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Frank Visco - Biology
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Email:
OCCBiology@aol.com
(preferred over phone messages)
Phone:
714-432-0202 ext. 22740
Office hours:
by appointment only
Web site: http://occonline.occ.cccd.edu/online/fvisco
or through OCC web site – www.occ.cccd.edu
Includes all images used in lecture
~ PowerPoint (PPT) Version
~ & pdf. Version (no movement)
Includes all reviews for exams
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Attendance really does
count for borderline grades
This signifies item important
for test purposes
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2
Instructor
Frank Visco
N.S. 100
Fall 2008
2b
Tues.
Tues.
LAST NAME
Aceves
Alonzo
FIRST NAME
Thurs
Tues
Thurs
Tues
Thurs
LAST
NAME
FIRST
NAME
Oct.
7
Oct. 7
Oct. 9
Oct. 14
Oct. 16
Oct. 21
Oct. 23
Aceves
Salvador
Alonzo
Sarah
SA
SA
Anari
Shiva
SA
Atkins
Celeste
Aytekin
Selcuk
Salvador
Tue
Thurs
Tues
Oct. 28
Oct. 30
Nov. 4
Sarah
Anari
Shiva
Atkins
Celeste
Aytekin
Selcuk
Barnes
Chase
Bell
Tiffany
Benjamin
Royale
Bowlin
Bradley
Brittell
Elizabeth
Burgos
Gabriel
Chadwick
Kaylee
Conroy
Brian
SA
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In this section (biology):
Characteristics of Life
Cell Theory
Chemistry of Life
Midterm 3 (30 points; each question worth ¾ points)
Cell structure and function
DNA structure and function
Viruses
Biotechnology
Bioenergetics
Midterm 4 (30 points; each question worth ¾ points)
Cell Division
Gametogenesis
Mendelian Genetics
Evolution
Origin of Life
Kingdoms of Life
Ecological Concepts and concerns (tested on course Final)
Midterm 5 (30 points; each question worth ¾ points - including Final)4
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Life – A complex physical state and complex
series of chemical reactions with these
characteristics
-Acquisition and use of energy
-Reproduction
-Growth and development
-Response to stimuli
-Adapt to changing environment
-Highly organized
-homeostasis
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Morphogenesis of the caterpillar into a pupa and then into
the butterfly is an example of growth and development.
-Acquisition and use of energy
-Reproduction
-Growth and development
Caterpillar
-Ability to respond to stimuli
-Adapt to changing environment
Pupa -High degree of organization
-Acquisition and use of energy
-Reproduction
-Growth and development
-homeostasis
Butterfly
-Ability to respond to stimuli
-Adapt to changing environment
-High degree of organization
-homeostasis
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5
Stem cells - building blocks of all tissues
Brain
Stem cell can
become any of
220 cell types
Lung
Heart
Liver
Kidney
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-Acquisition and use of energy
-Reproduction
-Growth and development
-Ability to respond to stimuli
-Adapt to changing environment
Brain Neurons can be derived from
human embryonic stem cells.
-High degree of organization
-homeostasis
Embryonic Stem Cells are an example of growth and development
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Cell Theory - 4 components:
1.
Cell is smallest unit of life
2.
All cells derived from previously existing
cells
3.
All cells show basic similarities in their
chemical make-up and metabolic
activities
4.
An organism (like a rabbit) is sum of
all of the individual cells composing
organism
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1. Red Blood cells are
an example of
the smallest unit
of life
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2.
All cells are derived from previously
existing cells – that is cells do not
arise spontaneously from non-cells,
instead cells come only from other
cells by cell division.
No
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Experiments
to create life
(cells) from
non-life have
not been
successful
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3. All cells have
same basic chemical
structure and chemical
reactions.
Blue Print #1
Blue Print #2
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Human
DNA
Human DNA make
human products
Nutrients same
for all life
Dog DNA make dog
products
Dog
DNA
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Blueprint
Nutrients
or
Raw Materials
Blueprint
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4.
Activity of an organism (such as a
human) is the sum of each cell’s
individual activities
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Why is chemistry so important to LIFE?
Brain activity
Smell,
taste
Cell
The human body
has thousands of
structure
chemicaland
reactions
making
function
thousands of chemical products
photosynthesis
Heartbeat
Sperm and egg
Cell movements
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Some chemicals of LIFE
Oxygen carrying
Humans make about
35,000 different
chemical products
Photosynthesis
water
Insects make about
10,000 chemical products
Bacteria make about
1000 chemical products
neurotransmitters
Energy
Viruses make about
10 chemical products
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Matter and energy – compose everything in NATURE
Matter – anything that takes up space and has mass
(weight)
Energy – capacity to bring about movement against an
opposing force
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Solid (Ice)
Gas (Fog)
Three states of
matter (for water)
Liquid
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Chemical Elements are pure forms of matter
Examples include:
Elemental
mercury
Elemental
iron
Elemental
silver
Elemental
gold
Elemental
bromine
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Periodic Table of Elements;
Includes all natural elements and
experimentally made elements.
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Everything in
nature is made of
the elements on the
periodic table.
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Hydrogen (H) is simplest element
The Periodic Table
of
Chemical Elements
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Each element is composed
of specific atoms:
Atoms are usually composed of 3 subcomponents:
Protons – positive (+) charge (red)
Electrons – negative (-) charge
Neutrons – no charge or neutral (+/-) charge (white)
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Hydrogen Atom
+
Electron shell
(or energy level) has
only 1 electron (-)
Nucleus of Atom has
only 1 proton (+)
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0.00000000005 meters
= distance between the
nucleus (+) and the
electron orbital (-)
or
5/10,000,000,000 of a
meter
or
5 ten billionths of a
meter
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Helium Atom
Two electrons (-) are in an shell around the
nucleus; nucleus has two protons (+) and two
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neutrons (+/-)
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There are three forms of
Hydrogen.
Protium
- one proton, one electron
Deuterium - one proton, one electron,
one neutron
Tritium
- one proton, one electron,
two neutrons
Isotopes - alternate forms of
same element; different
numbers of neutrons.30
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Radioactive isotope greater number of neutrons than protons
Protium
Deuterium
Tritium
Radioactive Tritium is unstable and becomes more stable by
giving off energy or radiation = radioactivity
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From water and
soil under houses
Produces alpha radiation
May cause up to
50% lung cancer
if inhaled
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Radon radiation tracks in lung tissue
Cells hit by tracks can become cancer cells
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Nuclear Weapons
5 kilograms
(11 pounds) of
weapons grade
plutonium
(or uranium)
=
August 9, 1945 - Nagasaki
100,000 tons of
chemical
explosive, such
as dynamite
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Atomic Weight vs. Atomic Number
Atomic Weight of an Atom
= number of protons and neutrons
Atomic Number of an Atom
= number of protons
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Hydrogen (Protium)
Atomic number = 1
Atomic weight = 1
Deuterium
Atomic number = 1
Atomic weight = 2
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1
Carbon Atom
Atomic number
= 6 (protons)
Atomic weight
= 12 (6 protons
and 6 neutrons)
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Atomic number = ??
8
Atomic weight = ??
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Protons
(8)
neutrons
+
(8)
electrons
(8)
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A human body contains 6.27 x 1027 atoms, or
6,270,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 atoms
Hydrogen atoms = 4.22 x 1027
Oxygen atoms = 1.61 x 1027
Carbon atoms = 8.03 x 1026
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Calculation of the total number of each atom
found in the human body
See page 1-7B
Oxygen 1.61 x 1027 atoms
Gold 2 x 1019 atoms
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Has 1
Has 4
Holds 2
electrons
Holds 8
electrons
Has 1
Has 2
Has 8
Has 8
Holds 8
electrons
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Hydrogen has room for
2 electrons in the first
shell, but only has 1
electron.
H
C
Carbon has 2 electrons in
the first shell and only 4
electrons in the second shell,
but Carbon can hold 8
electrons in the second shell,
so Carbon can pick up 4
more electrons in the
second shell.
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4 hydrogen (H)
share their electrons
with the 4 electrons
in the outer shell of
one Carbon (C)
Sharing of electrons is
called a covalent bond
H
H
H
CH4 = molecule
C
H
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1
Each
H atom
shares an
electron
with the
other H
Chemical bond
Covalent bond –
sharing electrons
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1
Covalent bond –
sharing electrons
O needs 8 electrons
Each H needs 2 electrons
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Has 1
Has 4
Holds 2
electrons
Holds 8
electrons
Has 1
Has 2
Has 8
Has 8
Holds 8
electrons
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Polar molecule
(+) and (-)
(-)
(+)
Non polar molecule
(+) or (-)
(+)
(+)
(+)
(+)
(+)
(+)
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Hydrogen Bond =
slight attraction of
positive end of one
water molecule to
slight negative end of
another water
molecule.
Hydrogen bond
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1
Hydrogen bonds at surface of
water create “surface tension.”
Water strider (insect)
can literally walk on
water because the
tension on the
surface of water is
firm
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Molecules inside a water
drop are attracted in all
directions. Drops on the
surface are attracted to
the sides and inward.
Water drop
Leaf Surface
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Surface Tension – bonds between molecules at the surface of
a liquid are stronger than bonds within the liquid
Cohesion
Adhesion
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Adhesion – water sticking to other material
Cohesion – water sticking to itself
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adhesion
cohesion
xylem
Transpiration –
evaporation of water
through leaves
Water moves
from roots to
leaves
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Cl (chlorine)
has 17 (+)
and 17 (-)
Na (sodium)
has 11 (+)
and 11 (-)
17+
11+
Na+
(sodium
ion) has 11 (+)
and 10 (-)
Ion = has net
(+) or (-) charge
Cl (chloride
ion) has 17 (+)
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and 18 (-)
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Table salt
Positively charged Na+is
attracted to negatively
charged Cl ; when they
combine they form an
ionic compound NaCl or
table salt.
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(+) end
Water molecule
(-) end
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1
Ions and water
play an
important role
in the
metabolism
(chemical
reactions) of
plants and all
other forms of
life. Many ions
enter through
the roots.
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Ions attached
to soil
particles
make their
way into root
cell.
Diagram from Biology by Solomon et
al, 5th ed.
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Why is water so important to life?
1. It is the solvent in which all life’s
molecules are dissolved
2. It is the medium in which all life’s
processes occur
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Why does ice float? Why is this important?
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Ice floats because ice is less dense than is liquid water.
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Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic compounds
Hydrophilic (water loving)
compounds attracted to
water (sugar, salt)
Hydrophobic (water hating)
compounds not attracted to
water (oil, fat)
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Water has a high specific heat which
allows it to buffer temperature extremes
Moderate temperature changes
Extreme temperature changes
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Specific Heat
Defined: The specific heat of a substance is defined as the
amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1 g of that
substance to change its temperature by 1º C.
The specific heat of water is 1.00 cal/g/ºC. Specific heat
for ethanol is 0.6 cal/g/ºC.
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1
Acids and Bases
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pH Scale
(measures amount of H+)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Acid increases
Neutrality
Acid
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base increases
Base
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pH Scale
(measures amount of H+)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
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14
Increasing H+ (Hydrogen ion concentration)
= increasing acid
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What is an acid?
pH?
Acid – gives up Hydrogen (H+) ions.
pH - scale used to measure H+ (acid).
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pH scale = 0 – 14, lower numbers = more H+.
pH of 0 is considered most acidic
pH of 14 - least acidic
HCl (acid) + H2O
H+ (acid) + Cl- + H2O
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1
pH 3
pH 5
pH 0
pH 1
pH 4
pH 7
pH 13
pH 11
pH 10
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Stomach acid
Body Fluids
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Buffer – solution that maintains pH
1000 H+
(acid) ions
Buffer
100 H+
acid ions
900 H+ ions
held by buffer
pH before acid = 7
pH after acid = 7
Hydrochloric acid
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Dead trees caused by acid rain in Great Smokey Mountains 71
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Below pH 5.6?
Reproduced by
permission of
JLM Visuals
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Sulfuric acid
Nitric Acid
Sulfur dioxide
Nitrogen dioxide
Acid Rain
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