303 cr
2,517 cr
Ongoing
410 cr
Closed
5 cr
40%
30%
6,183 cr
20%
403 cr
10%
0%
Stream I
Stream II
Stream III
0 cr
0 cr
Stream IV
Stream V
Stream VI
‘94
’99
’02
’03
•One of the objectives of the NTP ‘94 was Universal service : provision of access to all people ,
covering all villages as early as possible, for certain basic telecom services at affordable and
reasonable prices.
•New Telecom Policy (NTP) envisaged development of telecom facilities in remote, hilly & tribal areas
and provision of universal services to all uncovered villages. Private sector involvement was found
to be slow as envisaged in NTP ‘99, all service providers were encouraged to participate in USO via
reimbursement from USOF.
•TRAI recommendations for est. of USOF & USL @5% of AGR of the TSPs except pure VAS providers
•Universal Service Support Policy (USSP) came into effect w.e.f. 1.4.2002.
•Administrator, USOF was appointed on 01.06.2002
•The Indian Telegraph (Amendment) Act, 1885 gave statutory status retrospectively to the USOF
Milestones of USOF
’99
’02
•New Telecom Policy (NTP) stated Universal Service as its goal, even in NTP 2012- focus on converged
communication service (ICT-data, voice, video) in commercially unviable rural & remote areas
•Universal Service Support Policy (USSP) came into effect w.e.f. 1.4.2002.
•schemes MARR VPT(A) & RDEL-B & RDEL-P(prior to 1.4.2002)
•Statutory status retrospectively to the Fund, by adding Sec 9A- 9D in ITA, 1885
’03
’04
•VPT-OPEX & MARR VPT(B) launched
•Rules for administration of the Fund was notified as IT (amendment) Rules,1951
•Net Cost definition in Rule 525 & 523
•Two streams (Rule 525) of US obligation funding for the activities
•Powers of Administrator defined under Rule 524
•RCP & Uncovered VPT- Phase I launched
’05
•RDEL-A launched
Milestones of USOF
’06
•Four more streams (Rule 525) of USO funding added
•"obligation to basic telegraph services“ substituted by " obligation to provide access to telegraph
services“ vide Indian Telegraph (Amendment) Act
’07
‘08
‘09
•RDEL-X(extension of A) & Shared Mobile Infrastructure scheme
•Rule 525 amended for support of max Rs. 6000 cr. for RDEL–P for period of 3 years
’10
‘11
• OFC(Assam) & Solar Mobile Charging Facility pilot schemes launched
•All of the USOF activities came under Plan Budget from 2011-12
’12
’13
•New VPT Phase II & Rural wire-line BB launched
•Creation of NOFN for extending the BB connectivity to GPs via SPV(BBNL) funded by USOF
•Eligible operators definition in ITR modified to mean ‘entities having valid license or registration
or authorisation from Central Govt. for providing telecom services/infra. or any other entity.
•Work towards ‘Right to broadband’ enshrined in NTP 2012
•OFC for NE-I & NE-II and Sanchar Shakti pilot projects launched
• BSNL nominated as USP for mobile services provision in LWE areas vide IT(amendment) Rules 1951
-Was an exception to Universal Service Provider selection process of competitive bidding as per Rule 526
• Rule 525 amended for support of max Rs. 1500 cr. for RDEL–P for one year w.e.f 18.7.11
Milestones of USOF
‘14
‘15
•Mobile provisioning in MHA identified sites in LWE states launched
•SS pilot in AP commenced its VAS services
•Upcoming tender for 8 USOF schemes for NER for mobile provisioning in uncovered villages
& uncovered sections of NHs
Green telecom,
VAS/content
Mobile coverage
to uncovered villages ,
A&N,
OFC schemes in NE
Lack of
business
case
Market
Gap
State ‘s
obligation
LF levy across
Rural & urban areas
Wealth redistribution
Tech & Regulatory lag,
Subsidy support to ~32 lakh
RDEL (prior to 1/4/02)
Connections of BSNL
Access
Gap
R-U
divide
(50%-150%)
LWE, NE telecom plan
NOFN, Digital India
defined in Act as providing access to telegraph services in rural & remote areas at
affordable and reasonable prices
»Economic: Network extension & stimulate uptake of the
ICT services in rural/remote areas
»Social:
Mainstreaming the underserved & unserved
areas/groups
»Political: to enable citizens exercise their political rights
in an informed way and
»Constitutional: Equitable distribution of the fruits of the
telecom/digital revolution and fair allocation of national
resource (pooled USO levy) via targeted subsidies
Public Access
Individual Access
•VPT-OPEX, MARR VPTs, VPT-1991, and RCP
• On-going VPT-2001
•RDEL-A,RDEL-B,RDEL-X
•RDEL–Prior to 1.4.2002 (subsidy support is being extended and under
consideration by Telecom Commission)
Mobile Connectivity
•Shared Mobile
Infrastructure scheme -Part A (IP)& B(USP)
•Ongoing LWE scheme & Upcoming Comprehensive telecom
development plan for North East, uncovered villages of Himalayan &
western Border states etc
Broadband
connectivity
• On-going Rural Wire-line broadband scheme (individual connections
& kiosks)
General
infrastructure
Pilot Schemes
Targeting the needy & extension of new
converged services to the excluded
•On-going schemes for subsidy support for Optical Fibre Cable in
Assam, NE-I & NE-II and National Optical Fibre Network,, A&N
connectivity via OFC & satellite
•Solar Mobile Charging facility by TERI
•On-going Sanchar Shakti scheme for free of cost dissemination of
customised information (Mobile-VAS) to rural women
•Renewable energy support for mobile towers
100%
2
2
2
3
3
5
4
11
5
90%
24
80%
3
70%
65
66
66
60%
81
81
86
50%
88
100
Stream VI
65
81
90
Stream V
79
100
Stream IV
Stream III
Stream II
40%
Stream I
69
30%
20%
36
34
10%
19
14
10
0%
15
18
29
15
7
11
8
1
2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16
(Q1)
Stream-wise share in the total subsidy disbursed by USOF
Stream V ( Total 410 cr.)
2%
Stream VI ( Total 6 cr.)
0.03%
Stream IV ( Total 2303 cr.)
12%
Stream III ( Total 1000 cr.)
5%
Stream I ( Total 2633 cr.)
13%
Stream II ( Total 13683 cr.)
68%
Stream I : Provision of Village Public Telephones & Rural Community Phones
Stream II : Provision of rural household wireline telephones
Stream III : Provision of Mobile telecom services in rural/remote areas
Stream IV : Provision of Broadband Connectivity in rural/remote areas
Stream V : Creation of General telecom infrastructure in rural/remote areas
Stream VI : USOF pilots for assessing the viability & feasibility of new teelcom technologies for
rural/remote areas
Administrator, USOF
Joint Administrator
(T)
DDG (PM&C)
Joint Administrator (F)
DDG (Broadband)
DDG (Green
Technology)
* Administrator (Secretary rank) endowed with the powers
of a Head of department & reports to MoC&IT
* USO Fund administration
* Policy making, define/review the scope
* Agreement formulation & signing with
Service Provider
with subsidy support for carrying out the USO (unviable
rural/remote areas)
* Subsidy authorizations to CCAs
* Directions &clarifications to Service Provider & CCAs
* Monitor performance, issue inspection guidelines
* Conducting impact assessment & evaluation
»Rule
524 of ITR,1951 lays down the power of the Administrator,
USOF to-
˃Settle the claim of Universal Service Provider after
due verification, and make disbursements
accordingly from the Fund;
˃Specify relevant formats, procedures and records
to be maintained and furnished by the Universal
Service Provider;
˃Monitor the performance of the Universal Service
Provider as per the procedure specified by him from
time to time.
» Finance
advice in the implementation of the guidelines laid down by
Government for providing Universal Service Support;
» Suggesting such changes in policy as may be deemed necessary for
implementation of Universal Service Support for efficient & effective
utilization of the Fund;
» Formulating
USOF projects/schemes under the various streams
provided in the Indian Telegraph Rules, 1951, in consultation with
telecom service providers and various stakeholders;
» Designing
an intelligent subsidy support model underlying the
scheme/project, for reducing/closing the Viability Gap in provisioning of
telecommunication service;
» Determining
desirable subsidy level, structure & disbursement
schedule and appropriate pricing of the services after undertaking a
suitable costing & modeling/benchmarking exercise and competitive
tendering process;
» Finance advice in designing the bidding process and in carrying out
the tendering;
» Aptly
drafting Agreement with necessary incentives & disincentives to
ensure the achievement of the deliverables by USP for the concerned
scheme;
» Monitoring
the implementation of USOF projects/schemes and to
disburse subsidy in accordance with the terms & conditions of the
respective USOF Agreement;
» Accurate & timely settlement of all claims of subsidy/financial support
in respect of USOF schemes via CSM package
» Guiding
CCAs in the implementation of the USOF scheme(s) and
issuing clarifications w.r.t provisions of the governing USOF agreement
via CSM;
» Content management of the USOF Website
» Carrying
out
post-implementation
projects/schemes;
review
of
USOF
» Financial
management, Accounting, Budgeting and Audit of
USOF activities;
» Forecasting
the requirement of Universal Service Funds for each
financial year and obtaining approval of Government through
Department of Telecom;
» Ensuring that the prescribed Universal Service Levy is credited
to the appropriate Universal Service Fund on a regular basis, as the
Fund is a non-lapsable;
» Designing the format of various records and return to be maintained
by the USPs.
Cumulative effect of inflows & outflows on USO fund balance
Potentially available Fund for USO purpose via Budget appropriation
Subsidy Disbursed annually for rural/remote telecom connectivity & services provision
Fund (CFI) Accretion annually via Universal Access Levy collections from TSPs
Net Balance in non-lapsable USO fund
₹ 45,000 Cr
7,539
₹ 40,000 Cr
7,896
2,087
₹ 35,000 Cr
2,163
6,735
₹ 30,000 Cr
625
6,724
₹ 25,000 Cr
6,115
5,515
₹ 20,000 Cr
5,406
1,600
₹ 15,000 Cr
3,941
1,290
3,215
₹ 10,000 Cr
3,458
₹ 5,000 Cr
1,500
1,767
2,143
1,315
1,654
200
₹ 0 Cr
1,688
5,778
300
3,100
2,400
6,949 crores reimbursed to BSNL for
License Fee & Spectrum
Fund balance
Rs 39134.57 cr
5
100%
90%
43
51
65
92
91
124
87
63
2271
SMCF
514
58
553
410
403
559
Sanchar
Shakti
80%
NOFN
60
64
70%
129
60%
OFC-Assam
6183
405
850
WIRELINEBB
1215
1177
1514
Shared
Mobile Infra
1352
50%
2602
0.35
1271
RDEL(sum of
A X D B)
1378
40%
RDEL-P
750
237
New VPT-2
1500
5
7500
45
30%
New VPT-1
71
84
MARR-B
20%
66
10%
42
30
30
52
56
55
43
173
63
19
52
125
83
82
200405
200506
200607
119
200304
53
88
86
200809
200910
0%
200203
116
228 404
31
148
42
65
95
200708
132
25
201011
139
201112
81
40
201213
914
2014- 201515 16 (Q1)
Share of Activities/Schemes in Annual & Total Subsidy disbursed
Values in INR Cr
RCP
111
860
201314
MARR-A
VPT OPEX
Share of Schemes in Total subsidy disbursed by USOF
NOFN
11%
RDEL-X
4%
New VPT-2
1%
RDEL-P
37%
Shared Mobile Infra
2%
New VPT-1
1%
MARR-B
2%
LWE
3%
Other
25%
OFCAssam
0%
WIRELIN
E-BB
2%
MARR-A
5%
RDEL-A
10%
RDEL-D
6%
RDEL-B
10%
RCP
1%
Sanchar
Shakti
0.004%
SMCF
VPT OPEX
0.03%
4%
Stream I : Provision of Village Public Telephones & Rural Community Phones
Stream II : Provision of rural household wireline telephones
Stream III : Provision of Mobile telecom services in rural/remote areas
Stream IV : Provision of Broadband Connectivity in rural/remote areas
Stream V : Creation of General telecom infrastructure in rural/remote areas
Stream VI : USOF pilots for assessing the viability & feasibility of new teelcom technologies for
rural/remote areas
Parliament appropriates ,
& MoF allots
Consolidated
fund of India
MH 3275-103
MH 3275-797
Public
account
MH 8235-118
MH 1275-OCS
MH 3275-902 X Compensation
USO levy
collections
to USP ( Debit
by CCAs)
X amount minus debit
(Contra credit)
Transfer to USOF
on
Hq. Authorisation
of Requisition by
CCA
Debit on
Intimation of
payment by CCA
MH 8670 -Drawings
from bank
X amount
disbursed
(Credit)
* Resources for the Fund raised via 5% USO component in LF
assessed & collected
* Fund – non-lapsable & for exclusive use
* USOF Policy for US, recent tilt towards community
infrastructure ie UA
* 6 Streams/categories of USOF agreements
* Estimate annually & forecast the utilisation & undertake
budgeting
* Stakeholder consultation-Desirability
* Technical Consultancy(DPR) –Feasibility
* Financial Consultancy(subsidy modelling) – Viability & ensure
compliance of the roll-out obligations
* Tendering or nomination
* Tender/Agreement document preparation for extending
subsidy, defining roles & obligations, penal clauses
* issue of NIT, Agreement/contract signing
* Evaluate
the extra costs generated by the constraints of the Universal
Service Obligations for the Telecom service provider & finance the ‘Gap’
* Rule
525 of the ITR, which makes explicitly clear that the Financial
Support from the Fund shall be provided to meet the Net Cost of
providing the specified Universal Service Obligation.
* Rule 523 also defines the phrases-
* "Capital
Cost” means the capital expenditure incurred on
providing access
* "Capital Recovery" means the aggregate of depreciation,
interest on debt and return on equity on the capital cost
* “Net Cost” means Operating expenses plus Capital Recovery
minus Revenue; Where support is extended towards Stream III,
IV and V, Net Cost shall mean a percentage of Capital Recovery
* "Operating Expenses" means the annual Operating Cost
incurred on operation and maintenance of the specified facilities
* "Revenue" means the annual charges including usage charge
and applicable rental from the specified Service
Arms of USOF Hq.
* Contributions to USO fund; levy assessment & collections
* Accurate & timely subsidy settlement
* Finalization of accounts, at the closure of scheme
* Issuing show-cause cum demand notice for o/s recoveries
Ears & eyes of USOF Hq.
* Role
in ensuring compliance to ‘deliverables’ of the
Agreement
* Subsidy claim verification & post-payment inspection
* Info. on dues, recoveries, claims/payments
* Feedback on Scheme’s performance
* General conditions
* Date of effect
* Validity of agreement
* Scope/target eg- VPT with STD, no existing VPT
* Commercial conditions
* Tariffs, display of information
* Technical conditions
* BB speed, bandwidth, faults, VPT with solar charging devices
* Financial conditions
* Subsidy structure & phasing
from date of installation- FLS, EAS,
procedure of claim processing, deductions for faults, recovery of
excess-ascertained based on claim verification, inspections, auditor’s
report
* Operating conditions
* Roll-out schedule, Liquidated damages, Performance Bank
Guarantee
* Definitions
Circle wise share in the total subsidy disbursed by USOF
TAMIL NADU, 360.25, 2%
PUNJAB, 320.58, 2%
ORISSA, 410.29, 2%
NE-II, 81.32, 0.41%
NE-I, 110.40, 1%
UP(E),
596.74, 3%
USOF Hq, 10367.37, 52%
KERALA,
521.96, 3%
Other, 4559.206822, 23%
UP(W),
264.92, 1%
JHARKHAND, 86.27, 0.43%
J&K, 95.20, 0.48%
HIMACHAL PRADESH,
267.65, 1%
RAJASTHAN, 796.14,
4%
MP, 833.37, 4%
ANDHRA PRADESH,
800.80, 4%
GUJRAT, 663.74, 3%
KARNATAKA, 666.40, 3%
HARYANA, 185.01, 1%
CHATTISGARH,
287.67, 1%
UTTARANCHAL,
161.35, 1%
WEST
BENGAL,
BIHAR, 414.84, 2% 179.75, 1%
ASSAM, 215.02, 1%
MAHARASHTRA, 1348.17, 7%
Note: USOF Hq stands for the subsidy payment done centrali
the Universal Service Provider for USO activities in all/some c
WIRELINE-BB, 410.44, 3%
RCP, 72.10, 0.46%
OFC-Assam, 32.17, 0.20%
Shared Mobile Infra,
260.34, 2%
MARR-A,
913.77, 6%
LWE,
596.51,
4%
MARR-B, 404.07, 3%
New VPT-1,
228.31, 1%
New VPT-2,
116.35, 1%
VPT OPEX,
838.82, 5%
RDEL-A,
951.24, 6%
Rs 15823 crore out of the total USOF subsidy
of Rs 20035 crore disbursed to BSNL (79%)
RDEL-X, 294.37, 2%
RDEL-P,
7500.00, 47%
RDEL-B,
2012.43, 13%
Stream I : Provision of Village Public Telephones & Rural Community Phones
Stream II : Provision of rural household wireline telephones
Stream III : Provision of Mobile telecom services in rural/remote areas
Stream IV : Provision of Broadband Connectivity in rural/remote areas
Stream V : Creation of General telecom infrastructure in rural/remote areas
RDEL-D,
1191.78, 7%
Universal Servcie Providers wise share in Total Subsidy disbursed
BSNL
BBNL
RIL
TATA
TTML
KEC
GTL
RCIL
VESL
VECL
DWL
REST(TERI QTIL RTL RML ISPL SHYAM BHARTI RCL HFCL)
VECL, 9, 0.04%
VESL, 18, 0.09%
BBNL, 2271, 11.33%
DWL, 9,
0.04%
RIL, 751, 3.75%
TATA, 723, 3.61%
RCIL, 25, 0.12%
REST, 13.36, 0.07%
TTML, 317, 1.58%
Other, 150, 0.75%
BSNL, 15823, 78.97%
GTL, 37, 0.18%
KEC, 39, 0.19%
Variation in Total USO Subsidy disbursed over the years
3,500cr
3,100, 11
3,000cr
2,400, 12
2,500cr
2,163, 14
2,087, 10
2,000cr
1,767, 7
1,600, 10
1,688, 12
1,500, 7
1,500cr
1,315, 5
1,290, 7
1,000cr
625, 10
500cr
300, 2
200, 3
0.35, 2
0cr
2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16
(Q1)
Grand Total ( Progressive figure 20035 cr.)
No of USOF schemes/activities against which subsidy
○ Number of upcoming schemes – Plan for utilising around
6 thousand crores during the period FY 15-16 to FY 2223
○ Utilisation plan for USOF including annual accruals entire fund would be put to use for the development of
telecom infrastructure & provisioning of ICT services in
rural/remote areas of India
○ In two pillars of the Digital India campaign- Broadband
Highways & Universal Access, USOF has critical role to
play
○ Rest of the 7 pillars such as e-governance, electronic
delivery of services, information for all etc are directly &
indirectly dependent on the strength of these two pillars
Region
Upcoming Schemes
Uncovered villages & NH- NER except AP & 2 districts of Assam
(2800 cr.)
NER
Transmission Media Plan-NER (296 cr.)
Uncovered villages & NH- AP & 2 districts of Assam (1811 cr.)
Augmentation of satellite bandwidth systems-A&N Capex alone (82
cr.)
Augmentation of Intra-Island OFC network-A&N Capex alone (20 cr.)
A&N
Providing 2G (voice) coverage in uncovered villages-A&N (182 cr.)
Providing seamless 2G (voice) connectivity along NH223-A&N (8 cr.)
Submarine OFC connectivity between Mainland India and A&N Chennai (1000) & Kolkata (600) route Capex alone (1600 cr.)
Augmentation of satellite bandwidth systems-Lakshdweep Capex alone
(18 cr.)
Lakshdweep
Augmentation/ strengthening of 2G (voice) mobile connectivityLakshdweep (12 cr.)
Submarine OFC connectivity between Mainland India and Lakshadweep
Capex alone (468 cr.)
Himalayan
Uncovered villages & NH-Himalayan states (JK,HP,UK) - (1650 cr.)
Western Border
Uncovered villages & NH- Western Border States - 2138 villages (1604 cr.)
Southern States, LWE states,
States with lesser number of
uncovered villages
Uncovered villages & NH- Rest of India ~40000 uncovered villages (~30000 cr.)
Projections of the UAL Accrual and Disbursement from USO fund over the period FY 2015-16 to FY 2022-23
S.
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Year
2014-15
2015-16
2016-17
2017-18
2018-19
2019-20
2020-21
2021-22
2022-23
Year End
Year End Cummulative
Cummulative Balance
Balance (Committed &
Total
Total Cumulative (Only Committed
Estimated)
Outflows Cumulative Committed
outflows)
Out flow/ disbursement
Annual
UAL
accrual
Cummulative
UAL accrual
a
7539
7500
7875
8269
8682
9116
9572
10051
10553
Committed
Estimated
b
c
d
e=c+d
f
g
h=b-f
i =b-g
39135
46635
54510
62779
71461
80577
90149
100200
110753
4916
3567
3838
3707
3707
3234
3234
3234
0
165
223
6601
6601
6601
6601
6461
4916
3732
4061
10309
10309
9836
9836
9695
4916
8648
12709
23017
33326
43161
52997
62692
4916
8483
12321
16028
19735
22969
26204
29438
41719
45862
50070
48444
47251
46988
47203
48061
41719
46027
50458
55433
60842
67180
73996
81315