Quick route to the Reference List
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Compiled
by
Study Skills
University of Winchester
Based on Faculty of Education Guidelines for Written Assignments, 2009
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Authority – person or persons who may exert an influence on opinion
because of their level of expertise.
Reference List / Bibliography – fully detailed references given in a list at
the end of the text. (It can also be called References if there are two
separate lists and the one called Bibliography contains a list of read but
not cited references.)
Citation – referencing of an authority that has been quoted or
paraphrased in your work.
Glossary – list of words, terms or acronyms relating to a specific subject
Quotation – short passage of text taken from an outside source.
Reading List – list of books, journals or newspapers recommended as
suitable references for a particular subject or course.
Referencing – acknowledging the authority from which the quotation has
come, at the point at which the quotation has been made.
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Extensive use of abbreviations is not encouraged, but this is
what they mean if you come across them:
Ibid – (in the same place) Used to indicate that the reference cited
is the same as the one immediately preceding it.
Loc Cit – (the place cited) The same work and the same location
within it.
Op Cit – (the work already referred to) A source already referred
to but may cause ambiguity if there is more than one previous
source.
Sic – (thus) Use this if the item you have quoted has a mistake in it
that should not be attributed to you.
Vide supra – (see above) Means refer to what has gone.
 ‘The verbatim or non-verbatim copying or
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paraphrasing, without acknowledgement, from
published or unpublished material attributable to, or
which is the intellectual property of another,
including work of other students’ (University of
Winchester Academic Misconduct Policy, 2008:2).
This means:
 Copying from another student’s essay
 Copying text from books or the internet without referencing
the author.
 Paraphrasing (that is rewriting in your own words) text from
books or the internet without referencing the author.
 Forgetting to add an authority to a quotation.
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Demonstrates that you have researched your
subject in sufficient depth.
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Acknowledges the work of authorities on
your subject.
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Shows an understanding of the theories that
underpin your research
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Puts your work into context with others who
have done similar research.
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Summarising
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Paraphrasing
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Referring indirectly to the authority, writing in your own
words, a close interpretation of the author’s argument
and usually from a specific quotation.
Short quotation
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A summary of the author’s main ideas or argument
written in your own words, usually from an entire
chapter or book rather than from a specific quotation.
A direct quotation of less than 40 words incorporated into
the main text, identified within quotation marks.
Long quotation
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A direct quotation of 40 words or more, standing alone,
separated from the main body by a clear line space and
indented. No quotation marks required.
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The Citation
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This is placed at the point of the quotation.
It is the minimum amount of information required
to find the full reference in the -
Reference List
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This is the full list of references you have included
in your written submission.
It contains specific information presented in a
conventional format .
The information about the source enables a reader
to find the source.
Any reference which cannot be readily sourced must be supplied in
an appendix: policy documents, business plans, schedules, etc
You will summarise when you wish to express the ideas
of an authority which are referenced throughout a book
or chapter. (It is, therefore, not appropriate to include
page numbers in the brackets.)
Children need to acquire a considerable amount of knowledge in
order to develop their reading, writing, speaking and listening skills
and, in particular, they need understanding of the technical
aspects of these skills (Medwell et al., 2002).
Anxiety about how we speak may not only prevent us from
expressing ourselves as we would wish, but may also have a strong
negative effect on our listeners, so it is incumbent upon all those
involved in public speaking to consider the importance of
technique and exercise to develop and maintain an impressive
voice (Berry, 2000).
Paraphrasing is like summarising in that you use your
own words to explain the authority’s idea. However, the
paraphrase is usually a re-write of a direct quotation and
thus you should include the page number from which
you have paraphrased the quotation.
Steiner (1983, p.12-13) identifies strategic planning as a
process which determines principal objectives and lays
down tactical plans in order to ensure that strategies are
appropriately implemented.
It is very important that you reference the authority when
summarising or paraphrasing or you may be considered to be
plagiarising work.
Why paraphrase instead of using a direct
quotation?
 You may find you use less words when
paraphrasing. If you use a direct quotation you
may have to explain its relevance.
 Too many direct quotations can make the
writing stilted. Your own writing will be
sparsely scattered between quotations. There is
little opportunity for you to develop your
argument and establish your style.
 The direct quotation may not “stand alone” and
make sense without considerable explanation.
A direct quotation is one which includes the
exact words of the authority; these are copied
directly into the text:
‘Game theory has become the dominant approach to
understanding conflict, and co-operation between
individuals, organisations and countries’ (Kollewe, 2005:63).
PUNCTUATION POINT
The full-stop lies outside the quotation mark because it is punctuating
the sentence which includes the reference. Note that the end of the
quotation is not punctuated.
Short quotations of no more than 40 words should
appear in the main body of the text. If no name is
mentioned in the main body then it must be
included in the reference:
The authors also noted that this ‘fits with the notion that the
subjective experience of memory is an attribution or
inference’ (Kelley and Jacoby, 1996, p.289).
PUNCTUATION POINT
The date and page number can be written 1996, p.289 or 1996:289, but be
consistent and use only one of the two options.
Longer quotations should be written indented and without
quotation marks and separated from the main body of text by
a clear line space, above and below. Long quotations are
discouraged. Paraphrase or summarise in preference.
Loss of identify can be considered in two particular ways. For example, as Kaminsky
writes:
If the villain, the evil, represents loss of identity rather than sinking into
the animal within, the weaponry’s horror lies in its impersonality in such
films as Rosemary’s Baby, White Zombie and Invasion of the
Bodysnatchers. The victim, apparently, has not been physically harmed …
in one sense alive, in another sense though his body has not been defiled,
his mind and identity have been taken, a horror perhaps even more to be
feared (1974, p.139).
Thus, loss of identity is concerned with the stripping of the victim of all his/her known
possessions which might be physical, but which are more often to do with his/her beliefs
and feelings and all those things that matter.
PUNCTUATION POINT
Use a comma or colon at the end of the main body before starting the
quotation. Single line spacing is acceptable for the long quotation.
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If diagrams or illustrations have been copied,
scanned or re-drawn from published work, these
should be referenced as for a direct quotation.
(Atherton, 2009)
(Tiggywinkle, 2005, p.97)
There is no page number for the
above reference as its source is a
website
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If there are more than two authors, then the surname of the first
author only should be given, followed by et al.. In the
bibliography, all names must be acknowledged and written in
full. The first time this reference is used, all authors must be
quoted at the point of citation, but thereafter et al. should be used.
‘We have to remember that a statistically significant F
value […] allows us to reject the null hypothesis’ (Hinton
et al. 2004:156).
PUNCTUATION POINT
Where sections of text have been omitted within the quotation, then a
space followed by […] then another space must be inserted at the point
of omission. There is no need to insert […] at the beginning or end of a
quotation.
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You can omit sections from a quotation as mentioned on
the previous slide. You should not edit quoted text
unless, by extracting it from the main text, there is now
some ambiguity. When you change or add a word which
is your own, you must enclose it in square brackets.
‘[We] are concerned with not only the rich and the clever.
We want to extend choice to every person’ (Simon,
1991:51).
‘[Lynne Reder] argued that if FOK judgments were based
on explicitly retrieved information, then one might
expect that the time needed to make these judgments
would be at least as long than the time needed to
retrieve information’ (Dunlosky and Metcalfe, 2009:65).
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If the work is from a newspaper with no author, then the
newspaper should be quoted.
If the work is from a reputable website, then name the website.
(Do not include the URL.)
If the work has no author and no date, think carefully as to
whether to include it.
Even before the Civil War, people were saying ‘that darn
iron horse is gonna change the world’ (Crazy Star Gazette,
1855, p.1).
Numbers in slum and squatter settlements will double in 25 years,
and the average age of slum dwellers is decreasing.(WorldBank,
1999).
PUNCTUATION POINT
At the end of a line, do not split the name of the source from its date and
page number as shown above. Use Ctrl + space between these elements
to keep them together.
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If you refer to a person who is quoted in someone
else’s work, then you must cite the author of the
quotation at the point of reference and the source
cited. You will find the date for the author cited at the
back of the book .
Try not to do this too often or find the original work
and quote from this if possible.
Amongst the concerns about freedom to access of
information is that which involves access to personal
health records ‘People could misunderstand the results of
predictive tests, either by causing unnecessary alarm or
creating false security that in turn brings about
inadvisable lifestyle changes’ (Swailes, 2001 cited in
Brooks et al. 2004:417).
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These are references to cited documents
presented at the end of the text.
They should be listed in alphabetical order
according to the author’s name and then by
date (earliest first).
Websites without authors should be included
in the same list.
If more than one item has been published
during a specific year, by letter thus 1999a,
1999b.
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Book
Contribution in a book
Book with no author
Article in a journal
Article in a newspaper
Video, DVD, Film
Broadcast
Web pages
Electronic journals
Podcast
Conference paper
Government document
Blog *
Dance – live performance*
Music Score*
Plays – performance*
For these and
other examples
not listed, please
contact
studyskills
Surname, Init. (date) Title. Edition if not first. Place of pub: Publisher
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Brooks, I., Weatherston, J. and Wilkinson, G.
(2004) The International Business Environment.
Harlow: Prentice-Hall
Houseman, G., Graves, L. and Martins, P.
(2002) Lost For Words. Sydney: Campion
Smith, J. (1997) The End is Nigh. 2nd edn.
London: Longman
Back to Bibliography Index
• Where the book is edited, write ed or eds (if
there is more than one):
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Demaine, J. (ed) (1999) Education Policy and
Contemporary Politics. Basingstoke: Macmillan
Burchfield, R. W. (ed) (2004) Fowler’s Modern English
Usage. 3rd edn. Oxford: Oxford University Press
Back to Bibliography Index
• Occasionally a book with have no author, but
an authorless book with no date may not be a
valid source.
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Sociological Theories: race and colonialism
(1980) Paris: UNESCO
Back to Bibliography Index
• The author of the chapter, the title of the
chapter, the author or editor of the book and
the title of the book must be included, also the
pages of the chapter:
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Latimer, P. (1993) ‘Alcoholism in hospital: the case for
Benzodiazepines‘in: Holland, T., Frazer, P., Elliot, F.
(eds) (1995) Treatment and Care. (pp 52-78). London:
Open University Press
Back to Bibliography Index
• Notice that the title of the journal is in
italics, but not the title of the article:
Surname, Init. (date) ‘Title of Article’ Journal , Volume, (Part No), Page nos
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Spellman, B. A. & Bjork, R. A. (1992) ‘When
predictions create reality: Judgments of learning
may alter what they are intended to assess’
Psychological Science, 3, 315-316
Aitkin, D. (1990) ‘How research came to dominate
higher education’ Oxford Review of Education, 17,
(3), pp235-248
Back to Bibliography Index
• Notice that the volume number is replaced
by the day and month of the date:
Surname, Init. (date) ‘Title of Article’ Newspaper. Day, Date, Page nos Colno.
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Mesure, S. (2005) ‘Stuart Rose may at last be delivering
at M&S’ The Independent, Tuesday 11 October, p69g
Torvill, M. (2004) ‘Thin is not a happy state’ The Globe,
Monday 26 April, p9a
Back to Bibliography Index
• For film, the date should be the year of release
in the country of production:
Title of Production (date) Material designation Director – optional,
Production place: Organisation
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Party Post (1952) Film Directed by Arle Yunger USA:
Glow Worm Pictures
Streetwise (2001) DVD London: Talecast Videos
Back to Bibliography Index
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Author/Editor (date) Title [online]. (Edition) Place of publication,
Publisher if known. Available from: URL [Date accessed]
Douglas, M. (2004) The world’s biggest Ceilidh band
[online] Yorkshire-Folk-Arts Available from:
http://www.yorkshire-folkarts.com/info/archive/big_ceilidh.html [Accessed 3
June 2004]
Worldbank (1999) Cities Alliance for Cities without Slums
[online] Worldbank Available from :
http://www.worldbank.org/html/fpd/urban/map/ht
ml. [Accessed 14 October, 2005]
Back to Bibliography Index
• Number and title of the episode should be
given, including the title of the series,
transmitting organisation, channel and the full
date and time of transmission:
Title of Series Episode No, Title of Episode (date) Transmitting
Organisiation Channel Full date and time of transmission
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Doctor Who Episode 1, Series 2 Genesis of the Daleks
(1975) BBC1 15 April, 18:30 hrs
Newsnight (2007) BBC2 October 24, 22:00 hrs
Back to Bibliography Index
• Podcasts can come from one of two sources, either from a
broadcast channel or from an internet website.
Title of Series Episode No, Title of Episode (date) Transmitting
Organisiation Channel Full date and time of transmission
Nightwaves Arts and Ideas Podcast Van Gogh Letters (2009)
BBC Radio 3 October 19, 23:00 hrs
Author/Editor (date) Title [online] (Edition) Place of publication,
Publisher if known Available from: URL [Date accessed]
Iheanacho, I. (2009) Analysing Aspirin [online] BMJ
Podcast Available from:
http://podcasts.bmj.com/bmj/2009/11/06/analysingaspirin [Accessed 10 November, 2009]
Back to Bibliography Index
Author (date) Title Journal [online] Volume (issue) pages Location
within host, Available from: URL [Date accessed]
Peabody, M. (1997) ‘Lost Villages: study of southern England heritage sites’
Social History [online] 3 (17) pp39-42 Available from:
http://engsochis.ac.uk/guides/social.htm#electronic [Accessed 19
May 2003]
Moore, D., Zabrucky, K., Evans, N. (1997) ‘Metacomprehension and
Comprehension Performance in Younger and Older Adults’ Educational
Gerontology [online] 23 (5) pp467-475 Available from:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0360126970230506 [Accessed 28 January
2009]
Back to Bibliography Index
Surname, Init. (contributing author), (Year of publication) Title of contribution.
Followed by In: Init. Surname, of editor or proceedings (if applicable) followed by
ed. Title of conference including data and place of conference, Place of
publication: Publisher, page nos of contribution
Wilson, T., (2004) Retention: a holistic approach. Paper
presented at the Retention in HE Conference, London:
Hartwell, 15-27
or
Kermani, H. and James, H. (1996) Fadeout in Family Literacy:
the attrition problem in family literacy programs. Paper
presented at the AERA Annual Meeting, New York, March
1996
Back to Bibliography Index
Name of issuing body (Year of publication) Title of publication Place of
publication: Publisher Report no (where relevant)
UNICEF (2004) Humanitarian Action Report New York:
UNAIDS/UNICEF/USAID
Back to Bibliography Index