I. General Concepts of Cellular Respiration
C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O
A. Glucose bonds are broken apart.
Where Does it Go?
CH2OH
O
H
OH
CO2
H
H
OH
H2O
Lungs
“Metabolic water”
ADP
OH
Bonds
H
OH
(Electrons)
ATP
Glucose bonds are “exchanged” for ATP bonds
Phosphate
B. As bonds are broken, electrons must be released “gradually” to
maximize the amount of usable energy extracted from the glucose
C. Electron transfers are called Oxidation / Reduction (Redox) reactions
X e-
+
Y
X
+
Y
X was oxidized (Lost electrons / lost energy)
Y was reduced (gained electrons / gained energy)
D. Enzymes control each step by step breakdown of glucose
1. Decarboxylase – removes a carbon atom
2. Kinases - Transfer phosphates with the help of ATP
3. Dehydrogenase – Removes a hydrogen
4. Isomerase - change from one isomer to another
Steps of Glycolysis
Part #1 The Investment Phase
Energy must be added to glucose
Glucose
Why?
Glucose is a stable molecule and the
energy of activation must be reached
in order to start the reaction
How?
ATP needs to be added to start the reaction
ATP
ADP
Glucose-6phosphate
Fructose-6-phosphate
What kind of enzyme?
ATP
ADP
Fructose 1,6 biphosphate
What kind of enzyme?
Fructose 1-6-biphosphate is “cleaved” forming two isomers
50%
50%
Glycerolaldehyde-3-phosphate – G3P
What kind of enzyme?
Dihydroxyacetone
phosphate
PGAL
Part #2
Inorganic
Phosphate
NAD+
PGAL
H
ADP
Energy Payoff Phase
Name of enzyme?
NADH
1,3-Biphosphoglycerate
ADP
Name of enzyme?
Glycolysis Totals
(1 Glucose = 2 Pyruvates)
ATP
Substrate Level
Phosphorylation
ATP
PGA
Substrate Level
ATP =
2 X 2 = 4 made
- 2 used
Phosphorylation
2 net
NADH =
1X2=2
Pyruvic Acid
Glucose Song
Substrate Level Phosphorylation
ATP made by direct transfer of a phosphate to ADP from a substrate
by an enzyme
Nicotinamide Adenosine Dinucleotide
Niacin
(Vitamin B3)
Hydrogen Carriers can:
(Baggage)
1. Pick up one free hydrogen
2. Pick up 2 high energy electrons (Passengers)
3. Cause the release of a Hydrogen Ion (No place to sit)
4. Release 2 high energy electrons to the ETC
Dropped
off at
ETC
Electrons carried
to the ETC
Slide 9
Slide 5
Mike B
Glucose, Glucose
Written by Jeff Barry and Andy Kim; Scientific lyrics by Greg Crowther
Greg: keyboard, tambourine, claps
Lori DeGloria: backing vocals
Gretchen Ludwig: backing vocals Do: acoustic guitar, bass, drum programming, claps
Kirk L. Van Scoyoc: lead vocals
Glucose -- ah, sugar sugar -Glucose -- -- monosaccharide sugar
You're sweeter than a woman's kiss
I just can't believe the way my muscles take you in.
All it takes is a little bit of insulin
Ah, glucose
From the blood-borne substrate pool.
You are my favorite fuel
(For you, they'll open the door.)
(To up regulate GLUT4).
-- ah, sugar sugar --
When my predators are chasing me.
You help me make ATP
Ah, glucose -- you're an aldehyde sugar,
And you're sweeter than a woman's kiss
A few more seconds and I'll be rigor mortis-bound.
I'm swimming in lactate, baby.
I'm gonna make your muscles ache.
Ah, glucose --
ah, sugar sugar --
Oh, glucose, glucose, sugar, sugar,
(Acidosis done me wrong.)
I'm losing all my power, baby.
I'm gonna make your muscles ache.
Yes, I'm swimming in lactate, baby.
No, no, no!
'Cause I need you for glycolysis.
(My glycogen is almost gone.)
I just can't believe the way my muscles break you down.
Your sweet is turning sour, baby.
Cause I need you for glycolysis.
No, no, no!
I'm drowning in lactate, baby.
I'm swimming in lactate, baby.
I used you up and you left me flat;
The honeymoon is over now.
Now I'll have to get my kicks from fat.
The honeymoon is over now.