Learning Objectives
 Identify rationale for specialized supervision
 Define goals of curriculum
 Summarize knowledge regarding sex
offenders and their victims
 Identify emerging approaches to
supervision
CSOM Long Version: Section 1
1
Who are Victims?
Three Studies that Document Sexual Victimization
in the United States
1.) Kilpatrick, Edmunds, & Seymour, (1992).
Rape in
America: A Report to the Nation
2.) Tjaden & Thoennes, (1998). Prevalence, Incidence,
and Consequences of Violence Against Women
3.) Saunders, (2000). National Survey of Adolescents
3.) Saunders, (2000). National Survey of Adolescents
CSOM Long Version: Section 1
2
Findings
Rape in America
78 rapes per hour of women 18 and
older.
CSOM Long Version: Section 1
3
Findings
(cont.)
NVAW Survey
Using a definition of rape that includes forced vaginal,
oral, and anal intercourse, 18% of U.S. women surveyed
said they experienced a completed or attempted rape in
their lifetime.
3% of U.S. men surveyed said they experienced a
completed or attempted rape in their lifetime.
1 of 6 U.S. women and 1 of 33 U.S. men have
experienced an attempted or completed rape as a child
and/or adult.
In last 12 months: approximately 876,100 rapes
perpetrated against U.S. women.
CSOM Long Version: Section 1
4
Findings
(cont.)
Rape in America
62% of victims under 18 years of age @ first
assault.
NVAW Survey
22% of victims under age 12 @ first assault.
32% of victims between 12 and 17 years of
age @ first assault.
CSOM Long Version: Section 1
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Findings
(cont.)
National Survey of Adolescents
N = 4,023 adolescents in U.S.
households (age 12-17)
8.1% reported experiencing at least one
sexual assault in their lifetime
1.8 million adolescents have been sexually
assaulted in their lifetime (based on 1995
U.S. Census data)
CSOM Long Version: Section 1
6
Relationship Between Victim
and Offender (Rape in America)
Stranger
Non-Stranger
Stranger
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
CSOM Long Version: Section 1
7
Relationship Between Victim
and Offender (NVAW Survey)
100%
80%
60%
Children
40%
Unknown
20%
Adult
18-29
Children
<12
0%
Adult
CSOM Long Version: Section 1
8
Relationship Between Victim and
Offender (National Survey of Adolescents)
 Nearly 3 in 4 (74%) -- perpetrators were someone the
victim knew well
 Almost 1 in 3 (32.5%) -- perpetrators were friends
with the victim
 More than 1 in 5 (23.2%) -- perpetrators were
strangers to the victim
 About 1 in 5 (21.1%) -- perpetrators were family
members of the victim
CSOM Long Version: Section 1
9
Location of Sexual Abuse
(National Survey of Adolescents)
 30.5% in the victim’s home
 23.8% in the victim’s neighborhood
 15.4% at the victim’s school
CSOM Long Version: Section 1
10
Reporting of Sexual Abuse
(National Survey of Adolescents)
 86% NOT reported to the authorities
 13% reported to police
 5.8% reported to child protective services
 5% reported to school authorities
 1.3% reported to other authorities
*Some cases were reported to more than one authority.
CSOM Long Version: Section 1
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Consequences of Sexual
Assault for Victims
Prostitution
Psychiatric
problems
Homelessness
HIV
Eating disorders
Suicide
Substance Abuse
Self-Esteem
Problems
Teen pregnancy
(Rape in America, 1992)
CSOM Long Version: Section 1
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Sexual Assault and Post Traumatic
Stress Disorder (National Survey of Adolescents)
Lifetime
prevalence of
PTSD
Adolescent
males, sexually
assaulted
Adolescent
males, nonsexually
assaulted
Adolescent
females,
sexually
assaulted
Adolescent
females, nonsexually
assaulted
Lifetime
Prevalence of
Substance Use/
Abuse
Lifetime Prevalence of
Delinquent
Acts
28.2%
34.4%
47.2%
5.4%
9%
16.6%
29.8%
27.5%
19.7%
7.1%
5.4%
4.8%
CSOM Long Version: Section 1
13
Initial Mental Health Effects
of Child Sexual Abuse
Fear
Anxiety
Low self-esteem
Depression
Anger and hostility
Sexual behavior
problems
Aggressive/
delinquent behavior
Substance use/
abuse/dependency
Impaired social
functioning
Distorted cognitive
schemata
Impaired affective
processing
From Saunders, (1999).
CSOM Long Version: Section 1
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Long-Term Mental Health
Effects of Child Sexual Abuse
Sexual disorders
PTSD
Depression
Suicidal ideation and
attempts
Anxiety disorders
Substance use/
abuse/dependency
Somatic complaints
Personality disorders
Dissociative disorders
Low self-esteem
Impaired social
relationships
Increased vulnerability
to other victimizations and
traumatic experiences
From Saunders, (1999).
CSOM Long Version: Section 1
15
What is a Sex Offense?
Any sexual behavior with a child or with a
non-consenting adult
Penetration, contact, or non-contact
behaviors
Some pornography-related activities
CSOM Long Version: Section 1
16
Overview of Sex Offenders
All socioeconomic, racial, ethnic groups
Majority don’t present as “typical” criminal
CSOM Long Version: Section 1
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Offense Cycle
Sex offenses are planned
Culmination of a series of events
Offending behaviors are rationalized
CSOM Long Version: Section 1
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Typology of Sex Offenders
Child Molesters
Fixated/Pedophile
Regressed/Situational
Rapists
Anger
Power
Sadistic
Non-contact offenders: Not included
(e.g., voyeurs and exhibitionists)
(Groth, 1979)
CSOM Long Version: Section 1
19
Challenges to Sex Offender
Supervision
Victims assaulted in familiar places by individual
they know
Offenders being supervised in same community
where victim lives
Offense patterns characterized by secrecy, deceit,
repetitiveness, and extreme trauma to victims
Cross-over offense patterns
Fragmented response and service systems
CSOM Long Version: Section 1
20
Emerging Sex Offender
Supervision Practices
Shared, consistent philosophy, and strategy
Primary concern for victim safety and
recovery
Prevention of future victimization
Sex offenders held accountable for their
actions
CSOM Long Version: Section 1
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Emerging Sex Offender
Supervision Practices (cont.)
Some offenders can be managed safely and some
cannot.
A collaborative effort involving:
Supervision and treatment providers,
Victim advocates and polygraph examiners,
All agencies with responsibility for sex offender
management.
CSOM Long Version: Section 1
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Collaboration...
 Improves communication
 Allows for quicker, less intrusive responses to victims
 Promotes the exchange of ideas among disciplines
 Facilitates sharing of information
 Improves problem solving
 Provides on-going support
 Increases understanding
 Fosters a unified and comprehensive approach
CSOM Long Version: Section 1
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Emerging Sex Offender
Supervision Practices (cont.)
Traditional methods may not apply
Informed and consistent public policy
Includes evaluation and monitoring
CSOM Long Version: Section 1
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