HUMAN INFORMATION PROCESSING OTHER SYSTEMS AND ORGANIZATION • LET START WITH MORE PICTURES ILLUSTRATING VISUAL PROCESSING CONCLUSION: THE SYSTEM PRODUCES INTERPRETATION WHICH IS MOST LIKELY THAT IS CREATES STABLE REPRESENTATION ONE ANGLE OR TWO CHOPSTICKS ? WE SEE HERE ILLUSORY CONTOURS OF OBJECTS VISUAL SYSTEM IS REALLY GOOD IN EXTRACTING THEM JUNCTIONS ARE CRITICAL FOR OBJECT PERECPTION COMPARE LEFT AND RIGHT SIDES • VISUAL SYSTEM ASSUMES THAT LIGHT IS COMING FROM TOP LIGHT DIRECTION SAME PICTURE UPSIDE DOWN • IN ALL FIGURES GREY ELEMENTS HAVE THEY SAME INTENSITY BUT PERCEIVED INTENSITY DEPENDS ON THE SURROUNDING AREA. VISUAL SYSTEM IS THUS NOT AN OBJECTIVE LIGHT INTENSITY MEASURING DEVICE • WHERE IS THE LIGHT SOURCE? • WE CAN ESTABLISH ITS POSITION FROM SHADOWS OF OBJECTS • OBJECTS CAN BE EASILY RECOGNIZED FROM MOTION OF DOTS IF THEY ARE MOUNTED ON THE OBJECT HERE WE HAVE EXAMPLE THAT THE SYSTEM IS ALSO VERY ADAPTIVE BRAIN ADAPTATION TO REVERSED LEFT-RIGHT PICTURES Four volunteers lived for an entire month in the strange reverse world we see while shaving or applying lipstick. Wearing special 'prism spectacles' designed to reverse their vision meant that to go left they had to turn right, and if they looked one way to catch a tennis ball, it would hit them on the back. It took three weeks of adaptation for correct answers. • VISUAL SYSTEM IS ONE IMPORANT PART OF HUMAN INFORMATION PROCESSING BUT THERE ARE OTHERS: - ACOUSTICAL SYSTEM - HAPTIC +MOTORIC (TOUCH) WITH VESTIBULAR (ORIENTATION IN SPACE) - SMELL - TASTE • ACOUSTICAL SYSTEM HEARING + SOUND/SPEECH PRODUCTION: THIS IS MATCHED RECEIVERTRANSMITTER SYSTEM VESTIBULAR SYSTEM • COCHLEA – SOUND TRANSDUCER SOUND PRESSURE IS CHANGED INTO FLUID PRESSURE MODEL OF COHLEAR TRANSDUCER U T OUTPUT IS MAXIMUM FOR CERTAIN FREQUENCY AT SOME POSITION ALONG THE TRANSDUCER • HAIRS – CHANGE THE MECHANICAL SIGNAL INTO ELECTRICAL ACOUSTICAL SIGNALS – CAN BE ANALYZED IN TIME AND FREQUENCY OR BOTH. AND BOTH SYSTEMS SEEM TO BE PRESENT IN THE BRAIN WE ARE ABLE TO DETECT PRECISELY FREQUENCY OF TONES E.G. SINUSOIDS AND POSITION OF SOUNDS IN TIME E.G. CLICKS IN THE ACOUSTICAL CORTEX THERE ARE TIME DETECTORS (PLACE) AND FREQUENCY DETECTORS. BOTH TYPE OF SYSTEMS OPERATE AT SOME FREQUENCY RANGES (TOP) FILTERS ARE BROADLY TUNED (BOTTOM) • THE STRUCTURE OF HEARING SYSTEM WE CAN SEE SEVERAL STAGES FOM COCHLEA TO CORTEX SUPERIOR OLIVARY NUCLEUS IS THE PLACE WHERE SPATIAL SOUND PROCESSING STARTS MAPPING INTO FREQUENCY AND SPACE LOCATIONS IS PRESENT, LIKE IN VISION IT WAS FOR LOCAL SIGNAL FEATURES WE HAVE DIFFERENT SENSITIVITIES FOR DIFFEERENT FREQUENCIES, HIGHEST IS IN THE MIDDLE RANGE MUSIC FROM INSTRUMENTS CAN BE VERY EFFICIENTLY RECOGNIZED. THIS MUST BE BASED ON DETAILED FREQUENCY AND TIME ANALYSIS LOCALIZATION OF SOUND SOURCES IN SPACE IS BASED ON MEASURING DIFFERENCES IN TIME OF SOUND ARRIVAL BETWEEN THE EARS. THIS MUST BE VERY PRECISE MEASUREMENT, ON THE ORDER OF TENS OF MICROSECONDS SOUND LOCALIZATION IS QUITE PRECISE BUT HEAD MOVEMENTS AND VISUAL CUES HELP A LOT, ERRORS IN LOCATION CAN BE SEEN IN PICTURES MUSIC PROCESSING.... CERTAIN TONES HAVE HARMONY, THEY SOUND NICE TO US, OTHR TONES NOT. WE ARE PROBABLY BORN WITH A SYSTEM WHICH PROCESSES TONES AND THUS WE ARE PREDISPOSED FOR CERTAIN SOUNDS WHICH ARE ”NATURAL” FOR US • SPEECH PROCESSING SYSTEM A COMPLEX ELASTIC MECHANICAL SYSTEM CONTROLLED ELECTRICALLY FOR REGULATION OF AIRFLOW • BASIC UNITS OF SPEECH –PHONEMS USING THESE UNITS SPEECH CAN BE GENERATED HEARING AND SPEECH ARE PRECISLY MATCHED TO EACH OTHER SPEECH CAN BE RECOGNIZED EVEN AT HIGH LEVEL OF NOISE AND INTERFERENCE . EXAMPLE IS SO CALLED COCTAIL PARTY EFFECT: MANY PEOPLE ARE TALKING AT THE SAME TIME BUT WE ARE ABLE TO CONCENTRATE ON ONE SPEAKER. • VESTIBULAR SYSTEM NOTE THAT THE WORLD WE SEE IS STABLE, WHILE PICTURES ON RETINAS OF EYES ARE NOT. MOVEMENTS ARE COMPENSATED BY SIGNALS FROM VESTIBULAR SYSTEM (ORIENTATION IN SPACE) EXAMPLE: WHEN PERSON IS ROTATING ON A PLATFORM IN DARK ROOM, HORIZONTAL LINE WILL BE DEFLECTED • TOUCH SYSTEM IT HAS RECEPTORS IN THE BODY. IN THE BRAIN THERE IS MAPPING OF THE BODY IN THE CORTEX • VIEW OF BASIC BRAIN STRUCTURES • MAPPING OF BODY PARTS IN THE SOMATOSENSORY CORTEX • SKIN RECEPTORS OF TOUCH (CAPSULES AT THE NERVE ENDINGS) • TOUCH SENSITIVITY THRESHOLD OVER THE BODY: FEMALES MALES FEMALES ARE MORE SENSITIVE TO TOUCH • PAIN SYSTEM WHAT IS PAIN? IT IS SIGNALLING FROM THE BODY TO THE BRAIN ABOUT IMPROPER OPERATION THE BRAIN CHANGES ITS ACTION TO DEAL WITH THE PROBLEM THERE IS ALSO A SYSTEM FOR IHIBITING THE PAIN SIGNALS • ACUPUNCTURE IT IS ACTIVATION OF TOUCH AND PAIN SYSTEM IN ORDER TO STIMULATE OTHER BRAIN STRUCTURES PERHAPS IMMUNE SYSTEM IS STIMULATED??? INTEGRATION OF SENSES IN BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS WE COULD CALL IT ”BIOLOGICAL MULTIMEDIA” but this is ONLY A JOKE! • PEOPLE HAVE FANTASTIC CAPABILITIES IN RECEIVING AND PRODUCING INFORMATION BY DIFFERENT SENSES AND SYSTEMS FOR EXAMPLE THEY CAN SPEAK, LISTEN AND DANCE AT THE SAME TIME HOW SUCH THINGS ARE CONTROLLED AND ORGANIZED IN THE BRAIN? LET’S SEE FIRST SOME OF THE BRAIN CAPABILITIES (SOME OF THEM QUITE FUNNY TOO) CROSSMODAL MATCHING HERE THE PERSON MUST RECOGNIZE OBJECT VISUALLY, RECOGNIZE OBJECT BY TOUCH, COMPARE THEM AND MATCH HOW THIS IS DONE? PROBABLY INFORMATION FROM DIFFERENT SENSES IS STORED IN SOME GENERAL WAY, INEPENDENT FROM PARTICULAR SENSE SOME PEOPLE HAVE PECULIAR EXPERIENCE: THEY FEEL E.G. SPECIFIC SHAPE WHEN FEEL SPECIFIC TASTE THIS IS CALLED SYNESTHESIA, ONE CAN SPECULATE THAT SENSORY SIGNALS GET MIXED UP SOMWHERE • VENTRILOQUISM - BY COORDINATING MOVEMENTS OF A PUPPET WITH SPEECH, VENTIRLOQUIST INDUCES STRONG ILLUSION THAT THE PUPPET IS SPEAKING • HOW THE COORDINATION IS DONE? DEEP IN THE BRAIN THERE IS A STRUCTURE CALLED SUPERIOR COLLICULUS • IN THIS STRUCTURE THERE ARE NEURONS REACTING TO DIFFERENT SENSORY INFORMATION: THEY ARE MULTIMODAL • STIMULATION OF DIFFERENT SENSORY AREAS OF CORTEX WILL PRODUCE RESPONSE FROM Superior Colliculus NEURONS: • THERE ARE MANY KINDS OF MULTIMODAL NEURONS: SOME RESPOND TO 2 DIFFERENT SENSES AND SOME TO 3 NEURON RECEIVING SIGNALS FROM THREE SENSES • THESE NEURONS HAVE CONNECTIONS FROM LAYERS OF SINGLE SENSORY NEURONS • HERE WE SEE LAYER OF VISUAL NEURONS FOR DIFFERENT ANIMALS THEY FORM A MAP OF VISUAL SPACE • HERE WE SEE LAYER OF AUDITORY NEURONS THEY FORM A MAP OF AUDITORY SPACE • THE DIFFERENT MAPS ARE OVERLAID ON EACH OTHER SO THEY MATCH! • THESE NEURONS RESPOND TO OVERLAPPING AREAS FROM DIFFERENT SENSORY MAPS. THEY HAVE BROAD RESPONSE RESPONSE PATTERNS FOR DIFFERENT BODY AREAS • CONTROL OF BODY MOVEMENTS EAR POSITIONS • REACTION OF VISUAL-ACOUSTICAL NEURON. REPONSE IS GREATLY ENHANCED FOR SIMULTANEOUS VISUAL-ACOUSTICAL STIMULATION PLEASE NOTE THAT SIGNALS ARE SYNCHRONIZED I N TIME! • RESPONSE OF VISUAL-TOUCH NEURON. RESPONSE IS ENHANCED PLEASE NOTE THAT SIGNALS ARE SYNCHRONIZED I N TIME! • TOUCH-VISUAL NEURON. RESPONSE ENHANCED PLEASE NOTE THAT SIGNALS ARE SYNCHRONIZED I N TIME! • TRIMODAL NEURON- SENSITIVE TO 3 SENSES. RESPONSE TO TWO SENSES AT A TIME • DEPRESSION OF RESPONSE WHEN SIGNALS ARE NOT OPTIMALLY SYNCHRONIZED • RECEPTIVE FIELD OF NEURON RESPONSE DEPRESSED STRONGEST MULTISENSORY RESPONSE RESPONSE INCREASED • HOW RESPONSE DEPENDS ON THE POINT OF STIMULATION WE CAN SEE STRONG DEPRESSION AND ENHANCEMENT • RESPONSE FOR VISUAL-TOUCH NEURON • RESPONSE FOR TOUCH-ACOUSTICAL NEURON • VISUAL-ACOUSTICAL RESPONSE IN RELATION TO POSITION OF EARS • WHAT HAPPENS IF STIMULATIONS ARE NOT SYNCHRONIZED? ACOUSTICAL SIGNAL IS EARLIER THAN TOUCH BY 400, 200, ... MS WE SEE CORRELATION OF RESPONSES WHICH IS QUITE BROAD WITH RESPECT TO TIME TOUCH SIGNAL IS EARLIER • ACOUSTICAL SIGNAL IS EARLIER THAN VISUAL, • VERY STRONG PEAK RESPONSE BETWEEN 50 AND 0 MS • STIMULATION MUST BE SYNCHRONIZED IN TIME AND IN SPATIAL POSITION TO PROVIDE MAXIMUM RESPONSE • WHY ALL THIS IS DONE? BECAUSE MUTISENSORY SIGNALS PROVIDE MORE PRECISE INFORMATION HERE WE SEE EFFECT OF COMBINATION OF SENSES THE DELAY OF 50 MS FOR OPTIMAL AUDIOVISUAL RESPONSE MIGHT BE COMING BECAUSE OF THE DEALAY IN SOUND PROPAGATION IN 50 MS SOUND MAKES ABOUT 20 M WHICH IS TYPICAL RANGE OF OPERATION IN BIOLOGY • AND FINALLY LET’S LOOK INTO THE POWER OF OBJECT RECOGNITION THIS? – WHAT IS • AND THIS? • AND THIS....? If you still don’t see anything and you look at this from Powerpoint, you can now click on the loudspeaker for answer: If you know the answer it becomes easy and automatic to interpret this and previous pictures too • SUMMARY OF HUMAN INFORMATION PROCESSING • IT IS VERY COMPLEX SYSTEM, HARD TO UNDERSTAND IN DETAILS • BASIC PROCESSING UNITS, NEURONS ARE OFTEN BEHAVING IN STRANGE WAYS • WE OBSERVER STRUCTURES PERFORMING SPECIFIC FUNCTIONS (E.G. VISUAL, HEARING) • THESE FUNCTIONS ARE BASED ON MANY CLEVER ALGORITHMS • HIGHER LEVEL FUNCTIONS ARE VERY COMPLICATED BUT STILL PERFORMED BY SPECIALIZED STRUCTURES • ALL STRUCTURES AND SYSTEMS ARE PERFECTLY INTEGRATED • MAPPINGS OF BODY AND WORLD GIVE RISE TO SELF AND CONSCIOUSNESS • IT SEEMS THE BRAIN IS SO COMPLEX BECAUSE IT IS NOT POSSIBLE TO SOLVE THE PROBLEMS IN SIMPLER WAY. SUPPLEMENTARY NONMANDATORY MATERIAL FOR THIS LECTURE WE COVERED UNTIL NOW HUAMAN INFORMATION PROCESSING RELATED TO SENSORY SYSTEMS, VISION MAINLY BUT HUMAN INFORMATION PROCESSING SYSTEM HAS OTHER ASPECTS WHICH ARE QUITE AMAZING. WE WILL OVERVIEW THEM SINCE THEY WILL BE RESEARCHED IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IN THE XXI CENTURY • SOME ADVANCED FEATURES OF HUMAN INFORMATION PROCESSING: - MEMORY (BIG, CONTENT-BASED, CONTENT RETRIEVAL, ASSOCIATIONS) - LEARNING (ADAPTATION HUGE CAPABILITIES, FORGETTING) - INTELLIGENCE (CLEVER BEHAVIOR?) - THINKING (???) - CONSCIOUSNESS (UNIQUE FEATURE, FEELING, EMOTIONS, SELF ???) • SOME OF THESE FEATURES ARE BEYOND OUR UNDERSTANDING - FOR EXAMPLE WHAT IS THINKING? - HOW MEMORY WORKS? - HARDEST OF ALL ARE QUESTIONS ABOUT: PERSONALITY, SELF AND CONSCIOUSNESS UNTIL RECENTLY THERE WAS VERY LITTLE WHICH COULD BE SAID ABOUT THEM • THERE ARE QUESTIONS LIKE: - ARE ALL THESE PROPERTIES SOME KIND OF INFORMATION PROCESSES? - ARE THEY ALGORITHMIC PROCESSES? (CAN ALGOTITHMS BE PRODUCED FOR THEM?) - ARE THEY BASED ON SOME UNKNOWN PRINICPLES ? MAYBE THEY ARE IMMATERIAL, SPIRITUAL OR QUANTUM PHYSICS? - ARE THEY BEYOND OUR ABILITY TO UNDERSTAND THEM? IS THERE MAGIC THERE? - THESE QUESTIONS ARE VALID SINCE WE HAVE NO STRICT ANSWERS TO THEM. • FOR EXAMPLE: HOW HUMAN MEMORY WORKS? WHAT HAS BEEN LEARNED IS THAT THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF MEMORY: SHORT-TERM AND LONG-TERM AND MAYBE SPECIFIC MEMORIES FOR SPECIFIC TASKS INVOLVED IN THESE PROCESSES ARE TEMPORAL LOBE AND HIPPOCAMPUS. REMOVING TEMPORAL LOBE LEADS TO INABILITY OF FORMING NEW LONG-TERM MEMORIES BUT OLD MEMORIS ARE KEPT. BUT SOME TYPES OF MEMORE, E.G. MOTOR SKILLS. CAN BE STILL LEARNED. HERE WE SEE TEMPORAL LOBE AND HIPPOCAMPUS TEMPORAL LOBE IS INVOLVED IN CONSCIOUS MEMORIES FORMATION • UNCONSCIOUS MEMORIES (LIKE SIMPLE REACTIONS) FORM IN THE AREAS WHERE THEY ARE PERFORMED. • HIPPOCAMPUS IS AREA WHERE MEMORIES STAY FOR WEEKS AND THEN ARE TRANSFERRED TO CORTEX • IT IS THOUGHT THAT MEMORIES FORM BY MODIFYING SYNAPTICAL CONNECTIONS BETWEEN NEURONS • SYNAPSES ARE ’PLASTIC’ THEY CAN GROW AND MODIFY STRENGTH • SHORT-TERM MEMORY IS WORKING MEMORY, WHERE INFORMATION IS MANIPULATED. THIS IS DONE IN PREFRONTAL CORTEX DELAYED RESPONSE TASK: EYES ARE FIXED IN THE CENTER, TARGET APPEARS FOR A BRIEF MOMENT AND VANIHES. WHEN CENTER SPOT DISAPPEARS EYES TURN TO POSITION WHERE THE TARGET WAS. THERE ARE NEURONS WHICH KEEP INFORMATION WHERE THE TARGET WAS. • IT IS ALSO KNOWN THAT SPECIALIZED AREAS OF MEMORY OR MEMORY FORMATION/RECALL EXIST, E.G. FOR FACES, FOR PLACES, FOR OBJECTS. THERE ARE PEOPLE WHO HAVE THE FACE MEMORY DAMAGED, CAN NOT MEMORIZE AND RECOGNIZE FACES THERE ARE PEOPLE WHO HAVE FENOMENAL MEMORY FOR FACES AND OTHER THINGS • SOME MECHANISM FOR ENCODING OF INFORMATION AND RETRIEVAL MUST EXIST • ANOTHER EXAMPLE: LANGUAGE PROCESSING NOTE AREAS INVOLVED IN DIFFERENT ASPECTS OF PROCESSING (VERBS,NOUNS,SENTENCES) LANGUAGE AND OTHER FUNCTIONS: WORDS AND COLOR VISION • AT OLDER AGE MEMORY, LEARNING BECOME IMPAIRED (LOSS OF NEURONS...?) • LET’S NOW TAKE A ’SIMPLE’ ACT OF MOVING IN ENVIRONMENT. VISUAL SYSTEM MUST ESTABLISH LOCATION OF OBJECTS, NEXT A ROUTE MUST BE PLANNED TO AVOID THEM AND EXECUTED. • THIS MUST BE ADAPTIVE PROCESS AS IT GOES ON ERRORS ARE CORRECTED AND OPTIMAL TRAJECTORY IS SELECTED • MANY AREAS OF THE BRAIN MUST BE ENGAGED IN THIS THE MOST ADVANCED AND AMAZING PROPERTIES OF THE BRAIN CONCERN - PERSONALITY (WHO WE ARE?) - FEELINGS, EMOTIONS, MOODS, (INNER, PSYCHIC LIFE) - THINKING, IMAGINATIONS, DREAMS - CONSCIOUSNESS (WE ARE AWARE ABOUT OURSELVES) • CONSCIOUSNESS IS THE MOST AMAZING PROPERTY – HOW WE CAN FEEL, BE AWARE OF OURSELVES AND THE WORLD? UNTIL RECENTLY THIS PROPERTY WAS THOUGHT AS ”MAGIC” OR MAYBE ’SPIRITUAL’ AND LITTLE COULD BE SAID ABOUT ITS NATURE • BUT PROGRESS IS BEING MADE IN THIS AREA TOO - FIRST, WE HAVE TO NOTICE THAT AS HUMAN BEINGS WE ARE UNIQUE PERSONS WITH UNIQUE HISTORY AND BEHAVIOR, WE ARE ANCHORED IN REALITY OF THE WORLD AROUND US. FROM INFANCY WE RECEIVE INFORMATION FROM OUTSIDE WORLD AND WE BECOME PERSONS – UNITS WITH SPECIFIC BACKGROUND AND HISTORY. - WHERE AND HOW THE BRAIN IS MAKING THIS ALL? • THERE IS A BOOK WHICH PRESENTS MAYBE COHERENT PROPOSAL FOR TREATING THESE MATTERS: • THE BOOK IS AN OUTGROWTH OF NEUROLOGICAL STUDIES – BEHAVIOR OF PEOPLE WITH DAMAGES IN THE BRAIN THE CASE OF PHINEAS GAGE, XIX CENTURY RAILROAD WORKER GOT A DAMAGE OF FRONTAL PART OF THE BRAIN (NAIL STRUCK FROM THE BOTTOM). HE SURVIVED BUT HIS PERSONALITY CHANGED. HE WAS VERY WELL MANNERED AND TEMPERED BEFORE, HE BECAME CAPRICIOUS, USING OBSCENE WORDS, MAKING UNFULFILLED PLANS, DID NOT CARE ABOUT OTHER PEOPLE, UNDISCIPLINED, NOT ABLE TO WORK • SIMILAR CONDITIONS HAPPEN E.G. IN CASES OF BRAIN TUMORS IN FRONTAL BRAIN • ONE CAN CONCLUDE THAT IN THE FRONTAL AREAS OF THE BRAIN THERE ARE REGIONS TAKING PART IN INTELLIGENT BEHAVIOR, PLANNING LIFE, MAKING DECISIONS, INTERACTION WITH OTHER PEOPLE. • SO WE COULD SAY THAT (PROBABLY?) EVERY ASPECT OF OUR LIFE IS PROCESSED SOMEWHERE IN THE BRAIN. PROCESSING MIGHT BE DONE BY SPECIAL ”HARDWARE” STRUCTURES WE ARE BORN WITH. THEY ARE PROGRAMMED AND ADAPTED DURING LIFE. SOMETIMES THEY FAIL (BIZARRE BEHAVIOR?) • TAKE THIS ILLUSTRATION HERE ARE REGIONS OF THE BRAIN INVOLVED IN PROCESSING EMOTIONS CONVINCED MURDER HAS LESS BRAIN ACITVITY IN THE FRONTAL AREA THAN TYPICAL. PLEASE NOTE THAT THIS DOES NOT PROVE THAT ALL CRIMINALS HAVE BRAIN PROBLEMS, MAYBE SOME??? • SOME OTHER ILLUSTRATIONS OF BRAIN HIDDEN OPERATION: IMPOSTOR PROBLEM – PATIENT DENIES THAT A PERSON WHICH HE SEES IS HIS MOTHER – THE PERSON JUST PRETENDS TO BE HIS MOTHER. WHEN SPEAKING ON THE PHONE WITH HER THERE IS NO SUCH EFFECT NEGLECT – PATIENT DENIES THAT E.G. HIS HAND IS PARALYZED, IT IS OK. PATIENT SEEING HIS LEG IN THE BED TRIES TO THROW IT AWAY SINCE THIS IS NOT HIS LEG • TRANSCRANIAL MAGNETIC STIMULATION POWERFUL MAGNET INDUCES ELECTRIC CURRENT PULSES INTO CERTAIN BRAIN AREAS - STIMULATION OF CERTAIN BRAIN AREAS (TEMPORAL LOBE) PRODUCES RELIGIOUS (!) EXPERIENCES, E.G. ’GOD SPEAKS’, ’DIVINE LIGHTS ILLUMINATES ALL THINGS’, ’ULTIMATE TRUTH FEELING’. THIS IS ALSO KNOWN TO OCCUR IN EPILEPSY - STIMULATION OF OTHER PARTS MAY INDUCE LIFE-LIKE MEMORIES, BEHAVIORS NORMAL • IT IS ALSO KNOWN THAT IN PSYCHIATRIC DISEASES CERTAIN BRAIN REGIONS ARE SHRINKED OR HAVE ABNORMAL ACTIVITY LEVELS HERE HIPPOCAMPUS IS SHRINKED IN SCHIZOPHRENIA CASE • FROM THESE EVIDENCES WE CAN ACCEPT A WORKING HYPOTHESIS THAT EVERYTHING WE OBSERVE IS A RESULT OF PROCESSING BY CERTAIN BRAIN STRUCTURES. • THE QUESTION IS HOW THESE STRUCTURES OPERATE? THIS HAS TO BE VERY COMPLEX. CERTAIN BEHAVIORS ARE PROGRAMMED (ANIMALS) BUT THERE IS SIGNIFICANT LEARNING AND ADAPTATION ABILITY. • IT IS KNOWN THAT NEURAL NETWORKS ARE VERY ’PLASTIC’ BUT ON THE OTHER HAND SOME STRUCTURES CAN BE HARDWIRED. • HOW ABOUT CONSCIOUSNESS THEN? ACCORDING TO DAMASIO THEORY CONSCIOUSNESS HAS ITS ROOTS IN EMOTIONS. WHAT IS EMOTION? IT IS AN INTEGRATED REACTION TO AN EVENT (SEE NEXT PAGE) • CONSIDER THIS: YOU WALK AND SUDDENLY THERE IS SOMETHING UNEXPECTED, AND DANGEROUS. WHAT WILL HAPPEN? • THIS HAPPENS... IMAGE IS PROCESSED AND OBJECTS ACTIVATES AMYGDALA – AREA WHICH GENERATES EMOTIONAL RESPONSE OF FEAR!!! HEART RATE AND BLOOD PRESSURE UP, SWEATING, MUSCLES CONTRACT, CERTAIN ACTION PROGRAMS START • SOME PEOPLE HAVE IMPAIRED EMOTION STRUCTURES: THEY HAVE NO OR LITTLE FEAR, FOR EXAMPLE VERY OUTGOING TO UNKNOWN PEOPLE, DOING DANGEROUS THINGS OTHER PEOPLE FEAR VERY MUCH – PHOBIAS. STRUCTURES INVOLVED IN EMOTION PROCESSING ARE OLD, LOW LEVEL, CONNECTED TO BASIC LIFE REGULATION FUNCTIONS • THE FEAR EMOTION IS VERY BASIC, PRIMITIVE, AUTOMATIC REACTION • BUT WE HAVE ALSO FEELINGS OF EMOTIONS. THAT IS WE FEEL THE EMOTION LIKE THERE WOULD BE AN INTERNAL ’COOL’ OBSERVER EVALUATING IT THUS, FEELINGS ARE MENTAL IMAGES OF EMOTIONAL STATE. BUT THERE IS STILL HIGHER LEVEL ASPECT OF THIS SYSTEM: WE KNOW THAT WE HAVE FEELINGS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN FEELINGS AND KNOWING TO HAVE FEELINGS MUST BE BECAUSE OF CONSCIOUSNESS, THAT IS KNOWING ITS OWN STATE. HERE THERE IS DIFFICULTY OF CONSCIOUSNESS CONSIDERED AS ”INFORMATION PROCESS” • LET’S ILLUSTRATE KNOWING OWN STATE HAPPINESS: MOST PEOPLE HAVE MODERATE DEGREE OF HAPPINESS WHICH MIGHT BE ADAPTATION ADVANTAGE: TOO HAPPY OR NOT HAPPY = LITTLE MOTIVATION??? • CONSCIOUSNESS MUST BE PRESENT IF FEELINGS ARE TO INFLUENCE BEYOND IMMEDIATE ACTIONS • ON THE RIGHT ONE CAN SEE LEVELS OF LIFE REGULATION CONSCIOUS LEVEL IS WHERE FEELINGS ARE KNOWN • BUT WHAT IT MEANS TO ’KNOW FEELINGS’ WHO KNOWS? OR HOW THE BRAIN KNOWS? THIS IS MULTILEVEL PROCESS: IMAGINE GOING FROM SLEEP TO WAKEFULNESS – SOME BASIC PROCESSES START THEN: ATTENTION TOWARDS EXTERNAL OBJECTS,BEHAVIORS, THIS IS CORE CONSCIOUSNESS - AND NEXT, A MAGIC HAPPENS: WE START FEELING SELF • WHAT OR WHO IS THE SELF? OR WHO WE ARE? WHO AM I? WHAT WE HAVE LEARNED UNTIL NOW IS THAT THE BRAIN HAS DETAILED MAPPINGS OF THE BODY, AND STATE OF ITS PARTS. IT HAS ALSO MAPPINGS OF EXTERNAL OBJECTS AND THE WORLD. IT HAS MAPPINGS OF CURRENT EMOTIONAL STATE AND FEELINGS. • BUT THE BRAIN MUST HAVE ALSO MAPPINGS OF ALL THINGS WHICH MAKE US UNIQUE PERSONS: – HISTORY AND PLACES, - NAME AND APPEARANCE, - PEOPLE WE KNOW, - FUNCTIONS WE DO, - ROLES WE PLAY LET US START FROM THE BOTTOM: OUR BODY IS CONNECTED TO SELF THROUGH MAPPING OF BODY PARTS AND THEIR OPERATION • PROTO-SELF IS A COHERENTCOLLECTION OF NEURAL PATTERNS WHICH MAP, MOMENT BY MOMENT THE STATE OF PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF THE ORGANISM IN ITS MANY DIMENSIONS. THE COLLECTION HAPPENS THROUGH ACTIVATION OF MANY DIFFERENT AREAS BRAIN STEM REGULATE BODY SIGNALS AND MAP THEM HYPOTHALAMUS AND BASAL FOREBRAIN REGULATE E.G. GLUCOSE, HORMONE AND PH LEVEL INSULAR CORTEX AND MEDIAL PARIETAL CORTEX HAVE INTEGRATED STATE OF ALL BASIC FUNCTIONS AND CURRENT BODY POSITIONS • WHAT IS CORE CONSCIOUSNESS? CORE CONSCIOUSNESS OCCURS WHEN THE BRAINS’ INTERNAL REPRESENTATION DEVICES GENERATE NONVERBAL ACCOUNT (MAPPING) OF HOW THE ORGANISMS’ OWN STATE IS AFFECTED BY THE ORGANISM’S PROCESSING OF OBJECTS AND WHEN THIS PROCESS ENHANCES THE IMAGE OF CAUSATIVE OBJECT THUS PLACING IT SALIENTLY IN A SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL CONTEXT. • SO, CORE CONSCIOUSNESS IS A MAPPING OF ORGANISM STATE CHANGES AS IT REPRESENTS OBJECTS IN THIS PROCESS, THE BASIC FEELING OF SELF APPEARS THIS IS CORE SELF CORE SELF – FEELING AT THE REREPRESENTATION OF THE PROTO-SELF IN THE PROCESS OF BEING MODIFIED WITHIN AN ACCOUNT WHICH ESTABLISHES THE CAUSE OF MODIFICATION AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL SELF WE HAVE MEMORY OF ALL OUR AUTOBIOGRAPHY, IT IS CONNECTED TO PROTO-SELF AND CORE-SELF. • CORE CONSCIOUSNESS: RE-REPRESENTATION OF PROTO-SELF AND OBJECT AND CHANGING OF PROTO-SLEF INTO PROTO-SELF MODIFIED BY OBJECT HERE WE SEE MAP OF OBJECT, MAP OF PROT-SELF AND MAP OF PROTO-SELF MODIFIED WHEN SECOND ORDER MAP IS CREATED, THE MAP OF OBJECT BECOMES ENHANCED • WHERE THE SECOND ORDER MAP IS CREATED? PROBABLY IN THOSE REGIONS WHICH RECEIVE INPUTS FROM MANY PARTS OF THE BRAIN • THE PROTO-SELF AND SECOND-ORDER MAP STRUCTURES COMBINED • EXTENDED CONSCIOUSNESS IT RUNS ON AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL (AUTOB) MEMORY . THUS IT WILL BE •RE-REPRESENTATION OF AUTOB-SELF AND OBJECT AND CHANGING OF AUTOB-SLEF INTO AUTOB-SELF MODIFIED BY OBJECT BUT THIS MEANS THAT EXTENDED CONSCIOUSNESS WILL RUN OVER WHOLE LIFE MEMORIES, EVERYTHING, BECAUSE ACCESS TO MEMORY IS UNLIMITED, THE SECOND ORDER MAPPING WILL BE VERY COMPLEX • BUT ON TOP OF EXTENDED CONSCIOUSNESS THERE IS ANOTHER LEVEL OF CONSCIENCE IT IS CONSCIOUNESS+ LANGUAGE+ CREATIVITY+ CIVILIZATION WE SEE THE BRAID OF THESE LEVELS HERE • CONSCIENCE IS A REAL MAGIC ABOUT WHICH WE CAN NOT SAY MUCH (E.G. HUMAN CREATIVITY) • THE TECHNICAL PROBLEM IS: IF ALL WHAT IS BRIAN DOING IS INFORMATION PROCESSING DESCRIBED BY VERY COMPLEX ALGORITHMS, THEN WE MAY THINK THAT SOMETIME IN THE FUTURE WE WILL FIND THOSE ALGORITHMS AND WILL IMPLEMENT THEM IN MACHINES. • SO WHY WE WERE TALKING ABOUT ALL THIS? BECAUSE THESE TOPICS WILL BE LATER IN THE XXI CENTURY INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY TOPICS. WE ARE AT THE MOMENT AT A PRIMITIVE LEVEL OF BASIC MEDIA PROCESSING. BUT WE MAY GUESS THATTHERE IS A LOT TO DO FOR NEXT 100 YEARS. WE ARE JUST BEGINNING TO ENTER THIS AREA.