Cardiovascular and
Circulatory System :
Blood
Eko Widodo
Components of Whole Blood
2
Components of Whole Blood
3
4
Erythrocytes
(RBCs)
5
Structure of Hemoglobin
6
Leukocytes
Neuthrophil
Eosinophil
Lymphocyte
Basophil
Monocyte
7
Percentages of Leukocytes
2%
1%
97% Hb
8
Macrophages
• Macrophages are the
chief phagocytic cells
• Free macrophages
wander throughout a
region in search of
cellular debris
• Kupffer cells (liver) and
microglia (brain) are
fixed macrophages
9
Hematopoiesis
10
Bone Marrow
11
12
Exchange of materials
 Animal cells exchange material across their
cell membrane
fuels for energy
 nutrients
 oxygen
 waste (urea, CO2)

 If you are a 1-cell organism that’s easy!
 If you are many-celled that’s harder
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Overcoming limitations of diffusion
 Diffusion is not adequate for moving
material across more than 1-cell barrier
CO2
CO2
aa
aa
CO2
O2
CH
aa
CO2
CHO
NH3
O2
NH3
aa
CO2
CH
O2
NH3
CH
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CO2
NH3
CO2
CO2
NH3
NH3
CO2
aa
O2
NH3
CO2
CHO
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NH3
NH3
CHO
CO2
aa
In circulation…
 What needs to be transported

nutrients & fuels
 from digestive system

respiratory gases
 O2 & CO2 from & to gas exchange systems: lungs, gills

intracellular waste
 waste products from cells
 water, salts, nitrogenous wastes (urea)

protective agents
 immune defenses
 white blood cells & antibodies
 blood clotting agents

regulatory molecules
 hormones
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15
Circulatory systems
 All animals have:
circulatory fluid = “blood”
 tubes = blood vessels
 muscular pump = heart

open
hemolymph
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closed
16
blood
Open circulatory system
 Taxonomy

invertebrates
 insects,
arthropods,
mollusks
 Structure

no separation
between blood &
interstitial fluid
 hemolymph
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Closed circulatory system
 Taxonomy

closed system = higher pressures
invertebrates
 earthworms, squid,
octopuses

vertebrates
 Structure

blood confined to vessels
& separate from interstitial
fluid
 1 or more hearts
 large vessels to smaller
vessels
 material diffuses
between vessels &
interstitial fluid
AP Biology
18
Vertebrate circulatory system
 Adaptations in closed system

2
low pressure
to body
number of heart chambers differs
3
4
low O2
to body
high pressure
& high O2
to body
What’s the adaptive value of a 4 chamber heart?
4 chamber heart is double pump = separates oxygen-rich & oxygenAP
Biology
19
poor
blood; maintains high pressure
Evolution of vertebrate circulatory system
fish
2 chamber
amphibian
3 chamber
reptiles
3 chamber
birds & mammals
4 chamber
Birds AND
mammals!
Wassssup?!
V
A
A
V
A
A
V
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A
V
A
V
A
V
Evolution of 4-chambered heart
 Selective forces

 body size
 protection from predation
 bigger body = bigger stomach for
herbivores

endothermy
 can colonize more habitats

flight
 decrease predation & increase prey
capture
 Effect of higher metabolic rate

greater need for energy, fuels, O2,
waste removal
 endothermic animals need 10x energy
AP Biology  need to deliver 10x fuel21& O to cells
2
convergent
evolution
Vertebrate cardiovascular system
 Chambered heart
atrium = receive blood
 ventricle = pump blood out

 Blood vessels

arteries = carry blood away from heart
 arterioles

veins = return blood to heart
 venules

capillaries = point of exchange, thin wall
 capillary beds = networks of capillaries
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22
Cardiac Muscle Bundles
23
Microscopic
Anatomy of
Cardiac Muscle
24
Blood vessels
arteries
veins
artery
venules
arterioles
arterioles
capillaries
venules
veins
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25
Arteries: Built for high pressure pump
 Arteries

thicker walls
 provide strength for high pressure
pumping of blood
narrower diameter
 elasticity

 elastic recoil helps
maintain blood
pressure even
when heart relaxes
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Veins: Built for low pressure flow
Blood flows
toward heart
 Veins
thinner-walled
 wider diameter

Open valve
 blood travels back to heart
at low velocity & pressure
 lower pressure
 distant from heart
 blood must flow by skeletal muscle contractions
when we move
 squeeze blood through veins

Closed valve
valves
 in larger veins one-way valves
allow blood to flow only toward heart
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Capillaryies: Built for exchange
 Capillaries

very thin walls
 lack 2 outer wall layers
 only endothelium
 enhances exchange across
capillary
AP Biology
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Controlling blood flow to tissues
 Blood flow in capillaries controlled by
pre-capillary sphincters
 supply varies as blood is needed
 after a meal, blood supply to digestive tract increases
 during strenuous exercise, blood is diverted from digestive
tract to skeletal muscles

capillaries in brain, heart, kidneys & liver usually filled
to capacity
AP Biology open
sphincters
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sphincters closed
Exchange across capillary walls
Fluid & solutes flows
out of capillaries to
tissues due to blood
pressure
Lymphatic
capillary
Interstitial fluid flows
back into capillaries
due to osmosis
 plasma proteins  osmotic
 “bulk flow”
pressure in capillary
BP > OP
BP < OP
Interstitial
fluid
Blood
flow
85% fluid returns to
capillaries
Capillary
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Arteriole
30
15% fluid returns
via lymph
Venule
Lymphatic system
 Parallel circulatory system

transports white blood cells
 defending against infection

collects interstitial fluid &
returns to blood
 maintains volume & protein
concentration of blood
 drains into circulatory system
near junction of vena cava & right
atrium
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Lymph System
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Mammalian
circulation
systemic
pulmonary
systemic
AP Biology
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What
do blue vs. red areas represent?
Mammalian heart
to neck & head
& arms
Coronary arteries
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Coronary arteries
bypass surgery
AP Biology
35
Heart valves
 4 valves in the heart


flaps of connective tissue
prevent backflow
SL
 Atrioventricular (AV) valve


between atrium & ventricle
keeps blood from flowing back
into atria when ventricles contract
 “lub”
 Semilunar valves


between ventricle & arteries
prevent backflow from arteries into
ventricles while they are relaxing
 “dub”
AP Biology
36
AV
AV
Lub-dub, lub-dub
 Heart sounds


closing of valves
“Lub”
SL
 recoil of blood against
closed AV valves

AV
“Dub”
AV
 recoil of blood against
semilunar valves
 Heart murmur

AP Biology
defect in valves causes hissing sound when stream
of blood squirts backward through valve
37
Cardiac cycle
 1 complete sequence of pumping
heart contracts & pumps
 heart relaxes & chambers fill
 contraction phase

 systole
 ventricles pumps blood out

relaxation phase
 diastole
 atria refill with blood
systolic
________
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diastolic
pump
(peak pressure)
_________________
fill (minimum pressure)
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Bloody well ask
some questions, already!
AP Biology
Tugas Individu
 Jelaskan haematopoeisis pada hewan ternak

[sapi, kambing, kelinci dan unggas (burung
dan ayam)]! Lengkapi dengan bagan dari
pustaka!
Bagaimana sistim sirkulasi darah pada hewanhewan ternak tersebut! Lengkapi dengan
bagan dari pustaka!
AP Biology
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Tugas Individu
 Tugas ditulis tangan (tulisan harus jelas
terbaca) pada kertas folio bergaris
menggunakan ballpoint tinta biru (bukan
spidol)!
 Jawaban harus disertai dengan min. 5 (lima)
pustaka tahun 1990–2010.
 Apabila ada jawaban yang sama, maka
nilai akan dibagi dengan jumlah jawaban
yang sama.
 Tugas dikumpulkan pada hari Senin, 30 Maret
2011 paling lambat jam 11.00 WIB melalui Ketua
Klas dan diserahkan secara kolektif pada Dosen.
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