Indiana Standard: 3
Summary of Unit
Energy is required by all living things.
When you consume food, that food is broken down
and used to produce energy. Your body uses energy to
maintain homeostasis, for motion, for cell repair, and
many other tasks. Much of the energy consumed by
organisms is released into the atmosphere as heat.
Energy can’t be created or destroyed - just converted
from one form to another.
Sum of all Chemical Reactions
Within an Organism
Catabolism
• The breakdown of molecules
(degradation)
• Releases energy (ATP)
Anabolism
• Building of molecules (synthesis)
• Uses energy (results in ADP)
Chemical Energy
ATP and ADP
ATP =
Adenosine
Triphosphate
ADP =
Adenosine
Diphosphate
Photosynthetic Organisms = Producers
Photosynthetic
organisms produce
their own sources
of chemical
energy.
Photosynthetic Organisms = Producers
•
•
•
Sunlight is
absorbed through
chlorophyll
Carbon dioxide
enters through
the stomata.
Water enters
through the roots
Takes place in the Chloroplast
Takes place in the Chloroplast
Thylakoids
•
Have membranes
that contain
chlorophyll
Stroma
• Fluid inside the
chloroplast
Takes place in the Chloroplast
Light Dependent Reactions
• Happen in the thylakoids membranes, called the
Electron Transport Chain
• Chlorophyll absorbs energy from sunlight which
excites the electrons
• Water molecules are split into oxygen and hydrogen
• Oxygen is released
• ATP and NADH are produced and travel to the stroma
to energize the Calvin Cycle
Takes place in the Chloroplast
Light Independent Reactions
• Happen in the stroma in a process called the
“Calvin Cycle”
• Carbon dioxide and energy from the lightdependent reaction are used to build glucose
(a sugar).
Equation
Takes place in the Chloroplast
Takes place in the Chloroplast
Thylakoids
Takes place in the Chloroplast
Stroma
Thylakoids
Takes place in the Chloroplast
Sun
Stroma
Thylakoids
Takes place in the Chloroplast
Sun
Water
Stroma
Thylakoids
Takes place in the Chloroplast
Sun
Water
Stroma
Thylakoids
Oxygen
Takes place in the Chloroplast
Sun
Water
Energy
ATP
Stroma
Thylakoids
Oxygen
Takes place in the Chloroplast
Sun
Carbon dioxide
Water
Energy
ATP
Stroma
Thylakoids
Oxygen
Takes place in the Chloroplast
Sun
Carbon dioxide
Water
Energy
ATP
Stroma
Thylakoids
Oxygen
Calvin
Cycle
Takes place in the Chloroplast
Sun
Carbon dioxide
Water
Energy
ATP
Stroma
Thylakoids
ADP
Oxygen
Calvin
Cycle
Takes place in the Chloroplast
Sun
Carbon dioxide
Water
Energy
ATP
Stroma
Thylakoids
Calvin
Cycle
ADP
Oxygen
Glucose (sugar)
Makes ATP by Breaking Down Sugar
Cellular
respiration
makes ATP by
breaking
down sugars.
Makes ATP by Breaking Down Sugar
Glycolysis
• Breaks 6 carbon glucose
molecules down into
two 3 carbon molecules
called “Pyruvate”
• Produces 2 ATP
• Produces 2 NADH
(energy carriers)
Makes ATP by Breaking Down Sugar
Glycolysis
• Breaks 6 carbon glucose
molecules down into
two 3 carbon molecules
called “Pyruvate”
• Produces 2 ATP
Anaerobic Process
• Produces 2 NADH
No Oxygen Required
(energy carriers)
Takes Place in the Mitochondrion
Stage One: Krebs Cycle
Stage One: Krebs Cycle
•
•
•
•
Happens in the “Matrix”
Glucose enters the Matrix
Krebs Cycle begins
Small amount of ATP is
produced
• Carbon dioxide is released as
waste
Stage Two
Stage Two:
Electron Transport
• Happens in the Cristae
• Oxygen enters the Cristae
• Energy is moved through a
chain of proteins
• A large number of ATP
molecules are made - 38!
• Water is released as waste
Equation
Takes Place In the Mitochondrion
Takes Place In the Mitochondrion
Aerobic - Requires Oxygen
Takes Place In the Mitochondrion
Krebs
Cycle in
Matrix
Electron
Transport Chain
in Cristae
Takes Place In the Mitochondrion
2 three carbon
glucose molecules
called “Pyruvate”
Krebs
Cycle in
Matrix
Electron
Transport Chain
in Cristae
Takes Place In the Mitochondrion
2 three carbon
glucose molecules
called “Pyruvate”
Krebs
Cycle in
Matrix
NADH
Electron
Transport Chain
in Cristae
ATP
carbon
dioxide
Takes Place In the Mitochondrion
2 three carbon
glucose molecules
called “Pyruvate”
Krebs
Cycle in
Matrix
NADH
ATP from
Glycolysis
Electron
Transport Chain
in Cristae
oxygen
ATP
carbon
dioxide
Takes Place In the Mitochondrion
2 three carbon
glucose molecules
called “Pyruvate”
Krebs
Cycle in
Matrix
ATP
carbon
dioxide
NADH
ATP
ATP from
Glycolysis
Electron
Transport Chain
in Cristae
oxygen
water
Indiana Department of Education. (2010). Standards. Retrieved from
Indiana Department of Education:
http://www.doe.in.gov/sites/default/files/standards/science/2010-ScienceBiologyI.pdf
Stephen Norwicki, P. (2012). Biology. Orlando, Florida: Houghton Miller
Harcourt Publishing Company.