Sustainable Transportation,
Transport Supply
Management (TSM) &
Transport Demand
Management (TDM)
Problems of Motorization in Indonesia
1.
2.
3.
4.
Traffic Congestion
Traffic Accident
A deteriorating urban environment
Conflict between motorized and non-motorized
transport
5. Failure of public transport to supply the poor in
a non-subsidized commercial market
6. Suburbanization and urban sprawl
7. Energy conservation and reduction of CO2
emission
SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORTATION
Sustainability planning is to development
what preventive medicine is to health: it anticipates
and manages problems rather than
waiting for crises to develop. (Todd Litman, VTPI)
PARADIGM SHIFT IN URBAN
TRANSPORTATION PLANNING
The difficulty of providing enough mobility
which people wanted even with all the
serious efforts in the past decades.
Why Change Paradigms?
Our transportation system provides many
benefits, but it also causes many problems.
 It serves non-drivers poorly.
 It distributes benefits and cost inequitably
 It is financially burdensome to households,
governments and businesses.
Why Change Paradigms?
 It is increasingly inefficient due to traffic
congestion and dispersed land use.
 It is a major cause of death and disability.
 It contradicts environmental and quality of life
objectives.
 It relies on non-renewable resources that may
become scarce in the future.
Why Change Paradigms?
• A paradigm refers to how people think about
problems and develop solutions.
• “Work smarter, not harder”
• “Think outside the box”
• Paradigm shifts needed to achieve more
sustainable transport.
Transportasi Berkelanjutan (Sustainable
Transport)
Center for Sustainable Development (1997)
Sistem transportasi yang berkelanjutan
sebagai suatu sistem yang menyediakan
akses terhadap kebutuhan dasar individu
atau masyarakat secara aman dan dalam
cara yang tetap konsisten dengan
kesehatan manusia dan ekosistem, dan
dengan keadilan masyarakat saat ini dan
masa datang.
What is Sustainable Transportation?
Sustainable transportation requires using
each mode for what it does best, which
typically means greater reliance on nonmotorized for local travel, increased use
of public transit in urban areas,
a reduction (but not elimination) of
personal automobiles use
(World Bank, 1996).
Transportasi Berkelanjutan (Sustainable
Transport) (lanjutan)
Selain itu, harus juga terjangkau secara
finansial, beroperasi secara efisien,
penyediaan alternatif pilihan moda, dan
mendukung laju perkembangan ekonomi.
Transportasi Berkelanjutan (Sustainable
Transport) (lanjutan)
Membatasi emisi dan buangan sesuai
dengan kemampuan absorbsi alam,
meminimumkan penggunaan energi dari
sumber yang tak terbarukan, menggunakan
komponen yang terdaur ulang, dan
meminimumkan penggunaan lahan serta
memproduksi polusi suara sekecil mungkin.
Sustainable Transportation
Strategies are those that meet the basic
mobility needs of all and be sustained into
the foreseeable future without destruction of
the local or planetary resource base
Sustainable Transportation
Require the balanced harmonious balancing
of three elements (3E  Economics,
Environment, and Equity) mobility is to be
pursued in a manner consistent with longterm environmental protection and social
fairness (other variant is 3P  Poverty,
Population, and Pollution).
Sustainable Transportation
Objectives of Sustainable Urban Transportation
• meet the demand for
mobility
• optimize use of resources
• improve environmental
quality
• promote social harmony
• increase level of safety
• realize the virtuous cycle of
society, economy, mobility
and environment.
Transportation
Objective
·safety
·smooth
·comfort
·high efficiency
·multi-selectivity
· easy accessibility
Urban
Sustainable
Transportation
Environment
Protection
Objective
Resources
Utilization
Objective
PARADIGM SHIFT IN URBAN
TRANSPORTATION PLANNING
 Conventional urban transport planners
intended to accommodate increasing
transport demands with new constructions
and major improvements of transport
facilities, and also with efficient use of
existing infrastructure through various
traffic engineering measures (i.e. Traffic
Management)
PARADIGM SHIFT IN URBAN
TRANSPORTATION PLANNING
 This demand-following type approach was
found to be effective for some time, but as
motorization and further urbanization
proceeded this approach has become
ineffective and difficult to pursue both
financially and politically.
The Vicious Circle of
Congestion
Congestion
The number
of
movements
increases
The average
length of
movements
increases
Public
pressures to
increase
capacity
New
capacity
Urban sprawl
is favored
Movements
are more
easy
PARADIGM SHIFT IN URBAN
TRANSPORTATION PLANNING
Professor P. Goodwin referred to the
underlying changes of transport policy as
a
“PREDICT and PROVIDE” approach
to a
“PREDICT and PREVENT” approach.
URBAN TRANSPORT POLICY OPTIONS
ACTIVITY
SYSTEM
(Demand Side)
TRANSPORTATION
SYSTEM
(Supply Side)
INSTITUTIONAL
FRAMEWORK
(Society)
Transportation Supply
Management
TSM vs TDM
• Transportation Supply Management (TSM):
– TSM measures to enhance capacity and throughput,
and traffic flow and operations
– TSM measures to restrain traffic flow and throughput
• Transportation Demand Management (TDM):
– include a variety of measures to reduce individual
transport and change transport demand types.
Transport Supply Management
• Transportation supply management
strategies maintain or improve safety for
all users, defer the need for major
infrastructure investments, provide the
best possible level of service, and
minimize the impacts of transportation
activities on community livability.
Transport Supply Management
• Wide range of Transport Supply
Management strategies also include:
make the best use of its facilities, networks
and services, both to maximize their
people-moving capacity and to reduce the
costs of their operation
Down’s Law (1962)
or Down’s Triple Convergence (1992)
New highway construction along a traffic
corridor reduces travel impedance, but it
also induces traffic from other corridors
and other mode, often resulting in return to
previous congestion levels.
Moreover, latent demand created by the
previous shortage of road capacity also
surfaces and swamps the new highway
capacity.
CONGESTION REDUCING MEASURES
SUPPLY SIDE (TSM)
DEMAND SIDE (TDM)
• Efficient Use of
Existing Facilities
• Manage Existing
Demand
• Increase Supply
• Control Demand
Growth
EVALUATION OF MEASURES
BY CATEGORY
• Measures that reduce congestion by
managing the existing supply are rated
above average in effectiveness and
below average in cost and ease of
implementation.
EVALUATION OF MEASURES
BY CATEGORY
• Measures that reduce congestion by
adding to the supply are rated the most
effective; however, they are also rated the
most expensive to implement or operate
and the most difficult to implement.
Dealing with Traffic Congestion
Managing Road Space Supply
• Managing existing street space more efficiently
to maximize available capacity
• Construct new streets and roads to add more
capacity
TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM
(Supply Side)
 Traffic Management
 Improvement of Alternative Modes
 Integrated Multi-Mode Transport System
 Transportation Infrastructure
Development
 New Technology
TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM
(Supply Side)
 Traffic Management
~ Efficient use via traffic eng. Measures
 Improvement of Alternative Modes
~ Public transportation;
~ Para-transit;
~ Bicycle/walking.
TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM
(Supply Side)
 Integrated Multi-Mode Transport System
~ Park and Ride facilities;
~ Kiss and Ride facilities.
TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM
(Supply Side)
 Transportation Infrastructure
Development
~ Functional road / public transportation
network;
~ High quality / capacity system – urban
rail;
~ Ring road / bypass.
TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM
(Supply Side)
 New Technology
~ Intelligent Transportation System;
~ Low emission vehicle;
~ New underground delivery system.
Peningkatan Prasarana Transportasi
di Indonesia (Tamin, 2000)
•
•
•
•
•
Pembangunan Jalan Baru
Peningkatan Kapasitas Prasarana
Rekayasa & Manajemen Lalulintas
Kebijakan Perparkiran
Prioritas Angkutan Umum
Pembangunan Jalan Baru
• Jalan Bebas Hambatan (TOL) bandara.
• Jalan Bebas Hambatan (TOL) di dalam kota [Tol
Aloha – Perak]
• Jalan Lingkar Luar [jalan di depan Galaxy Mall]
• Jalan Penghubung Baru, menghubungkan dua
zona yang sangat tinggi lalulintasnya
Peningkatan Kapasitas Prasarana
• Pelebaran dan perbaikan geometrik
persimpangan
• Pembuatan persimpangan tidak sebidang [A.
Yani – Jemurandayani]
• Pembangunan jalan terobosan baru, antar
wilayah administrasi
• Pembuatan jembatan penyeberangan
Rekayasa & Manajemen Lalulintas
Perbaikan Sistem Lampu Lalulintas & Sistem
Jaringan Jalan
• Sistem Lampu Lalulintas terisolasi dan
terkoordinasi (Area Traffic Control
System/ATCS)
Rekayasa & Manajemen Lalulintas
• Perbaikan perencanaan sistem jaringan jalan
yang ada yang menunjang Sistem Angkutan
Umum Transportasi Perkotaan Terpadu
(SAUTPT)  KA Komuter SUSI, SULAM, dlsb
• Penerapan Manajemen Transportasi (parkir,
pedestrian, busway/buslane, traffic restraint).
Rekayasa & Manajemen Lalulintas
•
•
•
•
Kebijakan Perparkiran
Pembatasan tempat parkir di badan jalan
Fasilitas parkir di luar daerah (park and ride)
Pengaturan biaya parkir
Denda pelanggaran parkir
Rekayasa & Manajemen Lalulintas
•
•
•
•
•
Prioritas Angkutan Umum
Perbaikan operasi pelayanan headway,
kenyamanan, keamanan, dlsb.
Perbaikan saran penunjang jalan  halte
Jalur khusus bus  buslane, busway
Prioritas bus di persimpangan dengan lalulintas
Kemudahan pejalan kaki.
CONTRA FLOW
Transport Demand
Management
Reframing the Transportation Question
If you ask people, “Do you think that traffic
congestion is a serious problem that deserves
significant investment?” most would probably
answer yes.
Reframing the Transportation Question
If you ask them, “Would you rather invest in road
capacity expansion, or use lifestyle changes such
as increased urban density and more use of
walking, bicycling, car pooling and public transport
to solve congestion problems?”
A smaller majority would probably choose the road
improvement option. These are essentially how
choices are framed by conventional transportation
plans.
Siklus Ketergantungan Terhadap Mobil Pribadi (OTE, 2005)
Increased Per Capita
Motor Vehicle Travel
Automobile-Oriented
Transport Policies
and Planning
Practices
AutomobileOriented
Land Use Patterns
Generous
Parking Supply
Automobile
Dependency
Reduced
Non-Automobile
Travel Options
Social Stigma
Associated With
Alternative Modes
Automobile-Oriented
Land Use Planning
Suburbanization and
Degraded Urban
Neighborhoods
Factors Contributing to the
Growth of Driving
17%
13%
Increase in population
Increase in trip length
Increase in trips
17%
35%
18%
Decrease in vehicle
occupancy
Switch to driving
CONGESTION REDUCING MEASURES
SUPPLY SIDE (TSM)
DEMAND SIDE (TDM)
• Efficient Use of
Existing Facilities
• Manage Existing
Demand
• Increase Supply
• Control Demand
Growth
ACTIVITY SYSTEM
(Demand Side)
Transportation Demand Management
Land Use / Urban Planning
Regional / National Development Policy
Industrial / Labor Policy
Social Policy
ACTIVITY SYSTEM
(Demand Side)
 Transportation Demand Management
~ Travel reduction;
~ Peak spreading / reduction;
~ Modal shift – reduction of car /
truck use
eg. road pricing, telecommuting,
car/van pooling, car sharing, etc.
Service Attributes of Urban
Transportation Modes
Speed (km/hr)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Private car on freeway
Private car on
conventional road
Maximum capacity
Average speed
Light rapid transport
system
Urban railway
Bus using reserved lane
on highways
Bus on conventional
road network
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
Capacity (pers/hr)
40,000
50,000
60,000
Modal Split for Global Cities,
1995
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Private Motor Vehicle
Transit
Walking / Cycling
Chinese
Cities
American
Cities
Australian
Cities
West
European
Cities
High Income Low Income
Asian Cities Asian Cities
Major Targets of TDM Measures
 Reduction of total movement and travel
through moderation of activities which
generate travel;
 Reduction of vehicle traffic through modal
change and efficient use of motor
vehicles;
 De-concentration of traffic over time
and space;
ACTIVITY SYSTEM
(Demand Side)
 Land Use / Urban Planning
~ Growth management;
~ Compact city;
~ Intensive development with mixed uses;
~ Transit-Oriented-Development.
ACTIVITY SYSTEM
(Demand Side)
 Regional / National Development Policy
~ Development of secondary cities
 Industrial / Labor Policy
~ Work/Business style;
~ Production/Distribution process.
 Social Policy
~ Life style;
~ Leisure.
Dealing with Traffic Congestion
Managing Transport Demand (TDM)
• Controls on Vehicle Ownership
– Vehicle Ownership Taxation
– Vehicle Quotas
– Garaging Requirements
• Controls on Vehicle Usage
– Non-pricing Access Controls
– Basic Pricing
– On-street Parking Control
Park and Bus-Ride
 Reduction of total movement and travel
through moderation of activities which
generate travel;
Reduction of vehicle traffic through modal
change and efficient use of motor vehicles;
 De-concentration of traffic over time and
space;
Options for Bus Transport
• Traffic Management and Bus Operations
• Integrated Busways and Urban Development
• Public Transport Financing: Fare Levels and
Subsidies.
Conclusions
1. Road transport demand will always exceed the
supply of road space, no matter how well
managed and how efficiently used.
Municipalities have no alternatives but to
consider ways of controlling and managing the
demand for road space.
Conclusions
2. Non-pricing access controls have their place in
protecting sensitive areas, or in better
allocating road space among road users. They
should be imposed after careful study to be
sure that all the costs.
Conclusions
3. Higher fuel taxes directly affect the cost of
using vehicles and thereby reducing usage,
and tend to encourage the use of smaller,
more fuel-efficient vehicles. European and
Japanese levels of gasoline taxation may be a
more appropriate benchmark for fuel taxation
in Indonesia than the level in the United
States.
Conclusions
4. Effective traffic management could greatly
reduce the effects of congestion on bus
operation. Bus transport that can
accommodate the demand for accessibility
most efficiently should receive priority.
Conclusions
5. Busways can be used to create a new form of
city structure in medium-size cities. The
busway can form the urban axis of highdensity development corridors that radiate
from the city center. Efficient busways system
could make less fuel consumption per head,
even though car ownership per head became
very high.
Conclusions
6. A key element in the provision of adequate and
sustainable bus service is the financial viability
of the system. It is considered necessary to
subsidize bus transport as a way of assisting
the lower-income segments of the population
and encourage public transport use.