Chapter One
Introduction to
Human Anatomy and
Physiology
 Morphology
– Study of
Structures
◦Gross Anatomy –
◦Cytology –
◦Histology –
Anatomy & Physiology
 Physiology
–
◦ Biochemistry –
◦ Biophysics –
◦ Embryology –
◦ Pathology –
◦ Genetics –
..
Chemical Level :
 Compounds Cellular –
 Tissues –

◦
◦
◦
◦
Epithelial –
Muscle –
Connective –
Nervous -
Organs – group of tissues w/ certain
functions.
 Systems – group of organs working together

◦
◦
◦
◦
◦
◦
◦
◦
◦
◦
◦
Integumentary
Skeletal
Muscular
Nervous
Endocrine
Circulatory (cardiovascular)
Respiratory
Urinary- Excretory
Lymphatic
Reproductive
Digestive
B
Anatomical Position
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Person stands erect
 Feet flat on floor
 Arms at sides
 Palms, face & eyes facing
forward


© McGraw-Hill Companies/Joe DeGrandis, photographer
Figure A.1
Standard frame of
reference for anatomical
descriptions & dissection
A-6
Homeostasis – “constant internal state”
 Anatomical Terms
◦ Directions
 Anterior –
 Posterior –
 Superior –
 Inferior –
 Medial –
 Lateral –
 Proximal –

Organism – living thing

More Directions
 Distal –
 Superficial –
 Deep –
 Parietal –
 Visceral –
 Mesentary –
 Supine –
 Prone –
Forearm Positions

When supinated
◦ palms face forward
or upward
◦ radius & ulna are
parallel

When pronated
◦ palms face rearward
or downward
◦ radius & ulna are
crossed
Figure A.2
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 Sagittal
–
 Midsagittal
 Transverse
–
–
◦ Cross sections –
◦ Oblique plane –
◦ Frontal –
Anatomical Planes and
Sections
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
Frontal
plane

Transverse
plane
Section implies actual cut or
slice to reveal internal
anatomy
Plane implies an imaginary flat
surface passing through the
body
◦ Sagittal plane divides body into
right and left regions
Sagittal
plane
© McGraw-Hill Companies/Joe DeGrandis, photographer
Figure A.3
 median (midsagittal) plane divides body or
organ into equal halves
◦ Frontal (coronal) plane divides body
into anterior (front) & posterior
(back) portions
◦ Transverse (horizontal) plane
divides the body into superior
(upper) & inferior (lower) portions
A-11
Body Regions

Axial region =
◦ thoracic region =
◦ abdominal region =
 divided into quadrants
 divided into nine regions by tic-tac-toe grid






Appendicular region =
arm (brachial region),
forearm (antebrachial region),
wrist (carpal region),
hand (manual region),
fingers (digits)
◦ lower limb
 thigh (femoral region), leg (crural region),
ankle (tarsal region), foot (pedal region), toes (digits)
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Appendicular region =
arm (brachial region),
forearm (antebrachial region),
wrist (carpal region),
hand (manual region),
fingers (digits)
lower limb
thigh (femoral region),
leg (crural region),
ankle (tarsal region),
foot (pedal region),
toes (digits

Axial

Appendicular
◦”

Body Cavities
◦ Dorsal –

Ventral

Oral –

Nasal –

Orbital –
Body Cavities and Membranes
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Cranial cavity

Major body cavities
◦ cranial cavity
◦ vertebral canal
Vertebral canal
 meninges
Thoracic cavity
◦ thoracic cavity
◦ abdominopelvic cavity
Diaphragm
Abdominal cavity
 abdominal cavity
 pelvic cavity
Pelvic cavity
(a) Left lateral view
Figure A.7

Lined by serous
membranes

Filled with viscera
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Quadrants
Right
upper
quadrant
Right
lower
quadrant
(a)
Left
upper
quadrant
Left
lower
quadrant
Regions
Hypochondriac
region
Subcostal line
Epigastric
region
Lumbar
region
Umbilical
region
Intertubercular
line
Inguinal region
Midclavicular
line
Hypogastric
region
Abdominal Quadrants and Regions
(c)
Figure A.6
A-17
Body Landmarks

Anterior
◦ Abdominal
◦ Axillary –
◦ Brachial –
◦ Buccal –
◦ Carpal –
◦ Cervical –
◦ Digital –
◦ Femoral –
◦ Inguinal –
◦Patellar –
◦Pubic –
◦Sternal –
◦Tarsal –
◦Thoracic –
◦Umbilical –
 Posterior
◦ Cephalic –
◦ Gluteal –
◦ Lumbar –
◦ Occipital –
◦ Scapular –
◦ Vertebral –
◦ Caudal –
◦ Popliteal-
Anatomical Terminology
(ventral)
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Cephalic r. (head)
Facial r. (face)
Cervical r. (neck)
Upper limb:
Acromial r.
(shoulder)
Thoracic r. (chest):
Sternal r.
Pectoral r.
Axillary r. (armpit)
Brachial r. (arm)
Cubital r. (elbow)
Umbilical r.
Antebrachial r.
(forearm)
Abdominal r.
Inguinal r. (groin)
Carpal r. (wrist)
Pubic r.:
Mons pubis
Palmar r. (palm)
External genitalia:
Penis
Scrotum
Testes
Lower limb:
Coxal r. (hip)
Patellar r. (knee)
Lower limb:
Femoral r. (thigh)
Crural r. (leg)
Tarsal r. (ankle)
Pedal r. (foot):
Dorsum
Plantar surface
(sole)
(a) Anterior (ventral)
(b) Anterior (ventral)
© McGraw-Hill Companies/Joe DeGrandis, photographer
Figure A.5
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Anatomical Terminology
(dorsal)
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Cranial r.
Nuchal r.
(back of neck)
Interscapular r.
Scapular r.
Vertebral r.
Lumbar r.
Sacral r.
Gluteal r.
(buttock)
Dorsum of hand
Perineal r.
Femoral r.
Popliteal r.
Crural r.
Tarsal r.
Calcaneal r.
(heel)
(c) Posterior (dorsal)
(d) Posterior (dorsal)
© McGraw-Hill Companies/Joe DeGrandis, photographer
Figure A.5
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