SPEAKING
WEEK 2
PIE
DECEMBER ‘12 – JANUARY ’13
PUBLIC SPEAKING
Human Communication in the Public Domain
• Public speaking is an activity which incorporates
both mental and physical presentations,
different from social conversational skills.
• An effective speaker requires physical
coordination, mental concentration, content
organization and skills practice, and a great deal
of experience.
PUBLIC SPEAKING
ANXIETY
Public Speaking Anxiety
Public speaking anxiety is defined
as “the reactions of an individual
to communicating with a given
individual or a group of
individuals at a given time” in a
specific context
Causes of Anxiety
Public speaking anxiety may result from several
causes, such as perceived lack of public speaking
skills, and emotional predispositions towards
public speaking
Effects of Anxiety ON Public Speaking
Performance
Anxiety seems to adversely affect public
speaking performance, that is, as anxiety
decreases, public speaking performance
improves.
Thus, the main objective in developing
public speaking skills is to reduce speech
anxiety and improve public speaking
performance
Methods to Overcome Anxiety
• Systematic desentisization – a form of
behavioral therapy involving the process of
desentisizing a person’s feelings and reactions
to public speaking
• Cognitive restructuring – a process that
indentifies negative thoughts regarding public
speaking, then replaces them with positive
ones or formulates new and appropriate
beliefs.
Methods to Overcome Anxiety
Skills training – based on the simple principle
that the better one knows how to do
something, the less anxious one feels about
doing it
In skills training, the speechmaking process is
divided into specific skills that could be
mastered first, in isolation, then together
Practical Ways to Overcome Anxiety
• Don’t delay in preparing
• Learn as much as you can about
audience
• Pick a comfortable and familiar topic
• Prepare and rehearse
• Develop a well structured speech
Practical Ways to Overcome Anxiety
• Be familiar with introduction and
conclusion
• Simulate actual speech conditions
• Breathe deeply
• Think and act calm
• Visualize success
• Give yourself a mental pep talk
Speech Planning Process
1.
2.
3.
4.
Select speech goal/topic
Audience analysis
Gather and evaluate information
Organize and develop ideas into a wellstructured outline
5. Choose, prepare and use appropriate
presentational aid
6. Practice oral language and delivery style
1.Select speech
goal or topic
• Brainstorm and mind map ideas that you know
something about which is important to you.
• Analyze your audience to assess their familiarity
and interest in your topic.
• Consider how the occasion affects what is
appropriate for you to talk about.
• Develop a speech goal statement tailored to your
audience and the occasion
Potential topics
• Subjects you know a lot about or which you are
most familiar. You can base on your own
knowledge (special knowledge or expertise) and
experience.
• Subjects that interest you and that you would
like to know more about. This could be a perfect
opportunity for you to research a fascinating
subject.
3 ways to select a topic
1. Make an inventory of your
experiences, beliefs, hobbies
2. Brainstorm people, process,
problems etc.
1. Browse through the internet,
dictionary, encyclopedia, etc.
Criteria for an Appropriate Topic
•
•
•
•
•
•
Interesting to you
Interesting to your audience (or can be made so)
Appropriate to the situation
Appropriate to the time available
Manageable
Worthwhile
Choosing a Topic
Using the brainstorming method, come up with
two topics you might like to deal with for your
speech.
education, science & technology
crime, environment
politics, world issue
health, entertainment
interests, sports
Speech Planning Process
1.
2.
3.
4.
Select speech goal/topic
Audience analysis
Gather and evaluate information
Organize and develop ideas into a wellstructured outline
5. Choose, prepare and use appropriate
presentational aid
6. Practice oral language and delivery style
2. Audience
analysis
• Understand audience diversity
• Understand audience initial interest in and
attitude toward your topic.
• Adjust content to be appropriate for your
audience’s current understanding of,
interest in, and attitude toward your topic.
• Determine how you will establish your
credibility with your audience.
How ?
Audience analysis:
1.Demographic –
gender/age/race/e
thnic
groups/marital
status/educational
backgrounds
2.Situational – “why
is this important to
me?”
How to appeal:
1. Logical statistics/evidence/tes
timony
2. Emotional –
anecdotes/stories/quo
tes
3. Speaker –
competence, poise,
enthusiasm, rapport
Speech Planning Process
1.
2.
3.
4.
Select speech goal/topic
Audience analysis
Gather and evaluate information
Organize and develop ideas into a wellstructured outline
5. Choose, prepare and use appropriate
presentational aid
6. Practice oral language and delivery style
3. Gather and
evaluate
information
• Examine what you already know about
your topic and where you need additional
information.
• Locate, evaluate, and select types and
sources.
• Record relevant information on research
cards.
• Cite sources.
Gather Your Materials
•
•
•
•
Own experience
Own knowledge
Interview
Research
Speech Planning Process
1.
2.
3.
4.
Select speech goal/topic
Audience analysis
Gather and evaluate information
Organize and develop ideas into a wellstructured outline
5. Choose, prepare and use appropriate
presentational aid
6. Practice oral language and delivery style
4. Organize and
develop ideas
into a wellstructured
outline
• Identify two to four major ideas you want your
audience to remember.
• Combine your speech goal with these major ideas to
form a thesis statement with main point review.
• Develop your main points.
• Develop and outline the speech body.
• Create an introduction.
• Compile a list of sources
• Review and revise the outline as needed.
Central Idea/Thesis Statement
A one-sentence statement that sums up or encapsulates the
major ideas of a speech.
Example:
Topic: Witchcraft Practised in the Malay Society
General purpose: To inform
Specific purpose: To inform my audience the
three major kinds of witchcraft practised today in
the Malay society.
Central idea: The three major kinds of witchcraft
practised today in the Malay society are black magic
(n), sorcery (n) and satanism (n).
Why Speech Organization is Important
•
•
•
•
It allows you and the listeners to see what ideas you
have and to put mental “hands” on the most
important ones.
Listeners who hear a well-organized speech believe a
speaker to be much more competent and
trustworthy.
Listeners demand coherence. A speaker must make
sure listeners can follow the progression of ideas in a
speech from beginning to end.
Using a clear and specific method of speech
organization can boost your confidence as a speaker
and improve your ability to deliver a message
fluently.
Organizational Outline
The Introduction of Your Speech
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Capture the attention of your audience.
Authenticate the value ‘What’s in it for me?” .
Prove your credibility.
Reveal the topic of your speech.
Preview the body of the speech.
How to Get the Attention & Interest of
Your Audience
•
•
•
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Relate the topic to your audience, why they should be
interested (what’s in it for them), why you are talking about
it (experience/qualifications/credibility)
Startle the audience with an arresting or intriguing
statement.
Refer to a shocking statistic.
Question the audience.
Begin with a quotation.
Tell a story.
Ask audience to imagine themselves in a situation.
3 Elements in the Speech Body
1.
•
•
•
Main points
Select them carefully.
Phrase them precisely.
Organize them strategically.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Chronological order
Spatial order
Causal order
Topical order
Problem solving order
2. Supporting points - backup ideas for the main points, directly
support and are relevant to the main points.
3.
Connectives/Signposts
The Conclusion
1.
Signal the end of the speech by using cues like:
•
•
2.
Ending words
Voice characteristics – tone, pace, rhythm
Reinforce the central idea by:
•
•
•
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Restating the main points.
Emphasize what you want your audience to do or think.
Use a quotation or dramatic statement, if appropriate.
Refer to the introduction.
“ A speech is like a love affair, any fool can start one but to end it
requires considerable skill.”
Speech Planning Process
1.
2.
3.
4.
Select speech goal/topic
Audience analysis
Gather and evaluate information
Organize and develop ideas into a wellstructured outline
5. Choose, prepare and use appropriate
presentational aid
6. Practice oral language and delivery style
Presentational Aids
•
•
•
•
Increase audience interest
Help listeners retain information
Help you present ideas without depending on notes
Help those not familiar with your language or
accent, turn the incomprehensible into something
understandable
Types of Presentational Aids
• Visual aids (actual objects/models,
photographs, drawings, diagrams, maps,
charts, and graphs)
• Audio aids(recorded excerpts from
speeches, radio programs, interviews, and
recordings of music/ environmental sounds)
• Audiovisual aids (short clips from films and
videos)
• Multimedia
Speech Planning Process
1.
2.
3.
4.
Select speech goal/topic
Audience analysis
Gather and evaluate information
Organize and develop ideas into a wellstructured outline
5. Choose, prepare and use appropriate
presentational aid
6. Practice oral language and delivery
style
6. Practice
oral language
and delivery
style
Speech content is
conveyed through
language
Delivery style is conveyed
through non-verbal
behavior
• Practice until the wording is accurate,
clear, vivid and appropriate.
• Practice until the delivery is intelligible,
conversational, and expressive.
• Practice integrating presentational aids
until you can do so confidently and
smoothly.
• Continue practicing until you can deliver it
extemporaneously within the time limit.
Non-verbal Communication
Includes all speech elements other than
words:
• Voice – pitch, volume, rate, quality,
articulation, pronunciation, pauses
• Body language – facial expressions, eye
contact, gestures, posture, appearance