CSS - FTSM - Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
TP 2543 WEB PROGRAMMING
CASCADING STYLE SHEET (CSS)
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Our objectives are…
Introducing Cascading Style Sheets
Working with Selectors
Using Inline Styles, Embedded Styles and
External Style Sheet
Understanding Cascading Order
Working with the Box Model
Using Pseudo-Classes and Pseudo-Elements
Positioning Objects with CSS
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Introduction
CSS is a instruction tag which are used to format text, object and layout
Advantages of CSS
Time effective
Easy to edit
Loading time
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Element in CSS
Comment
Start with /* and end with */
HTML Comment Delimiters
Are use to make sure the browser know the style element.
Start with the selector and then by the properties (attributes and values)
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H1 {background-color:gray; color:green; }
H1 is a selector, followed by attribute and values.
In between of attribute and values are separate with colon (:). And each attributes and values are separate with semicolon (;).
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Types of Selector
Simple Selector
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Any HTML elements
For example…
<style type="text/css"> p {font-size:12pt; color:#6666ff}
</style>
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ID Selector
The id selector is used to specify a style for a single, unique element.
The id selector uses the id attribute of the HTML element, and is defined with a "#".
<style type="text/css">
#para1{ text-align:center; color:red }
</style>
</head>
<body>
<p id="para1“>DESIGN USING CSS</p>
<p>This paragraph is not affected by the style.</p>
</body></html>
Example
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Class Selector
The selector can be owned by many classes.
Its allowed the element to have many style.
The class selector uses the HTML class attribute, and is defined with a "."
<style type=“text/css”>
H1.blue {color : blue}
H1.red {color : red; font_weight : bold}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<H1 class=blue> A blue Header</H1>
<H1 class=red> A Red Header</H1>
</body>
Example
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Class Selector
The class also can be create without combine with HTML tag.
This style will help the designer to use the class at different elements.
<style type=“text/css”>
.bluetext {color:blue; font-weight:bold}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<p class=bluetext> paragraph with bold and blue text. </p>
<H2 class=bluetext> Header with bold and blue text </H2>
Example
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Applying a style to a class
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Applying a style to a class and element
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Grouped Selector
The selector can be group if the properties and values are same. body {font-size: 12px; } body {font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;} th {font-size: 12px; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;} td {font-size: 12px; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;} body, th, td {font-size: 12px; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;} body, th, td{font:12px arial,helvetica,sans-serif;}
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Contextual Selector
Two or more simple selector are combine to perform a style
So… all the selector can use the same style.
<style type=“text/css”>
P EM {font-weight:bold}
</style>
OR
H1 B, H2 B, H1 EM, H2 EM { color: red }
H1 B { color: red }
H2 B { color: red }
H1 EM { color: red }
H2 EM { color: red } equivalent to
Types of CSS
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There are 3 types of CSS
Inline CSS – in the same HTML page as a properties of tag HTML. In <BODY>…</BODY>
Embedded CSS – in the same page but are located in
<HEAD>…</HEAD>
External CSS – in the new page (.css)
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Inline CSS
Inline styles are easy to use and interpret because they are applied directly to the elements they affect.
Can be use in many types of elements.
Located in between of HTML tag in <BODY>…</BODY>
<p style=“font-size : 12pt; color :#0000ff”>Teks</p>
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Example: Inline CSS
<html>
<head>
<title>Inline Styles</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>This text does not have any style applied to it.</p>
<p style = "font-size: 20pt"> This text has the
<em>font-size</em> style applied to it, making it 20pt.
</p>
<p style = "font-size: 20pt; color: #0000ff">
This text has the <em>font-size</em> and
<em>color</em> styles applied to it, making it
20pt. and blue.</p>
</body>
</html>
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Using Embedded Styles
You can embed style definitions in a document head using the following form:
<style> style declarations
</style>
Where style declarations are the declarations of the different styles to be applied to the document
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Embedded CSS
Suitable to the text with multiple format.
Create in <HEAD>…</HEAD>
<html>
<head>
<title>Style Sheets</title>
<style type = "text/css"> em { background-color: #8000ff; color: white } h1 { font-family: arial, sans-serif } p { font-size: 14pt }
.special { color: blue }
</style>
</head>
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<style type = "text/css">
Embedded CSS
{ background-color: #8000ff; color: white } h1 { font-family: arial, sans-serif } p { font-size: 14pt }
.special { color: blue }
</style>
<body>< h1 class = "special“ > Deitel & Associates, Inc .</h1>
<p> Deitel & Associates, Inc. is an internationally recognized corporate training and publishing organization specializing in programming languages,
Internet/World Wide Web technology and object technology education. Deitel
& Associates, Inc. is a member of the World Wide Web Consortium. The company provides courses on Java, C++, Visual Basic, C, Internet and World Wide Web programming, and Object Technology .</p>
< h1>Clients</h1 >
<p class = "special"> The company's clients include many <em> Fortune
1000 companies </em> , government agencies, branches of the military and business organizations. Through its publishing partnership with Prentice Hall,
Deitel & Associates, Inc. publishes leading-edge programming textbooks, professional books, interactive CD-ROM-based multimedia Cyber Classrooms, satellite courses and World Wide Web courses .</p>
</body></html>
Example
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Using an External Style Sheet
Because an embedded style sheet only applies to the content of the start.html file, you need to place a style declaration in an external style sheet to apply to the headings in the rest of the Web site
An external style sheet is a text file that contains style declarations
It can be linked to any page in the site, allowing the same style declaration to be applied to the entire site
Using an External Style Sheet
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You can add style comments as you develop an external style sheet
Use the link element to link a Web page to an external style sheet
You can import the content of one style sheet into another
You can link a single style sheet to multiple documents in your Web site by using the link element or the @import element
You can also link a single document to several style sheets
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External CSS
Advantages
Easy to edit
Time consuming
Type of this files is (.css)
To link to the .css file need to define in <HEAD>
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Example of external CSS
<html >
<head>
<title>Linking External Style Sheets</title>
<link rel = "stylesheet" type = "text/css" href = "styles.css" />
</head>
<body>
<h1>Shopping list for <em>Monday</em>:</h1>
<ul>
<li>Milk</li>
<li>Bread</li>
<li>Rice</li>
<li>Potatoes</li>
<li>Pizza <em>with mushrooms</em></li>
</ul>
<p> <a href = "http://www.food.com">Go to the Grocery store</a> </p>
</body>
</html>
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/* styles.css */
/* An external stylesheet */ a { text-decoration: none } a:hover { text-decoration: underline; color: red; background-color: #ccffcc } li em { color: red; font-weight: bold; background-color: #ffffff } ul { margin-left: 2cm } ul ul { text-decoration: underline; margin-left: .5cm }
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/* styles.css */
Example of external CSS
a:hover { text-decoration: underline; color: red; background-color: #ccffcc } li em { color: red; font-weight: bold; background-color: #ffffff }
<html > ul ul ul
{ margin-left: 2cm }
{ text-decoration: underline; margin-left: .5cm }
<head>
<title>Linking External Style Sheets</title>
<link rel = "stylesheet" type = "text/css" href = "styles.css" />
</head>
<body>
<h1>Shopping list for <em>Monday</em>:</h1>
<ul>
<li>Milk</li>
<li>Bread</li>
<li>Rice</li>
<li>Potatoes</li>
<li>Pizza <em>with mushrooms</em></li>
</ul>
<p> <a href = "http://www.food.com">Go to the Grocery store</a> </p>
</body>
</html>
Example
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Applying a single style sheet to multiple documents
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Applying multiple sheets to a single document
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Style Precedence
1.
2.
3.
External style sheet
Embedded styles
Inline styles
Less precedence
More precedence
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Pseudo Class
A pseudo-class is a classification of an element based on its status, position, or current use in the document
Same as other class, but the different is it will represent just for one element. Involved of element A (anchor).
Selector : pseudo-class {property : value} selector.class : pseudo-class {property : value}
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<style type=“text/css”>
A:link {color:red}
A:active {color:blue; font-size:125%}
A:visited {color:navy; font-size :85%}
</head>
<body>
<p><b>
<a href="default.asp" target="_blank">This is a link</a></b></p>
<p><b>
Note:</b> a:hover MUST come after a:link and a:visited in the CSS definition in order to be effective.</p>
<p><b>
Note:</b> a:active MUST come after a:hover in the CSS definition in order to be effective.</p>
</body></html>
Example
Pseudo- Element
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This are use to format a part of document without know the content.
Pseudo-elements are elements based on information about an element’s content, use or position
CSS pseudo-elements are used to add special effects to some selectors.
There are 2 types
First line
First letter
Selector : pseudo-element {property : value} selector.class : pseudo-element {property : value}
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<html>
<head>
<style type="text/css">
P:first-line {font-weight:bold}
P:first-letter {font-size:300%; float:left; color:red}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<p>You can use the :first-letter pseudo-element to add a special effect to the first letter of a text and :first-line pseudo-element to add a special effect to the first line of a text.</p>
</body>
</html>
Example
Elemen DIV
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Use to change style in one section
Suitable to be use in inline style
<DIV align=center>Text and or image</DIV>
<DIV style=“color:green”>Sentence or two of text
</DIV>
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Can be combine with class selector in embedded style
<style type=“text/css”>
.boldblue {color:blue; font-weight:bold}
</style>
<BODY>
<DIV class=boldblue>Text</DIV>
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Element SPAN
SPAN tag allowed to create style to certain words or to certain character.
<p>You can use the <SPAN class=bluebold>SPAN tag with the CLASS attribute </SPAN> to apply a
Style to a few words or even a few le<SPAN class=bluebold>tter</SPAN>s within a word.
You can use the SPAN tag with the CLASS attribute to apply a Style to a few words or even a few le tter s within a word.
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Font Style
Property font
Description Values font-style, font-variant, font-weight
Sets all the font properties in one font-size/line-height, font-family declaration caption, icon, menu, message-box small-caption, status-bar, inherit font-family Specifies the font family for text family-name, generic-family, inherit font-size
Specifies the font size of text xx-small, x-small, small, medium large, x-large, xx-large, smaller larger, length, %, inherit font-style
Specifies the font style for text normal, italic, oblique,inherit font-variant
Specifies whether or not a text should be displayed in a smallcaps font normal, small-caps, inherit font-weight
Specifies the weight of a font normal, bold, bolder, lighter
100, 200, 300, 400, 500, …, 900 inherit
CSS
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Text Formating Style
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Property Description Values color direction line-height letter-spacing
Sets the color of a text
Sets the text direction
Sets the distance between lines
Increase or decrease the space between characters color ltr, rtl normal, number, length,% normal, length text-align text-decoration text-indent
Aligns the text in an element
Adds decoration to text left, right,,center, justify none, underline, overline line-through, blink
Indents the first line of text in an element length, % text-shadow none, color, length
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1 text-transform unicode-bidi vertical-align white-space word-spacing
Controls the letters in an element
Sets the vertical alignment of an element none, capitalize, uppercase, lowercase 1 normal, embed, bidi-override baseline, sub,super,top,text-top, middle, bottom text-bottom length, %
Sets how white space inside an element is handled
Increase or decrease the space between words normal, pre , nowrap normal, length
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CSS
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Background Style
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Property background backgroundattachment backgroundcolor backgroundimage backgroundposition backgroundrepeat
Description
Sets all the background properties in one declaration
Values background-color background-image background-repeat backgroundattachment background-position inherit
Sets whether a background image is fixed or scrolls with the rest of the page
Sets the background color of an element
Sets the background image for an element
Scroll, fixed, inherit color-rgb, color-hex, color-name transparent, inherit url(URL),,none, inherit
Sets the starting position of a background image top left, top center, top right,center left, center center, center right, bottom left, bottom center, bottom right, x%
y%, xpos ypos, inherit
Sets if/how a background image will be repeated
Repeat, repeat-x, repeat-y, norepeat, inherit
CSS
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Background
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<html> <head>
<title>Background Images</title>
<style type = "text/css"> body { background-image: url(ukm_logo.jpg); background-position: bottom right; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-attachment: fixed; } p { font-size: 18pt;
Example color: #aa5588; text-indent: 1em; font-family: arial, sans-serif; }
.dark { font-weight: bold; color:blue}
</style> </head>
<body>
<p> This example uses the background-image, background-position and background
-attachment styles to place the <span class = "dark"> Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
</span> logo in the bottom, right corner of the page. Notice how the logo stays in the proper position when you resize the browser window. </p>
</body> </html>
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List Style
list-style
Property list-style-image list-style-position list-style-type
Description Values
Sets all the properties for a list in one declaration list-style-type, list-styleposition, list-style-image inherit
Specifies an image as the list-item marker
Specifies if the list-item markers should appear inside or outside the content flow
URL, none, inherit
Inside, outside, inherit
Specifies the type of list-item marker
None, disc, circle, square decimal ,decimal-leadingzero, armenian, georgian lower-alpha, upper-alpha lower-greek, lower-latin upper-latin, lower-roman upper-roman, inherit
CSS
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Text Flow and Box Model
Value measurement
Px-pixels
Pt-point
In-inches
Cm-centimetres
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Text Flow and Box Model
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Text Flow and Box Model
<html><head>
<style type="text/css"> div.ex { width:220px; padding:10px; border:5px solid gray; margin:0px; }
</style>
</head><body>
<img src="logo-ukm.jpg" width="250" height="5" /><br /><br />
<div class="ex">The line above is 250px wide.<br />
The total width of this element is also 250px.</div>
<p><b>Important:</b>
This example will not display correctly in IE!<br />
However, we will solve that problem in the next example.</p>
</body></html>
Example
Text Flow and Box Model
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For more example :
http://www.dev-archive.net/articles/layerexamples.html
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Border Styles
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Border Styles
<body>
<div style = "border-style: solid">Solid border</div></br>
<div style = "border-style: double">Double border</div></br>
<div style = "border-style: groove">Groove border</div></br>
<div style = "border-style: ridge">Ridge border</div></br>
<div style = "border-style: inset">Inset border</div></br>
<div style = "border-style: outset">Outset border</div></br>
</body>
Example
More Border Styles Example
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Example
<head ><style type = "text/css"> body { background-color: #ccffcc } div { text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1em; padding: .5em }
.thick { border-width: thick }
.medium { border-width: medium }
.thin { border-width: thin }
.groove { border-style: groove }
.inset { border-style: inset }
.outset { border-style: outset }
.red { border-color: red }
.blue { border-color: blue }
</style>
</head>
<body>
<div class = "thick groove">This text has a border</div>
<div class = "medium groove">This text has a border</div>
<div class = "thin groove">This text has a border</div>
<p class = "thin red inset">A thin red line...</p>
<p class = "medium blue outset"> And a thicker blue line</p>
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Positioning Objects with CSS
The different positioning styles in the original CSS1 specifications were known as CSS-Positioning or
CSS-P
To place an element at a specific position on a page use: position: type; top: value; right:
value; bottom: value; left: value;
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Stacking Elements
Specify stacking order with:
z-index: value z-index: 1 z-index: 3 z-index: 2
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The CSS positioning properties allow you to position an element. It can also place an element behind another, and specify what should happen when an element's content is too big.
Elements can be positioned using the top, bottom, left, and right properties.
However, these properties will not work unless the position property is set first. They also work differently depending on the positioning method.
Type of positioning
1.
Static Positioning
2.
3.
4.
Fixed Positioning
Relative Positioning
Absolute Positioning
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Static Positioning
HTML elements are positioned static by default. A static positioned element is always positioned according to the normal flow of the page.
Static positioned elements are not affected by the top, bottom, left, and right properties.
Fixed Positioning
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An element with fixed position is positioned relative to the browser window.
It will not move even if the window is scrolled: Example
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
<html><head>
<style type="text/css"> p.pos_fixed { position:fixed; top:30px; right:5px; }
</style></head>
<body>
<p class="pos_fixed"> <img src="logo-ukm.jpg" /></p>
<p><b>Note:</b> Internet Explorer 7 (and higher) supports the fixed value if a
!DOCTYPE is specified.</p>
<p>Some text</p><p>Some text</p><p>Some text</p><p>Some text</p>
<p>Some text</p><p>Some text</p><p>Some text</p><p>Some text</p>
<p>Some text</p><p>Some text</p><p>Some text</p><p>Some text</p>
<p>Some text</p><p>Some text</p><p>Some text</p><p>Some text</p>
</body></html>
Relative Positioning
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Places the object in the specified area, using “where it would have been normally” positioning.
The object is placed on the page where is would normally go, then it gets moved to the specified position area.
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Relative Positioning
<head ><style type = "text/css"> p { font-size: 1.3em; font-family: verdana, arial, sans-serif } span { color: red; font-size: .6em; height: 1em }
.super { position: relative; top: -1ex }
.sub { position: relative; bottom: -1ex }
.shiftleft { position: relative; left: -1ex }
.shiftright { position: relative; right: -1ex }
</style>
</head> <body>
<p>The text at the end of this sentence
<span class = "super">is in superscript</span>.</p>
<p>The text at the end of this sentence
<span class = "sub">is in subscript</span>.</p>
<p>The text at the end of this sentence
<span class = "shiftleft">is shifted left</span>.</p>
<p>The text at the end of this sentence
<span class = "shiftright">is shifted right</span>.</p>
</body>
Example
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Absolute Positioning
Are use to locate an object in absolute positioning.
<H3 style = “position:absolute; left:200px; top:100px”>
Some text here.
</H3>
It makes H3 is located at 200px from left and
100px from top.
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Absolute Positioning
<html><head>
<style type="text/css">
.trlogo { position:absolute; left:0px; top:0px; z-index:1; width: 200; height: 100; }
.header {position: absolute; left:0;top:5; z-index:100; font-size: 20pt; font-face:Arial;font-weight:bold;color: blue; }
.link {position: absolute; left:175;top:90; z-index:0; font-size: 10pt; font-face:Arial;font-weight:bold; }
</style>
</head><body>
<p class="header">Thanks for reading.</p>
<img class="trlogo" src="logo-ukm.jpg">
<a href="http://www.ukm.my" class="link">
Web Development Newsletter Archive</a>
</body></html>
Example
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Absolute, Relative, Fixed Positioning: How Do
They Differ?
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CSS Float
With CSS float, an element can be pushed to the left or right, allowing other elements to wrap around it.
Float is very often used for images, but it is also useful when working with layouts.
CSS Float
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<html><head>
<style type="text/css“>
.thumbnail { float:left; width:110px; height:90px; margin:5px; }
</style></head>
<body> <h3>Image Gallery</h3>
<p>Try resizing the window to see what happens when the images does not have enough room.</p>
<img class="thumbnail" src="klematis_small.jpg" width="107" height="90">
<img class="thumbnail" src="klematis2_small.jpg" width="107" height="80">
<img class="thumbnail" src="klematis3_small.jpg" width="116" height="90">
<img class="thumbnail" src="klematis4_small.jpg" width="120" height="90">
</body>
</html>
Example
CSS Float
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More Example and Tutorial on Float CSS
http://css.maxdesign.com.au/floatutorial/
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CSS Image Opacity / Transparency
Firefox uses the property opacity:x for transparency, while IE uses filter:alpha(opacity=x) .
Tip: The CSS3 syntax for transparency is opacity:x .
In Firefox (opacity:x) x can be a value from 0.0 - 1.0. A lower value makes the element more transparent.
In IE (filter:alpha(opacity=x)) x can be a value from 0 -
100. A lower value makes the element more transparent.
Image Transparency - Mouseover Effect
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W3c School Example
Media Type
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The @media rule allows different style rules for different media in the same style sheet.
Media Type all aural braille embossed handheld print projection screen tty tv
Description
Used for all media type devices
Used for speech and sound synthesizers
Used for braille tactile feedback devices
Used for paged braille printers
Used for small or handheld devices
Used for printers
Used for projected presentations, like slides
Used for computer screens
Used for media using a fixed-pitch character grid, like teletypes and terminals
Used for television-type devices
Example
Conclusion …
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Interactive Example
CSS Zen Garden: The Beauty of CSS Design
Three-column layout with drop-down menus formatted solely with CSS.
