S.K.H Li Ping
Secondary School
Group no.: C20
---------------------------------• Man Ka Yan, Grace
• Leung Yu Kiu, Pearl
• Yuen Yuk Man, Alex
• Yeung Siu Hung, Eric
• Kwok Tsz Kin, Ryan
Problem
Reference books
Some anti-microbial species
Cinnamon
Garlic
Ginkgo
Oleander
Agar test
Objective:
• To find out which herbs is the
best to inhibit the growth of
mould.
Setups: Samples
No. of day that the
mould grows on agar jelly
Control
17
Oleander
17
24
Ginkgo
37
Garlic
83
Cinnamon
0
10
20
30
40
50
Days
60
70
80
90
神龍本草經
Shen Long
Ben Cao Jing
摘要：菌桂．
味辛溫．主百
病．養精神和
顏色．久服輕
身不老．面生
光華
民間驗方
千金翼薰衣濕香方
•桂皮155克
•薰陸香250克
•詹糖香155克
•藿香各90克
•甲香60克
主治：薰衣 ;同時又具解毒止痛消癮疹
的作用，可增加皮膚的抗病能力。
Effective components
The effective
components of
cinnamon are
cinnamic aldehyde &
cinnamic acid
Project Name
Cinnamon
Substances
Investigation
剋
霉
桂
Extraction Method
•Boiling
Extraction Method
•Steam Distillation
Extraction Method
Solvent:
•95% ethanol
•Rice wine
Why use ethanol and Rice wine?
Ethanol and Rice wine:
• DIY approach
• High dissolving power for
cinnamic aldehyde and acid
Results
Method
Colour
Odour
Steam
Boiling distillation
Light
Brown
Milky
Solvent
Extraction
(Rice wine)
Solvent
Extraction
(95% Ethanol)
Light
Brown
Brown
Cinnamon smell
Deduction
• The effective components in
cinnamon have been extracted
•
Chemical Structure VS
Chemical Tests
Cinnamic
aldehyde
Cinnamic
acid
Results
Tollen
reagent
KMnO4
K2Cr2O7
Bromine
Fehling
2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine
Pure
Cinnamic
Aldehyde
+
+
+
+
+
+
Pure
Cinnamic
Acid
+
-
+
-
-
-
In 95%
Ethanol
+
+
+
+
+
+
Rice Wine
+
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
-
By Steam
Distillation
By Boiling
Results
Tollen
reagent
KMnO4
K2Cr2O7
Bromine
Fehling
2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine
Pure
Cinnamic
Aldehyde
+
+
+
+
+
+
Pure
Cinnamic
Acid
+
-
+
-
-
-
In 95%
Ethanol
+
+
+
+
+
+
In 29%
Rice Wine
+
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
-
By Steam
Distillation
By Boiling
Infrared spectrometry (IR)
Ultra-violet spectrometry
(UV)
High Pressure Liquid
Chromatography (HPLC)
Objective
• Qualitative: Present or not?
• Quantitative: How many?
Chromatogram of Standard
4ppm standard (cinnamic aldehyde and cinnamic acid)
Cinnamic acid Cinnamic aldehyde
Retention Time(minutes)
12.668
14.55
Integrated Area(mAUS*a)
278.8512
411.25055
Samples
Five samples were prepared in
different way
By Boiling
Rotary
Ground
Cortex
+Water & Boiling
1
2
3
Sample
1
Rotary+ Boiling
Conc. of
Cinnamic
acid,
(X10-6M)
Conc. of
Cinnamic
aldehyde,
(X10-6M)
Conc. of
Cinnamic
substances,
(X10-6M)
132.2 + 117.3
117.3 = 249.5
249.5
Conclusion I
Ground+ Boiling
2
Variations were
due to their
Cortex + Boiling
3differences
in:
4
•Brand
Cortex + Extraction
(Rice wine)
•Origin
Cortex + Extraction
•Treatment
5
(95% Ethanol)
102.7
225.4
328.1
67.3
51.2
118.5
37.5
3442
3479.5
42.5
9720
9762.5
By Solvent Extraction
+
4
Rice
wine
Cortex
95%
Ethanol
+
5
Conc. Of Cinnamic substances,
(X10-6M)
10000
9762.5
Conclusion
III
II
Conclusion
IV
-6
250
x 10 M are
Effective
components
Rice wine is good enough!
highly
dissolved
alcohol!
is enough
to killinmould
3479.5
■ Boiling
■ Solvent Extraction
250 249.5
328.1
118.5
0
1
2
3
4
5 (Sample)
Cinnamon Substances
Investigation (CSI)
1. In cinnamon, aldehyde content >>
acid content
2. Aldehyde oxidized to acid
3. Both have strong anti-mould power
4. Rice wine is a cheap and effective
solvent
Investigation - Problem A
• Mould grows on silicon sealant
How to make
Cinnamon
cortex
Honey
wax
Rice wine
Solution
•Apply anti-mould coating
Investigation - Problem B
• Athlete's foot / Disgusting smell
A homeopathic remedy
Heinerman’s Encyclopedia of Fruits,
Vegetables and Herbs, 1998
For athlete’s foot…soaking one’s
feet in a lukewarm brew of cinnamon
and water to inhibit fungi growth…
“Arresting the fungus among us” http://www.ucsf.edu/today
How to make
• Painting concentrated cinnamic
extract on cotton shoe insole
Is it safe?
LD50 ( pure cinnamic acid) for Rats = 2.2g/kg
157kg cinnamon is required to kill a
45kg man
Be careful
Allergic
Pregnant
Asthma
Summary
• Just a tip of an iceberg
• Great potential for future
development
End of Presentation
Some references
• Christian, Gary D.; Analytical Chemistry, 5th edition, 1994,
John Wiley & Sons, pg. 112-114, 245-248.
• 柯銘清 編, 中草葯有效成份---理化與葯理特性, 湖南科學技術
出版社, pg. 21-22.
• 宋小平, 韓長日 編, 香料與食品添加劑制造技術, 科學技術文獻
出版社, pg. 80-84.
• Morrison and Boyd, Organic Chemistry, 3th edition, 1977,
Practice-Hall, pg. 186, 634-635, 639-640.
• Graham, T.W., Organic Chemistry, 2th edition, 1980, John
Wiley & Sons, p.259, 266, 712, 740.
• Skoog, D.A., Holler,F.J., Principles of Instrumental Analysis,
5th edition, 1998, Harcourt Brace & Company Chapter 14,
pg.330-331