Introduction to the biodiversity of Taiwan
The yin and yang of plants
Medicinal uses & philosophy of plants in Chinese culture
Jer-Ming Hu
Institute of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology
National Taiwan University
本著作除另有註明外，採取創用CC「姓名標示－
非商業性－相同方式分享」台灣3.0版授權釋出
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Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Taiwan
(CC BY-NC-SA 3.0)
YANG
YIN
front
outside
moving
up
warmth
back
inside
still
down
cold
Five phases theory
Gall bladder
yang
Liver
yin
Urinary bladder
Small intestine
Heart
Kidney
Lung
Spleen
Wiki Benoît Stella alias User:BenduKiwi
Large intestine
Generating Interaction
Overcoming Interaction
Stomach
Tongue Diagnostics
Normal
Qi Deficiency
Qi Stagnation Damp Heat
National Taiwan University Jer-Ming Hu
Heat
Yang
Deficiency
Damp
Blood Stasis
Retention
Yin
Deficiency
Blood
Deficiency
Traditional Chinese medicine (中醫)
Hangul
한의학
zhōng yī
中醫
VCT
đông y
NASA World Wind JAVA SDK
Kampo
漢方医学
AD 0
Shen-Nong ben cao (神農本草)
-252 plant species
500
659
1000
Ben cao jing ji zhu (本草經集注)
by Tao Hong-Jing (陶弘景)
Tang ben cao (唐本草)
by Ching Su (蘇敬)
Wiki Uploader: Snowyowls
1578
2000
Ben cao gang mu (本草綱目)
by Li Shi zhen (李時珍)
-1095 plant species (58%)
Wiki User: Itsmine
Properties of Chinese herbs
Four qi (si-qi 四性)
Cold (yin), cool, warm, hot (yang), and neutral
Five flavors (tastes, wu-wei 五味) - effects
Pungent - vitalizing; activating blood
Sweet - tonifying or harmonizing
Sour - astringent or consolidates
Bitter - dispelling heat; detoxifying
Salty - softening or purging
General categories of Chinese medicines
Tonifying qi (補氣)
Treating deficiency of qi
Ginseng, shouwu, wolfberry,
Tonifying (nourishing) yang (heat) (補陽)
Tonifying (nourishing) yin (cold) (補陰)
Resolving stasis (activate blood) (去瘀活血)
Clearing heat (清熱)
Tonifying blood (養血)
Flickr SqueakyMarmot
WHO traditional medicine terminology in western Pacifics
Ginseng (Panax ginseng)
•Member of aralia family (Araliaceae)
•Containing ginsenoside (steroid
glycosides)
•Used as adaptogen, aphrodisiacs
Wiki FloraFarm GmbH / Katharina Lohrie
Wiki Scanned and processed by Mariluna
Hoshouwu (Fallopia multiflora) 何首烏
•Member of buckweed family (Polygonaceae)
•It is said to be able to rejuvenate the body
Wikimedia Commons Badagnani
Wiki Fanghong
Camphor fungus
•Camphor fungus (Antrodia camphorata) is thought to have anti-cancer activities
•Only grown on Bull’s camphor tree, which is rare and endemic to Taiwan (IUCN
status: EN)
• ~USD$17000 or more per kg.
Flickr plj.johnny
Taitung Forest District Office, Forestry Bureau, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan
Source: http://www.forest.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=56571&ctNode=2323&mp=350
It is used subject to the fair use doctrine of:
• Articles 52 & 65 of Taiwan Copyright Act.
•Forestry Bureau (行政院農業委員會林務局臺東林區管理處)著作權聲明
Forestry Bureau, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan
Caterpillar fungus (冬蟲夏草)
•Caterpillar fungus (yartsa gunbu in Tibetan) is a result of relationship between fungus
Cordyceps and the larva of the ghost moth, which lives only on Tibetan Plateau.
•Nourishing yang, tonifying lung
•A famous Chinese medicine claimed to have anti-tumor, anti-viral activities.
Winkler. 2008. Economic Botany. Vol. 62. pp. 291305
http://www.springerlink.com/content/27j742782615320g/
Wiki Uploader: Rafti Institute
Picasa Felix Wayne
Herbs tonifying yang
-Invigorates kidney
Cynomorium songaricum (Suo-yang,
Cynomoriaceae)
Epimedium brevicornu (yi-yang-huo,
Berberidaceae)
•Active ingredient: icariine
Plant Photo Bank of China
Source:
http://www.plantphoto.cn/tu.aspx?id=177635
This work is from the website of “Plant Photo
Bank of China” (中國植物圖像庫)，根據著
作權聲明與中華人民共和國著作權法第22
條，本資料庫係以合理使用方式利用本件作
品
Picasa Yibing Wu
Plant Photo Bank of China
Source: http://www.plantphoto.cn/tu.aspx?id=38020
This work is from the website of “Plant Photo Bank of China” (中國植
物圖像庫)，根據著作權聲明與中華人民共和國著作權法第22條，
本資料庫係以合理使用方式利用本件作品
Herbs tonifying yang
Eucommia ulmoides (duzhong 杜仲, sole member of Eucommiaceae)
•Eucommia tea is popular for
reducing weight
Wiki Sten Porse
Flickr Ordinary daily life of yoshinokichi
Flickr jennyhsu47
Herbs tonifying ‘yin’
Solomon’s seal (Huangjing, Tiger’s ginger, Polygonatum sibiricum, lily family)
•Nourish spleen and lung
•It is said to have anti-aging feature
Plant Photo Bank of China
Source: http://www.plantphoto.cn/tu.aspx?id=532856
This work is from the website of “Plant Photo Bank of China” (中國植物圖
像庫)，根據著作權聲明與中華人民共和國著作權法第22條，本資料庫係
以合理使用方式利用本件作品
Plant Photo Bank of China
Source: http://www.plantphoto.cn/tu.aspx?id=55589
This work is from the website of “Plant Photo Bank of China” (中國植物圖像
庫)，根據著作權聲明與中華人民共和國著作權法第22條，本資料庫係以合
理使用方式利用本件作品
Wolfberry (Lycium barbarum & L. chinense)
•It is traditionally used in cardiovascular and visionrelated diseases, and believed to have anticancer
and immunomodulatory properties.
Chrysanthemum wolfberry tea
Wiki User: Topjabot
Flickr redpolkadot
Flickr FotoosVanRobin
•The cultivation of wolfberry in China is over
2 million acres.
•One of the many recognized ‘superfruit’
Flickr ckngai123
Flickr ruifipieggio
Herbs with ‘hot/warm’ property
Siler (fang-feng 防風, Saposhnikovia divaricata)
•Pungent tastes, warm
•Treating cold symptoms
Plant Photo Bank of China
Source: http://www.plantphoto.cn/tu.aspx?id=17777
This work is from the website of “Plant Photo Bank of China” (中國植
物圖像庫)，根據著作權聲明與中華人民共和國著作權法第22條，本
資料庫係以合理使用方式利用本件作品
Plant Photo Bank of China
Source: http://www.plantphoto.cn/tu.aspx?id=788247
This work is from the website of “Plant Photo Bank of China” (中國植物圖像
庫)，根據著作權聲明與中華人民共和國著作權法第22條，本資料庫係以合
理使用方式利用本件作品
Herbs with ‘cold’ property
Mint (Mentha haplocalyx)
•Pungent, cold
•Promote sweating to release the exterior
Wikispecies Doronenko
Flickr Zanthia
Mint tea is said can ease
stomach discomfort
Picasa Sian Liu
Tonifying (nourishing) blood
Di huang (Rehmannia glutinosa 地黃)
•Raw di-huang (生地)
•Reduce heat
•Treating yin deficiency
•Processed di-huang (熟地)
•Enrich yin
•Active ingredient: rehmannioside, aucubin
Dried Rehmanniae radix
Wiki Schizhao
Committee on Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy,
Department of Health, Executive Yuan
Formulas: compound medicine
The principles
Sovereign
Principal curative action
Minister
Help strengthen the principal action
Assistant
Treats the combined syndrome, relieves secondary
symptoms
Courier
Directs action to the affected meridian/channel or site
Prohibited combination
18 antagonisms, 19 incompatibilities
Famous compound formulas
Siwu tang (four substance soup 四物湯)
Dong quai
(Angelica sinensis)
Chinese peony
(Paeonia lactiflora)
Wiki Ulf Eliasson
Flickr Christabelle‧迴紋針
Wiki Schizhao
Di huang (Rehmannia glutinosa 地黃)
Picasa Sian Liu
Szechuan lovage rhizome
(Chuan xiong,
Ligusticum wallichii)
Photo by National Taiwan University Jer-Ming Hu
Famous compound formulas
Nin Jiom Per Pa Koa (川貝枇杷膏)
Loquat leaf: bitter, cold; moisten lung
and suppress coughing
Fritillary: bitter, cold;
moisten lung
Wiki User: Oldie
京都念慈菴 Photo by Wiki Cybergoth
Flickr tanakawho
Famous compound formula
Seirogan (正露丸), a Taiko pharmaceutical drug
•Treating loose stool and diarrhea
•Ingredient:
•Wood creosote
Seirgoan (正露丸) Photo by Flickr LiuTao
http://www.seirogan.co.jp/tc/products/seirogan/truth/smell.html
http://www.seirogan.co.jp/tc/products/seirogan/truth/color.html
Gambir (Uncaria gambir, Rubiaceae)
•Anti-diarrheal
Phellodendron bark (Phellodendron amurense, Rutaceae)
•Anti-diarrheal or bitter tasting stomachic
•Treatment of bruises or sprains (externally)
Wiki Kurt Stüber
Glycyrrhiza (licorice, Glycyrrhiza
uralensis, Fabaceae)
•Analgesic or antispasmodic agent,
and expectorant
Citrus unshiu peel (Citrus unshiu, Rutaceae)
•Stomach medicine
Yin and yang of daily food
Chili pepper
Pungent, hot
Ginger
Pungent, warm
Pumpkin
Sweet, warm
Cabbage
Sweet, neutral
Celery
Sweet, cool
Spinach
Sweet, cool
Bamboo shoot
Sweet, cold
Cherry
Sweet, warm
Guava
Sour, warm
Apple
Sour, sweet, neutral
Orange/Tangerine
Sweet, sour, cool
Banana
Sweet, cold
Watermelon
•Cool
National Taiwan University Jer-Ming Hu
Flickr Abura Yu
Flickr ezezfun
Mint herb tea
Picasa 曾坤發
Flickr xamous
Flickr Jimmy.White
Aiyu (Ficus pumila)
Wiki User: takoradee
National Taiwan University Jer-Ming Hu
National Taiwan University Jer-Ming Hu
Wiki Onlymyself65536
Starfruit
(carambola, Averrhoa carambola)
•Origin in tropical Asia
•Sweet, sour, cold
•Nourishing lung
•Contains oxalic acid, therefore harmful to the ones
with kidney failure
Flickr JimmyHsu / 毛導
Drinks preventing ‘cold’, promoting ‘heat’
National Taiwan University Jer-Ming Hu
Ｇinger tea
Ｇinger tea +
Sweet Potato
Flickr ting0308
Flickr Patricia W.
Longan & red dates tea
Flickr lumei
Longan (Dimocarpus longan,
Sapindaceae)
Red dates (Ziziphus jujuba,
Rhamnaceae)
Picasa Art Vogel
Different properties in bean families
Cold/cool
Neutral
soybean
Wiki Sanjay Acharya
mung bean
bean sprout
Picasa Rosa Aleida Restrepo Becerra
tofu
Wiki DryPot
broad bean
Flickr stu_spivack
soy milk
Wiki User: Sanjay Ach
urad
Different parts of plants can have different
properties
Coconut ‘meat’ (solid endosperm): neutral
Coconut ‘milk’ (liquid endosperm): warm
Flickr EtherH
Different ways of preparation can change
property
Green tea
•Unwilted and unoxidized
•Sweet, cold
Wiki Wikimol
Fresh leaf
Oolong tea
•Wilted, bruised, partially oxidized
•Sweet, neutral to cool
Partial
oxidation
Wiki Uploader: lateasquirrel
Black tea
Full
oxidation
•Wilted and fully oxidized
•Sweet, warm
Flickr shihwy1
Neutralizing the effects of yin and yang
Durian
(Durio, Malvaceae)
•“King of fruits”
•Sweet, hot
•Indescribable smell...
Wiki W.A. Djatmiko (Wie146)
Wiki User: BorgQueen
Wiki User: Markalexander100
Purple mangosteen
(Garcinia mangostana)
•“Queen of fruits”
•Sweet, cold
Wiki User: KayEss
Hot top
Flickr Ray Yu
Napa cabbage
Flickr The Boreka Diary
Flickr Ray Yu
Garland chrysanthemum
(Chrysanthemum coronarium)
Enokitake (enoki)
Flickr xx3734
Practical example: categorizing a ‘cold’ (flu)
Cold flu
Symptoms: stuffed nose, sneezing, coughing,
chilling feels, less fever
Suggested
Ginger drinks with brown sugar
Don’t eat: pear, tangerine
Hot flu
Symptoms: high fever, sore throat, coughing
Suggested
Mint/mulberry tea
Chrysanthemum tea
Watermelon juice
Other coughing drinks
Sugarcane tea
•Drink in hot
•Sometimes with ginger
Citrus tea
•Drink in hot
Flickr *嘟嘟嘟*
Flickr tenz1225
Flickr PipperL
Picasa 和碩睿親王
Final words
Plants have different nature (cold/hot)
Food nature can vary due to different preparation
Know your body nature before consuming food
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http://www.forest.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=56571&ctNode=2323&mp=350 It is used subject to the fair use doctrine of:
• Articles 52 & 65 of Taiwan Copyright Act.
•Forestry Bureau (行政院農業委員會林務局臺東林區管理處)著作權聲明:
http://www.forest.gov.tw/content.asp?CuItem=51712&mp=350
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This work is from the website of “Plant Photo Bank of China” (中國植物圖像庫)
http://www.plantphoto.cn/tu.aspx?id=177635 It is used subject to the fair use doctrine of:
• Articles 52 & 65 of Taiwan Copyright Act.
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Flickr ezezfun
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2011/12/13 visited
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2011/12/13 visited
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2011/12/13 visited
Flickr Jimmy.White
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2011/12/12 visited
National Taiwan University Jer-Ming Hu
National Taiwan University Jer-Ming Hu
Wiki User: takoradee
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2011/12/13 visited
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2011/12/13 visited
Flickr JimmyHsu / 毛導
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2011/12/13 visited
National Taiwan University Jer-Ming Hu
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2011/12/14 visited
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2011/12/14 visited
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2011/12/14 visited
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2011/12/14 visited
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2011/12/14 visited
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2011/12/14 visited
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2011/12/14 visited
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2011/12/14 visited
Flickr PipperL
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2011/12/14 visited