Homework #3 is due 4/11.
Bonus #3 is due F 4/27.
Nerves allow us to perceive the environment
while the brain integrates the incoming signals
to determine an appropriate response.
CB 48.3
Neurons: cells specialized for
transmitting signals
CB 48.5
Parts of a neuron
Axon
Signals
In the brain neurons are shorter and highly
interconnected
CB 48.7
At the synapse the electrical signal is
converted to a chemical signal
electrical
at synapse
chemical
electrical
Neurons are commonly connected to many
other neurons, and the effect of the different
incoming signals determines what the neuron
will do.
CB 48.16
Incoming signals move through neurons. Only signals
above the threshold are transmitted along the neuron.
The brain and the
central nervous
system integrate
the various
incoming signals
CB 48.19
Nervous System Signaling
Stimulus
Transduction
Integration
Transmission
Response
Smells are detected by receptor
neurons in our nose. Each receptor
is sensitive to a different chemical
CB 49.15
Light is
detected in
the eye by
receptors on
the retina
CB 49.18
Some vision
problems arise
from misshapen
too long
eyeballs
too short
CB 49.19
CB 49.23
Light receptor neurons of
the eye:
Rods detect black and
white
Cones detect colors…one
type of cone for each color
- red, blue, and green
CB 49.22
No light
No Signal
Inhibitory
neurotransmitter
CB 49.23
Membrane depolarized
Signal sent
No
inhibitory
neurotransmitter
CB 49.23
Polar Membrane
The optic
nerves for each
eye enter
opposite sides
of the brain
CB 49.24
The brain and the
central nervous
system integrate
the various
incoming signals
CB 48.19
Different regions of the cerebral cortex
integrate different inputs/outputs
CB 48.27
Visualizing the specialization of brain regions
CB 48.29
Some body parts have more sensory input/
motor control
CB 48.28
What effects how the brain is formed?
CB 48.27
Season of Birth Contributes to Variation in
University Examination Outcomes (2006)
American Journal Of Human Biology 18: 714–
717
CB 48.27
Exam score data for 1995-2001
Season of Birth Contributes to Variation in University Examination Outcomes. M Fieder, H Prossinger,
K Iber, K Schaefer, B Wallner, and S Huber (2006) American Journal Of Human Biology 18: 714–717
Autumn born females have lowest average
scores
Season of Birth Contributes to Variation in University Examination Outcomes. M Fieder, H Prossinger,
K Iber, K Schaefer, B Wallner, and S Huber (2006) American Journal Of Human Biology 18: 714–717
Autumn and Spring born males have lowest
average scores
Season of Birth Contributes to Variation in University Examination Outcomes. M Fieder, H Prossinger,
K Iber, K Schaefer, B Wallner, and S Huber (2006) American Journal Of Human Biology 18: 714–717
Variance of scores in males is much higher
Season of Birth Contributes to Variation in University Examination Outcomes. M Fieder, H Prossinger,
K Iber, K Schaefer, B Wallner, and S Huber (2006) American Journal Of Human Biology 18: 714–717
Average female exam scores
Fig 1
One year of female exam scores:
highest scores for students born in May
Pattern of birth season effects different in
males and females
Season of Birth Contributes to Variation in University Examination Outcomes. M Fieder, H Prossinger,
K Iber, K Schaefer, B Wallner, and S Huber (2006) American Journal Of Human Biology 18: 714–717
What effects how the brain is formed?
CB 48.27
Homework #3 is due 4/11.
Bonus #3 is due F 4/27.