The Standard Addressed in
this Presentation
Earth’s Place in the Universe
1. Astronomy and planetary exploration reveal the
solar system’s structure, scale, and change over
time. As a basis for understanding this concept:
a. Students know how the differences and similarities
among the sun, the terrestrial planets, and the gas giants
may have been established during the formation of the
solar system.
The Solar System
Not to
scale
PLUTO
(Dwarf Planet)
Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars are the inner planets.
NEPTUNE
They are also known as terrestrial planets.
URANUS
SATURN
MARS
EARTH
VENUS
MERCURY
SUN
JUPITER
Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus,
Neptune, and Pluto are
the outer planets.
Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus,
and Neptune are also
known as gas giants or
Jovian planets.
Pluto is a big ball of ice.
Between Mars and Jupiter there is a
large number of rocks orbiting the sun.
Each rock is known as an ASTEROID.
COMETS OR METEOROIDS
This ring of rocks is called the Asteroid
Belt.
| The Solar System | Sun | Mercury | Venus | Earth | Mars | Jupiter | Saturn | Uranus | Neptune | Pluto (Dwarf Planet)
| Asteroids | Comets | Meteors, Meteoroids, and Meteorites | End Show |
Distances To The Stars

Stars are separated by
vast distances.

Astronomers use units
called light years to
measure the distance of
stars

A light-year is the distance
that light travels in a
vacuum in a year

Proxima Centauri, is the
Measuring_Distance_in_Space__The_Light_Year
closest
star to the sun.
Properties of Stars





Astronomers classify stars by
their color, size, and
brightness. Other properties
of stars are chemical
composition and mass.
Color and Temperature – a
stars color indicates the
temperature of its’ surface.
The hottest stars appear
blue
The cooler stars appear red
The spectrum of color in a
star is from blues to greens
to yellows and reds.
The_Color_of_Stars
Composition
Each star has its
own spectrum.
 Most stars have a
chemical makeup
that is similar to the
sun, with hydrogen
and helium
together making
up to 96 to 99.9 %
of a star’s mass.

How Stars Form

A nebula is a large cloud
of gas and dust spread
out over a large volume of
space.

Some nebulas are glowing
clouds lit from within by
bright stars.

A star is formed when a
contacting cloud of gas
and dust becomes so
dense and hot that
nuclear fusion begins.
Life Cycles of Stars
Adult Stars – A star’s mass
determines the star’s place
on the main sequence and
how long it will stay.
 The amount of gas and
dust available when a star
forms determines the mass
of each young star.
 The larger the star the more
energy produce.
 Since blue stars burn
brightly, they use up their
fuel quickly and are short
lived.

The Death of a Star

The dwindling
supply of fuel in a
star’s core leads to
the star’s death as
a white dwarf,
neutron star, or
black hole.
Sun
Links to Sun sites:
•Live from the Sun
•StarDate: The Sun
•Solar Data Analysis Center
• The Sun is a star at the center of our solar system.
• It is estimated to be 4.5 billion years old.
• It supports all life on Earth through photosynthesis and is the ultimate source of all food
and fossil fuel.
• It is 333,400 times more massive than the Earth
(this means that 333,400 Earths can make up the
Sun).
• 99.86% of all the mass of the solar system is
found in the Sun.
• The core of the Sun is 16 million °C.
• The surface of the Sun is 7000° C
• It takes several hundred thousand years for
photons to escape from the dense core and reach
the surface.
• The Sun generates energy the equivalent of 100
billion tons of TNT exploding every second.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ABOUT
NUCLEAR FUSION
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| Asteroids | Comets | Meteors, Meteoroids, and Meteorites | End Show |
The Milky Way Galaxy
10
100,000 light years across
1,000 light years thick
200 billion stars
You are here
What is a planet?
11

In August of 2007 the International Astronomical
Union redefined what a planet is (no official scientific
definition of a "planet" existed before). A planet:
1.
Is a body that orbits the sun (this definition only
applies to our Solar System)
2.
Is large enough for its own gravity to make it round
3.
And has "cleared its neighborhood" of smaller objects

So a new the category of dwarf planet was created,
which currently includes Pluto, Eris*, and Ceres**.
*Eris is the largest known dwarf planet in the Solar System and the ninth largest
body known to orbit the Sun. Its distance from the Sun is 97 AU.
**Ceres is the smallest identified dwarf planet in the Solar System and,
because it’s the largest asteroid, the only dwarf planet in the asteroid belt.
Terrestrial Planets
Mars
12
Venus
Mercury
From Nick Strobel’s Astronomy Notes at www.astronomynotes.com
Jovian Planets, or Gas Giants
Uranus
13
Neptune
Saturn
Jupiter
From Nick Strobel’s Astronomy Notes at www.astronomynotes.com
Mercury (Planet)
Links to Mercury sites:
•Exploring the Planets - Mercury
•Missions to Mercury
•NASA Planetary Photojournal: Mercury
Relative position: 1st planet out from the
sun.
Appearance: Resembles Earth's Moon,
scarred by thousands of impact
craters. There are areas of smooth
terrain as well as cliffs, some soaring a
mile high, formed by ancient impacts.
General composition: Rocky material. It is
a terrestrial planet.
Density: 5.43 g/cm3
Atmosphere: Almost no atmosphere. The
very little atmosphere that exists is
composed chiefly of oxygen, sodium,
and helium.
Size: .054 the volume of the Earth
Planetary satellites (Moons): None
Rotation: 58.65 days (very slow rotation)
Revolution: 88 days to go around the Sun
once.
Temperatures: High: 467 °C on the sunny
side of the planet. Low: -183 °C on
the dark side of the planet.
| The Solar System | Sun | Mercury | Venus | Earth | Mars | Jupiter | Saturn | Uranus | Neptune | Pluto (Dwarf Planet)
| Asteroids | Comets | Meteors, Meteoroids, and Meteorites | End Show |
Venus (Planet)
Links to Venus sites:
•Exploring the Planets - Venus
•Missions to Venus
•StarDate: Venus
Relative position: 2nd planet out from the sun.
Appearance: It is covered by thick, rapidly
spinning clouds. Due to its thick cloud layer
reflecting sunlight, it is the brightest planet in
the sky
General composition: Rocky material. It
contains an iron core and a molten rocky
mantle. The crust is a solid, rocky material.
It is a terrestrial planet.
Density: 5.24 gm/cm3
Atmosphere: Consists mainly of carbon dioxide,
nitrogen, and droplets of sulfuric acid; it
contains almost no water vapor. This thick
atmosphere traps immense amounts of
heat in a large-scale greenhouse effect.
Size: .88 the volume of the Earth
Planetary satellites (Moons): None
Rotation: -243 days (retrograde)
Revolution: 225 Earth days. Its day is longer than
its year.
Temperature: 450 °C. It’s hotter than Mercury
due to the greenhouse effect. It is actually
hot enough to melt lead.
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| Asteroids | Comets | Meteors, Meteoroids, and Meteorites | End Show |
Earth (Planet)
Links to Earth sites:
•Exploring the Planets - Earth
•Missions to Explore Earth
•StarDate: Earth
Relative position: 3rd planet out from the
sun.
Appearance: The Earth looks blue and
green from space with clouds moving
through the atmosphere. The surface
of the Earth is 70% water and 30%
land.
General composition: Rocky material. It is
a terrestrial planet. It has a nickel-iron
core with a molten mantle and solid
rocky crust.
Density: 5.52 gm/cm3
Atmosphere: Mostly oxygen (21%) and
nitrogen (78%). Some argon, carbon
dioxide, and water vapor.
Size: 40,000km (24,8000miles) around at
the equator.
Planetary satellites (Moons): 1 - The Moon
Rotation: 23 hours, 56miutes (1 day)
Revolution: 365.25 days
Temperature: Mean surface 15 °C to 20
°C
Special feature: Earth sustains life as we know it.
Water exists in all three states (solid, liquid , and
gas) on the Earth. There is a delicate balance
between its oceans, air, land, and life.
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The Moon
Links to Moon sites:
Missions to the Moon
StarDate: Moon
Collecting Moon Rocks
•
The Moon is the Earth’s only natural satellite.
•
The Moon contains no water and has no
atmosphere
•
Its has about 1/6 the mass of the Earth,
therefore it has 1/6 the gravitational pull of the
Earth.
•
•
It is 384 401 km from the Earth.
•
It takes 27.32 days to orbit the Earth once.
•
The gravitational pull of the Moon is
responsible for the Earth’s tides.
•
The surface of the Moon is covered with craters
and flatlands. The craters are due to repeated
meteorite bombardments while the dark,
flatlands are the result of ancient lava flows.
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| Asteroids | Comets | Meteors, Meteoroids, and Meteorites | End Show |
Mars (Planet)
Relative position: 4th planet out from the sun.
Appearance: Mars appears red due to the iron
oxide in its soil. It has polar ice caps that
grow and recede with the seasons, and it has
dust storms, which cause giant dunes, wind
streaks, and wind-carved features.
General composition: Rocky material. It is a
terrestrial planet.
Density: 3.94 gm/cm3
Atmosphere: Mostly carbon dioxide, nitrogen,
and argon.
Size: .149 times the volume of the Earth.
Planetary satellites (Moons): 2 Moons
Rotation: 24 hours, 33 minutes.
Revolution: 686.67 days.
Temperature: -87 °C to -5 °C
Links to Mars sites:
•Missions to Mars
•Mars Explorations
•StarDate: Mars
Special Features: Mars has the largest volcanic mountain in the solar system, Olympus Mons (27
km high and 600 km across); volcanoes in the northern Tharsis region that are so huge they deform
the planet's roundness; and a gigantic equatorial rift valley, the Valles Marineris. This canyon
system would stretch from New York to Los Angeles; the Grand Canyon could fit into one of the
side canyons of this great chasm.
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Moons of Mars
Phobos
Deimos
Gouged by a giant impact crater
and beaten by thousands of
meteorite impacts, Phobos is on a
collision course with Mars. It may
collide with Mars in 50 million
years or break up into a ring.
It is also heavily cratered
with a small lumpy
appearance.
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| Asteroids | Comets | Meteors, Meteoroids, and Meteorites | End Show |
Jupiter (Planet)
Relative position: 5th planet out from the sun.
Appearance: It is sometimes called a “minisolar system” because of its numerous
moons and several rings. Jupiter appears
striped because light and dark belts are
created by strong east-west winds.
General composition: It is a gas giant,
meaning it is mostly made of gases.
Jupiter's core is probably not solid but a
dense, hot liquid with a consistency like
thick soup.
Density: 1.76 gm/cm3
Atmosphere: Mostly hydrogen, helium and
methane.
Size: 1316 times the volume of the Earth. It is
the planet with the highest gravity in the
solar system.
Planetary satellites (Moons): 63 Moons; some
of them have been named and some
have alphanumeric designations.
Rotation: 9 hours, 54 minutes
Revolution: 11.86 Earth years
Temperature: -108 °C
Links to Jupiter sites:
•Exploring the Planets - Jupiter
•Missions to Jupiter
•StarDate: Jupiter
Special Feature: The Great Red Spot has existed for at least 100 years, and perhaps longer.
It is a hurricane-like storm on Jupiter. (Galileo reported seeing a similar feature nearly 400
years ago). Three Earths could fit across the Great Red Spot.
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Moons of Jupiter
1. Io
2. Europa
3. Ganymede
4. Callisto
5. Amalthea
6. Himalia
7. Elara
8. Pasiphae
9. Sinope
10. Lysithea
11. Carme
12. Ananke
13. Leda
14. Thebe
15. Adrastea
16. Metis
17. Callirrhoe
18. Themisto
19. Megaclite
20. Taygete
21. Chaldene
22. Harpalyke
23. Kalyke
24. Iocaste
25. Erinome
26. Isonoe
27. Praxidike
28. Autonoe
29. Thyone
30. Hermippe
31. Aitne
32. Eurydome
33. Euanthe
34. Euporie
35. Orthosie
36. Sponde
37. Kale
38. Pasithee
39. Hegemone
40. Mneme
41. Aoede
42. Thelxinoe
43. Arche
44. Kallichore
45. Helike
46. Carpo
47. Eukelade
48. Cyllene
49. Kore
50. S/2003 J2
51. S/2003 J3
52. S/2003 J4
53. S/2000 J11
54. S/2000 J5
55. S/2003 J9
56. S/2003 J10
57. S/2003 J12
58. S/2003 J15
59. S/2003 J16
60. S/2003 J17
61. S/2003 J18
62. S/2003 J19
63. S/2003 J23
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| Asteroids | Comets | Meteors, Meteoroids, and Meteorites | End Show |
Saturn (Planet)
Links to Saturn sites:
•Exploring the Planets - Saturn
•Missions to Saturn
•StarDate: Saturn
Special feature: Saturn's ring system is
the most extensive and complex in our
solar system; it extends hundreds of
thousands of kilometers from the planet.
The rings are mostly water ice with
particles ranging in size from a few
micrometers to several tens of meters.
Relative position: 6th planet out from the
sun.
Appearance: Saturn has a large system of
rings, and the yellow and gold bands in
its atmosphere are caused by super-fast
winds combined with heat rising from its
interior.
General composition: It is a Gas giant,
meaning it is mostly made of the gases
hydrogen and helium.
Density: .70 gm/cm3 (This low density means
that Saturn could float on water if their
was a body of water big enough).
Atmosphere: Mostly hydrogen and helium.
Size: 755 times the volume of the Earth.
Planetary satellites (Moons): 60 Moons;
some have been named and others have
alphanumeric designations
Rotation: 10 hours, 38 minutes
Revolution: 29.45 Earth years
Temperature: -139 °C
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Moons of Saturn
1. Mimas
2. Enceladus
3. Tethys
4. Dione
5. Rhea
6. Titan
7. Hyperion
8. Iapetus
9. Erriapus
10. Phoebe
11. Janus
12. Epimetheus
13. Helene
14. Telesto
15. Calypso
16. Kiviuq
17. Atlas
18. Prometheus
19. Pandora
20. Pan
21. Ymir
22. Paaliaq
23. Tarvos
24. Ijiraq
25. Suttungr
26. Mundilfari
27. Albiorix
28. Skathi
29. Siarnaq
30. Thrymr
31. Narvi
32. Methone
33. Pallene
34. Polydeuces
35. Daphnis
36. Aegir
37. Bebhionn
38. Bergelmir
39. Bestla
40. Farbauti
41. Fenrir
42. Fornjot
43. Hati
44. Hyrokkin
45. Kari
46. Loge
47. Skoll
48. Surtur
49. S/2004 S7
50. S/2004 S12
51. S/2004 S13
52. S/2004 S17
53. S/2006 S1
54. S/2006 S3
55. Greip
56. Jarnsaxa
57. Tarqeq
58. S/2007 S2
59. S/2007 S3
60. Anthe
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| Asteroids | Comets | Meteors, Meteoroids, and Meteorites | End Show |
Uranus
(Planet)
Relative position: 7th planet out from the
sun.
Appearance: It has a blue-green color
from the methane gas above the
deeper clouds. Methane absorbs red
light and reflects blue light. It does
have a small system of rings.
General composition: It is a Gas giant,
meaning it is mostly made of the gases
hydrogen and helium, with a small
amount of methane and traces of
water and ammonia. It has no solid
surface, but it does contain a liquid
core made mostly of “icy” materials
(water, methane, and ammonia)
Density: 1.30 gm/cm3
Atmosphere: Mostly hydrogen, helium, and
methane.
Size: 52 times the volume of the Earth.
Planetary satellites (Moons): 27 Moons
Rotation: 17 hours, 11 minutes
Revolution: 84.02 Earth years
Temperature: -197 °C
Special feature: Uranus’ axis is tilted so that it seems to rotate on its
side. This tilt gives it seasons that last over twenty years.
Moons of Uranus
1. Cordelia
2. Ophelia
3. Bianca
4. Cressida
5. Desdemona
6. Juliet
7. Portia
8. Rosalind
9. Mab
10. Belinda
11. Perdita
12. Puck
13. Cupid
14. Miranda
15. Francisco
16. Ariel
17. Umbriel
18. Titania
19. Oberon
20. Caliban
21. Stephano
22. Trinculo
23. Sycorax
24. Margaret
25. Prospero
26. Setebos
27. Ferdinand
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| Asteroids | Comets | Meteors, Meteoroids, and Meteorites | End Show |
Neptune (Planet)
Relative position: 8th planet out from the sun.
Appearance: Neptune has a blue color because of the
methane in its atmosphere. The methane reflects
blue light while it absorbs red light. It has a small
system of rings and periodically Great Dark Spots
(hurricane-like storms) appear.
General composition: It is a Gas giant, meaning it is
mostly made of the gases hydrogen, helium, and
methane. It has no solid surface, but its liquid
core is composed of water and other “melted
ices.”
Density: 1.76 gm/cm3
Atmosphere: Mostly hydrogen, helium,and methane.
Size: 44 times the volume of the Earth.
Planetary satellites (Moons): 13 Moons
Rotation: 16 hours, 4 minutes
Revolution: 164.79 Earth years
Temperature: -200 °C
Special features: Neptune is actually the farthest planet from the Sun for a 20-year period out of
every 248 Earth years due to Pluto’s unusual elliptical orbit.
Moons of Neptune
1. Triton
2. Nereid
3. Naiad
4. Thalassa
5. Despina
6. Galatea
7. Larissa
8. Proteus
9. Halimede
10. Psamathe
11. Sao
12. Laomedeia
13. Neso
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| Asteroids | Comets | Meteors, Meteoroids, and Meteorites | End Show |
What is a Dwarf Planet?

Celestial body orbiting the Sun

Massive enough to be rounded by its own gravity

BUT has NOT cleared its neighboring region of
planetesimals

Is not a satellite
28
A plutoid is a dwarf planet beyond the orbit
of Neptune
Pluto (Dwarf Planet)
Charon
Relative position: 9th planet out from the sun.
Appearance: A large frozen ball of ice.
General composition: Rocky core surrounded by
water ice.
Density: 2.0 gm/cm3
Atmosphere: Frozen most of the time. When it is
closest to the Sun the bright layer of frozen
methane, nitrogen, and carbon monoxide
thaws out and gives it a thin atmosphere.
Size: .005 the volume of the Earth. It is the planet
with the lowest gravity in the solar system.
Planetary satellites (Moons): 3
1. Charon
2. Hydra
3. Nix
Links to Pluto sites:
•Missions to Pluto
•Pluto Portal
•StarDate: Pluto
Rotation: -6.39 days (retrograde)
Revolution: 247.9 Earth years
Temperature: -233 °C
| The Solar System | Sun | Mercury | Venus | Earth | Mars | Jupiter | Saturn | Uranus | Neptune | Pluto (Dwarf Planet)
| Asteroids | Comets | Meteors, Meteoroids, and Meteorites | End Show |
Asteroids
Links to Asteroids sites:
•Missions to Asteroids
•The Nine Planets: Asteroids
•StarDate: Asteroids

Asteroids are either rocky or metallic
objects that orbit the Sun. They are
too small to considered planets but
are sometimes called planetoids.

They can be anywhere from the size of
a pebble up to a 1000km (620 miles) in
diameter; the asteroid Ceres is an
example of an asteroid that is this
large.

They have been found inside Earth’s
orbit and all the way out past Saturn’s
orbit. Most asteroids, however, are
located in the asteroid belt which
exists between the orbit’s of Mars and
Jupiter.
| The Solar System | Sun | Mercury | Venus | Earth | Mars | Jupiter | Saturn | Uranus | Neptune | Pluto (Dwarf Planet)
| Asteroids | Comets | Meteors, Meteoroids, and Meteorites | End Show |
Asteroid Belt
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| Asteroids | Comets | Meteors, Meteoroids, and Meteorites | End Show |
Comets

Comets - small, fragile, irregularshaped body composed of a mixture
of non-volatile grains and frozen gases.
Components of Comets can be seen
by clicking on the link.

Their orbits are elliptical (oval) or
parabolic (U-shaped). The orbit brings
them in very close to the Sun and
swings them far out into space,
sometimes out past Pluto. Example of
a comet’s orbit.

As comets approach the Sun,
radiation from the Sun evaporates the
ice and gases, creating the lone tail.
The closer to the Sun, the longer the
tail of the comet. The tail of the comet
always faces away from the Sun
because of the solar wind coming
from the Sun.
Components of Comets
Example of a Comet’s Orbit
Comet 2P/Encke
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| Asteroids | Comets | Meteors, Meteoroids, and Meteorites | End Show |
Meteors, Meteoroids, and
Meteorites
•
Meteoroids - asteroids that are on a collision
course with Earth.
•
Meteor - streak of light created when a
meteoroid strikes our atmosphere at high
velocity and friction causes the chunk of
space matter to burn up.
•
Meteorite - what is left that strikes the
Earth’s surface if the meteoroid does not
burn up completely.
•
92.8% of all meteorites are composed of
silicate (stone), and 5.7% are composed of
iron and nickel; the rest are a mixture of the
three materials.
•
Stony meteorites are the hardest to identify
since they look very much like terrestrial
rocks.
Vocabulary
1.
Greenhouse Effect - warming of a planet’s surface as a result of atmospheric gases
trapping heat. Carbon dioxide is one of these greenhouse gases.
2.
Photon - a quantum of visible light or other form of electromagnetic radiation coming
from the Sun. A particle of light.
3.
Retrograde - this means that the planet is spinning backwards compared to the other
planets.
4.
Revolution - one complete circle made around something. The orbit made by a planet
or satellite around another body.
5.
Rotation - the turning motion of a planet spinning on its axis.
6.
Star - a glowing, hot, gaseous mass in space such as the Sun ranging in size from that of a
planet to larger than the Earth’s orbit. It generates energy by thermonuclear reactions.
7.
Terrestrial - similar in composition and density to Earth. Relating to Earth. Earth-like.
8.
Volume - amount of space an object takes up.
Vocabulary (p.2)
9.
Dwarf Planet - a celestial body that (a) is in orbit around the Sun, (b) has
sufficient mass for its self-gravity to overcome rigid body forces so that it
assumes a hydrostatic equilibrium (nearly round) shape, (c) has not cleared
the neighborhood around its orbit, and (d) is not a satellite.
10.
Planet - a celestial body that (a) is in orbit around the Sun, (b) has sufficient
mass for its self-gravity to overcome rigid body forces so that it assumes a
hydrostatic equilibrium (nearly round) shape and (c) has cleared the
neighborhood around its orbit.
11.
Plutoids - celestial bodies in orbit around the Sun at a semi-major axis greater
than that of Neptune that have sufficient mass for their self-gravity to
overcome rigid body forces so that they assume a hydrostatic equilibrium
(near-spherical) shape, and that have not cleared the neighborhood around
their orbit.

You must:
1.
Fold the yellow paper
2.
Color and cut out the planets
3.
Glue one planet in each square (IN ORDER!)
4.
Include the following info for EACH PLANET:
1.
Name
2.
Location in the Solar System (1st planet, 2nd planet, etc)
3.
Appearance (what it looks like)
4.
Composition (what it’s made of)
5.
Atmosphere
6.
Temperature
7.
Number of moons
8.
Rotation Rate
9.
Revolution Rate