Internet Resources Discovery
Metadata (2)
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H. Weinberger - A. Frank
Contents of Metadata Lecture
1. Introduction to Metadata
2. Interoperability of Metadata
3. Evolution of Descriptive Metadata
4. Web Descriptive Metadata
5. Structured Metadata
6. Semantic Web
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H. Weinberger - A. Frank
Content
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Metadata in PL
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methods & tools (standards)
classification systems
Metadata in DL
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methods & tools
Metadata in AL (Automated Library)
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(Paper Library)
(Digital Library)
Web DL examples: classification, SH (Subject Heading),
virtual subject catalog & on-line reference catalog.
H. Weinberger - A. Frank
Metadata in PL: methods & tools (1)
Classification method –
Predefined organizing scheme:
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Evolutionary
Created outside the library & used by
means of assigning out of resource
attributes
Used for item tracking & shelf arrangement
Used by librarian & user
H. Weinberger - A. Frank
Metadata in PL: methods & tools (2)
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Catalog (Index) - Detailed inventory of
specific collection or library:
– Holds information that is in the item: title,
author, publisher, classification.
– Place: library centers.
– Format: cards, printed, compiled books.
– Used for finding information and managing
collection.
– Used by Librarian, users.
H. Weinberger - A. Frank
Metadata in PL: methods & tools (3)
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
Bibliography: List of subject oriented
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Thesaurus: Controlled vocabulary for
publications that can be locally compiled
according to needs.
indexing & classification; contains “word list”,
descriptors & identifiers. Each term is
described by scope note, narrower term,
broader term & used for.
H. Weinberger - A. Frank
Metadata in AL: methods & tools (1)
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Classification: Resource-subject organization
– Information external to item.
– Used to indicate location, manage collection &
searching.
– Used by librarians.
Catalog: online catalog (ALEPH)
– Used for librarians & users.
– Used by locating, circulation, managing, sharing
information.
H. Weinberger - A. Frank
Metadata in AL: methods & tools (2)
Bibliography: compiled on request
 Thesaurus: controlled vocabulary
– Used for indexing, retrieval, and
monitoring literature.
– Used by librarians & users 
 Example:
“Information Technology”
vs. “Educational Computing” in Eric.
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Metadata in AL: methods & tools (3)
 Standards:
Enable information
exchange between library systems:
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Used for delivering collection related
data.
Used by librarians & specialists.
H. Weinberger - A. Frank
PL-AL Classification Systems
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Numeric:
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Alphanumeric:
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Mathematics Subject Classification
http://www.ams.org/mathweb/mi-mathbyclass.html
Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC)
 Comprised originally of 10 classes (generalities,
philosophy, religion, social science, language, NT, tech,
art literature and history).
Universal Decimal Classification (UDC)
http://www.niss.ac.uk/subject/index.html
–
ACM computing classification system
Library of Congress classification (LC)
H. Weinberger - A. Frank
‫‪From PL to DL: towards standardization‬‬
‫‪ ‬פתיחת המרחב הדיגיטלי קוראת לפיתוח כלים‬
‫לשיתופיות במידע שראשיתה בשיתופיות בכלים‬
‫ושיטות לארגון‪ ,‬ייצוג ותאור משאבים‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬שתי מגמות‪:‬‬
‫–‬
‫–‬
‫פיתוח כלים חדשים‪.‬‬
‫ניסיון התאמה של כלים קיימים לסביבה חדשה‪.‬‬
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Library of Congress Standards
 LC
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Classification system (LCC)
MARC (MAchine-Readable Cataloging):
standard for the representation and
communication of bibliographic and
related information in machine-readable
form.
 Web Example: Signpost
H. Weinberger - A. Frank
What is Z39.50?
Z39.50 is a protocol which specifies
data structures and interchange rules
that allow a client machine (called an
“origin" in the standard) to search
databases on a server machine (called a
"target" in the standard) and retrieve
records that are identified as a result
of such a search.
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H. Weinberger - A. Frank
DL Metadata Examples
Implementing PL-AL methods to DL:
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Dewey Decimal Classification: used in CyberDewey
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LC Classification: used in Cyberstacks, Signpost
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IPL Visual Index Interface www.ipl.org/

MeSH Subject Heading www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/

On-line catalogs (Weblogs)
H. Weinberger - A. Frank
Dewey Decimal Classification on
the Web
 Used
for Information Retrieval
Used by users & librarians as a
reference scheme.
Example: CyberDewey
–
http://ivory.lm.com/~mundie/CyberDewey/CyberDewey.html
Status: HNM
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H. Weinberger - A. Frank
‫‪Unified Medical Language System‬‬
‫‪ ‬מערכת שמתייחסת לתחום מסוים‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬נועדה להקל על אחזור מידע ואינטגרציה של מקורות‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬כולל הירארכיה של מושגים ברשת סמנטית שמייצגת‬
‫גם יחסים בין קטגוריות (קשור ב‪ ..‬גורם ל‪.)...‬‬
‫‪ ‬המושגים כוללים‪ :‬ישויות פיזיות ואירועים‪.‬‬
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Medical Subject Headings MeSH
When searching for subjects it is
inefficient unless there is consistency in
the vocabulary.
 Controlled vocabulary.
 Mesh includes:

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Subject headings of 400,000 papers.
Thesaurus of subject headings, hierarchical.
Thesaurus of chemical terms 18,000.
H. Weinberger - A. Frank
‫‪Summing up‬‬
‫‪ ‬תפיסת הספריה‪ ,‬קלאסית )‪ ,(PL‬אנלוגית )‪ (AL‬או‬
‫דיגיטלית (‪ ,)DL‬כאוסף מאורגן של שירותים‪,‬‬
‫מחייבת שימוש בשיטות וכלים לארגון האוסף‪ ,‬למתן‬
‫גישה ושיתוף ברמת משאבים‪ ,‬שירותים ונתונים‪.‬‬
‫–‬
‫–‬
‫מחד‪ :‬אנו רואים ניסיון המשכיות – בדיקה והתאמה של‬
‫כלים קלאסיים לסביבה משתנה‪.‬‬
‫מאידך‪ :‬צרכים חדשים מחייבים פיתוח כלים מותאמים‪.‬‬
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References

Clifford A. Lynch, “The Z39.50
Information Retrieval Standard”,
http://www.dlib.org/dlib/april97/04lynch.html

Sandra D. Payette, Oya Y. Rieger,
“Z39.50The User's Perspective”,
http://www.dlib.org/dlib/april97/cornell/04payette.html
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H. Weinberger - A. Frank
Contents of Metadata Lecture
1. Introduction to Metadata
2. Interoperability of Metadata
3. Evolution of Descriptive Metadata
4. Web Descriptive Metadata
5. Structured Metadata
6. Semantic Web
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H. Weinberger - A. Frank
Content

Descriptive metadata
Historical key points
Advantages of Web Metadata
Examples - Metadata initiatives:

Metadata advantages

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1. MARC
2. Dublin Core (DC)
H. Weinberger - A. Frank
Descriptive Metadata (1)
DM is usually kept separated form the
data.
 DM must be associated with the content
it describes.
 DM describes data elements organized in
fields and sub-fields:

 e.g.,
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field: author’s name
 sub-field: author’s surname
H. Weinberger - A. Frank
Descriptive Metadata (2)
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Examples methods are: catalogs, indexes,
Abstracting and indexing services, thesaurus
other summery information.
Usually created by professionals
Have a consistent structure
Examples applications are:
,
MARC http://www.loc.gov/marc/umb/
Dublin Core, ROADS,
Medical Subject Headings (MESH), …
H. Weinberger - A. Frank
1.The MARC Initiative
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The MARC formats are standards for the
representation and communication of bibliographic
and related information in machine-readable form.
The development of MARC 21 formats an
international effort.
The Library of Congress and the National Library of
Canada serve as the maintenance agency for the
MARC 21 formats for bibliographic, authority,
holdings, classification, and community information
data for the MARC 21 user community.
H. Weinberger - A. Frank
Library automation and the role of
MARC
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WHAT: A MARC record is a MAchineReadable Cataloging record.
"Cataloging record" means a bibliographic
record , or the information traditionally
shown on a catalog card.
WHY: Using the MARC standard prevents
duplication of work and allows libraries to
better share bibliographic resources.
H. Weinberger - A. Frank
Marc Cataloging Record

The record includes (not necessarily in
this order):
1) a description of the item,
2) main entry and added entries,
3) subject headings, and
4) the classification or call number.
(MARC records often contain much
additional information.)
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H. Weinberger - A. Frank
MARC SGML & XML
An implementation of the Standard
Generalized Markup Language (SGML)
for use with MARC data.
 An implementation of the eXtensible
Markup Language (XML) for use with
MARC data.


XML and MARC: A Choice or a Replacement?
http://www.ala.org/alcts/organization/div/marbi/marbi-ccda.html
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H. Weinberger - A. Frank
2. Dublin Core (DC)
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Benefits:
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Drawbacks:
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simple
anyone can use
not yet standardized
may not map well with existing standards
Example: self-cataloging Web pages
Meta content?
H. Weinberger - A. Frank
History of the Dublin Core

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Created in Dublin, Ohio, 1995.
Set of simple metadata elements that can be
applied to a wide variety of DL materials.
Idea: simplicity
Problems: simple is not accurate:
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e.g., if a subject field taken from Dewey, it is
useful to note it in the metadata.
Indexers need lists of possible values and types for
fields.
H. Weinberger - A. Frank
Dublin Core Element Set (1)
Descriptive rules:
– 15 elements intended to convey a common semantic
understanding.
– Provides controlled vocabulary for document
description.
– Use of label expression
enables clear
syntactic operation.
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http://purl.oclc.org/metadata/dublin_core
H. Weinberger - A. Frank
Dublin Core Element Set (2)
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1. TITLE (Creator or Publisher)
2. CREATOR (person or organization responsible)
3. SUBJECT Subject and Keywords (topic expressed as keywords or phrases The use of
controlled vocabularies and formal classification schemas is encouraged).
4. DESCRIPTION (textual description, abstracts)
5. PUBLISHER
6. Other CONTRIBUTOR
7. DATE
8. TYPE category of the resource
9. FORMAT (software and possibly hardware needed to display)
10. IDENTIFIER (String or number.. URLs and URNs ISBN)
11. SOURCE (A string or number used to uniquely identify the work from which this resource was
derived PDF ISBN).
12. LANGUAGE
RELATION
14. COVERAGE
Resource characteristics. Currently under development.
15. RIGHTS
A link to a copyright notice, to a rights-management statement, or to a service that would provide
information about terms of access to the resource.
H. Weinberger - A. Frank
Metadata Advantages

Separating the structural information of
a hypertext document from the
specification of the document actual
presentation.
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Applying one style to multiple documents.
A single document may have multiple styles
for different presentation forms.
Applicable to text & hypertext modes.
H. Weinberger - A. Frank
References
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http://metadata.net/
Metadata E-Paper:
http://dis.lib.muohio.edu/documents/metadata.html
IFLA site: http://www.IFLA.org/II/metadata.htm
ROADS: http://ukoln.bath.ac.uk/roads/
Stuart Weibel, Juha Hakala, “DC-5: The Helsinki
Metadata Workshop A Report on the Workshop and
Subsequent Developments”,
http://www.dlib.org/dlib/february98/02weibel.html
H. Weinberger - A. Frank