Chapter 1
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Introduction to Networking
Fundamental Network Characteristics
Type and Sizes of Networks
Network Performance issues and Concepts
Network Standard and Standard
Organizations
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A network is a set of hardware devices
connected together, either physically or
logically to allow them to exchange
information.
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Connectivity and Communication
Data, Hardware Sharing
Internet Access
Data Security and Management
Performance Enhancement and Balancing
Entertainment
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Network Hardware, Software and Setup Costs
Hardware and Software Management and
Administration Costs
Undesirable Sharing
Illegal or Undesirable Behavior
Data Security Concerns
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Networking Layers
◦ Networking technologies are most often
compartmentalized in this manner by dividing their
functions into layers, each of which contains
hardware and/or software elements.
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Networking Models
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Networking Architectures
◦ Open Systems Interconnection (OSI)
◦ An architecture is essentially a set of rules that
describes the function of some portion of the
hardware and software that constitute a stack of
layers.
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A networking protocol defines a set of rules,
algorithms, messages and other mechanisms
that enable software and hardware in
networked devices to communicate
effectively. A protocol usually describes a
means for communication between
corresponding entities at the same OSI
Reference Model layer in two or more devices.
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A connection-oriented protocol is one where
a logical connection is first established
between devices prior to data being sent.
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In a connectionless protocol, data is just sent
without a connection being created.
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TCP/IP, it has two main protocols that
operate at the transport layer of the OSI
Reference Model. One is the Transmission
Control Protocol (TCP), which is connectionoriented; the other, the User Datagram
Protocol (UDP), is connectionless.
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Common Names For Messages
◦ Packet/Datagram
◦ Frame/Cell
◦ Protocol Data Unit (PDU) and Service Data Unit (SDU)
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Fundamental Message Elements
◦ Header
◦ Data
◦ Footer
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Message Transmission Methods
◦ Unicast Messages
◦ Broadcast Messages
◦ Multicast Messages
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Unicast Addressing
Broadcast Addressing
Multicast Addressing
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Local Area Networks (LANs)
Wireless Local Area Networks (Wireless LANs
or WLANs):
Wide Area Networks (WANs)
Campus Area Networks (CANs):
Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs):
◦ WMANs; IEEE 802.16 is an example of a WMAN
standard
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Personal Area Networks (PANs)
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Network
Sub-network (Subnet)
Segment (Network Segment)
◦ Collision Domain
◦ Broadcast Domain
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Internetwork (or Internet)
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Balancing Network Performance with Key
Non-Performance Characteristics
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Design and Implementation Cost:
Quality
Standardization
Reliability
Expandability and Upgradability
Ease of Administration and Maintenance
Premises and Utility issues
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Speed
Bandwidth
Throughput
Latency
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Normal Network Overhead
External Performance Limiters
Network Configuration Problems
The Effect of Asymmetry
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Simplex Operation
Half-Duplex Operation
Full-Duplex Operation
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Bandwidth Reservation
Latency Management:
Traffic Prioritization
Traffic Shaping
Network Congestion Avoidance
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Proprietary Standards
Open Standards
De Facto Standards
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International Organization for Standardization (ISO):
American National Standards Institute (ANSI):
Information Technology Industry Council (ITIC):
National Committee for Information Technology
(NCITS):
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE):
Electronic Industries Alliance (EIA):
Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA):
International Telecommunication Union Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T):
European Telecommunications Standards Institute
(ETSI):
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Internet Society (ISOC):
◦ Internet Architecture Board (IAB):
 Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF):
 Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG):
 Internet Research Task Force (IRTF):
 Internet Research Steering Group (IRSG):
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Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA)
◦ Asia Pacific Network Information Centre (APNIC):
◦ American Registry for Internet Numbers (ARIN):
◦ Latin American and Caribbean Internet Addresses
Registry (LACNIC):
◦ Réseaux IP Européens Network Coordination Center
(RIPE NCC):
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Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and
Numbers (ICANN)
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RFC Categories
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Proposed Standard / Draft Standard / Standard:
Best Current Practice
Informational
Experimental
http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc-index.html
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