1
SprAid Prototype Analysis and Potential
Application for Superficial Wound Treatment
(March 2015)
Richard Patrican, Nathan Jordan, Andrew Cedeno

Abstract — The SprAid prototype, is the installment of a
medical device to include both a pressure and electrical system to
theoretically accept different medicinal solutions including: wound
dressings, antiseptic and hemostatic agents to hypothetically treat
superficial wounds by the use of a pressure spray system. The
designed prototype was implemented to ascertain whether or not
medicinal solutions of the same viscosity could be added by an
electrical system during a pressure differential change. The
construction of such a system in its entirety in previous recorded
studies has never been attempted due to the problem of viscosity
levels and formulation of an electrical system to coordinate the
release of fluid into a pressure differential chamber. The solution to
the problem was to utilize medicinal solutions, of the same viscosity
level incorporated into to the t-fitting of the pressure system driven
by a custom motorized palate. The motorized palate would rotate
the solution and the pressure system, utilizing a unique valve stem,
incorporating an O-ring, would fill the chamber with pressure only
when the system is activated by the user, thereby overcoming the
pressure differential problem. The overall goal of the design, is to
include the working parameters of both pressure and electrical
system that can later be used in the process of human trials to
determine whether or not the effect of the system improves the
healing nature of superficial wounds. The results of the pressure
system indicated in regards to spray diameter and pressure that, as
the spray diameter decreased, it was proportional to the area of
wound coverage provided by the particular pressure. The results in
regards to spray diameter and distance illustrated an optimal use
within the range of 8-14 inches in which a standard spray diameter
was viewed. The electrical system configuration dealing with 2-4,
produced the optimal results of degree rotation in which to move
from one solution to the next. The guidance of these results,
highlighted that the system could maintain a differential pressure
change in the system along with rotate from one solution to the
next. The impact of the research, could one day be translated, in the
application of wound care in both a hospital and military basis to
treat extensive superficial wounds to multiple patients when using
the SprAid device.
Index Terms—Electrical Spraying System, Mechanical Spray
Gun, Spraying Apparatus
I.
INTRODUCTION
In the field of health care, the aspect of wound care is an
undeniable action induced or caused by unavoidable events
that leads to resulting wounds to all individuals who come into
contact with such events. The author (Fidler, 2002), states in
reference to statistical matters concerning wound endeavors in
the state of the U.S. that 37.6 million individuals are taken to
the emergency room yearly due to injuries. The commonality
of such results stated (Fidler, 2002) reveals that 4 out of 10
patients suffer wound related incidents and 22 percent are
open-ended wounds inflicted to the patients in which 7 out of
10 patient’s required medicinal medications. Findings reported
(Fidler, 2002) from the National Center for Health Statistics,
state in the case of wound care, 29.6 percent required
therapeutic treatment. For example, (Fidler, 2002) provides an
account of 1997 in which children under the age of 5 and
elderly residents showed that accidental falls were the leading
cause of wound injuries. The notion of such a field that
promises no span of pre-preventable protection can only be
followed by a governing self-sustaining system to treat the
wound injuries. Therefore, background information will be
presented regarding the development and future use of spray
on applicators such as wound dressings, antiseptic and
hemostatic agents that can be utilized in any spray device to
treat superficial wounds. Details will be presented regarding
the product design and future outlook of the spray prototype,
such as the SprAid. Parameters regarding methods and results
will be analyzed and discussed regarding the outcome of all
three tests for the both the pressure system and electrical
system of the SprAid prototype.
The novelty of wound dressings became apparent for their
medicinal purposes during the Mesopotamian era around 2500
BCE. However, as the expenditure of technology grew and the
innovation of multiple fields became understood such as
engineering, biochemistry and organic chemistry, dressing
applications highlighted these medicinal improvements. The
authors (C, S, L, & D, 2012) and (Mogosanu & Grumezescu,
2014) illustrate a plethora of categorical dressings under
investigation or in production commercially, including: natural
polymers, glycolipids, proteoglycans, proteins and peptides,
synthetic polymers and skin substitutes. But, in the aspect of
standard treatment for superficial wounds, items such as
gauzes and semipermeable films are more common to the
average investor but not spray-on dressings. The apparent
nature of these items provided by (C, S, L, & D, 2012),
2
elaborates in the sense both advantages and disadvantages of
these exclusive items.
In referring to gauzes, the author (C, S, L, & D,
2012), details the advantage as being: cheap, accessible,
impregnable and physical debridement. However, in referring
to the disadvantage one that still has provided problems since
the 5th century BCE is the promiscuity of releasing fibers into
the affected area, traumatic removal resulting in pain and
further
bleeding and
lateral
bacterial
migration.
Semipermeable films, commonly referred to as Band-Aids,
where founded during the era of World War II under the
direction of an employee working for Johnson and Johnson by
the name of Earle Dickson. The heighten appeal of their
functionality during the war was a direct correlation of their
sterilization properties, maintaining a moist environment and
minimizing the colonization of bacterial migration (C, S, L, &
D, 2012). In regards to medicinal disadvantages of the BandAid, a slight risk in non-preventable maceration. However, in
the respect of aerosolizing the wound aperture in treatment of
superficial wounds, (C, S, L, & D, 2012), (Gerlach, Johnen,
McCoy, Brautigam, Plettig, & Corcos, 2011) and (Camp,
2014) theorize the surface to wound ratio is greater, provides
cosmetic advantages and delivers strong viability results.
Spray on formulations noted by (C, S, L, & D, 2012), provide
an applicable first aid response and reduces infection.
However, though the spray applicator is a growing
technology, cons prescribed by the author (C, S, L, & D,
2012) stipulate that possible haemolysing can occur.
Therefore, the rational of choosing both growing and control
dressings is dependent upon the particular case presented to
the user. In which, the judgment of rational and logical
understanding must be considered when addressing the health
care of the wound site. However, this is the first step towards
the advancements in improving the efficacy of the healing
process in otherwise severe wounds. The secondary measure
of treating the wound is no longer about simply covering the
wound, but addressing the best way of how to clean the wound
beyond the superficial injury using antiseptic agents.
In the progression of treating minor wounds with
conditional prep agents, author (Zinn, Jenkins, Swofford,
Harrelson, & McCarter, 2010) provides relative evidence in
choosing certain prep agents for conditional treatment.
However, authors (Zinn, Jenkins, Swofford, Harrelson, &
McCarter, 2010) and (Fidler, 2002) stress that when choosing
agents: consideration of the patient allergies and skin
conditions are recognized, area of treatment is acceptable for
that particular agent, manufacture’s review and guidelines are
followed for the uses of that agent and preference of the user
or medical examiner are considered when choosing an
appropriate prep agent for the onsite condition. In response to
choosing a prep agent, authors (Zinn, Jenkins, Swofford,
Harrelson, & McCarter, 2010) and (Fidler, 2002) highlight
that the functionality is secondary to the prevalence of treating
minor wound cases. Coordinated distinctions between authors
(Zinn, Jenkins, Swofford, Harrelson, & McCarter, 2010) and
(Fidler, 2002) enclose that prep agents must coordinate the
following functionality: microorganism cell count is decreased
from original status, efficient in addressing a plethora of
microorganism cultures, fast response and rebound effect in
preventing the re-synthesis or re-growth of microorganism
sub-populations.
In reference to the prep agents, author (Zinn, Jenkins,
Swofford, Harrelson, & McCarter, 2010) provides an itemized
list of the agents in regards to advantages and disadvantages
they pose to the system layer of the body. In regards to the
importance of prep agents, authors (Fidler, 2002) and (Zinn,
Jenkins, Swofford, Harrelson, & McCarter, 2010) undergo
logical reasoning that prep agents are justified in the matter of
treating the affected area by: removing soil deposition or
elemental components foreign to the layer of the skin,
decreasing cell viability of foreign microorganisms and
stalling the rebound and regrowth effect of microorganisms to
the lining of the skin. For example, iodine base agents with
alcohol as stated by (Zinn, Jenkins, Swofford, Harrelson, &
McCarter, 2010) provides proficiency in its reactivity towards
gram positive and gram negative bacteria, long duration effect,
broad spectrum, and immediate germicidal reaction. However,
as illustrated by both authors (Fidler, 2002) and (Zinn,
Jenkins, Swofford, Harrelson, & McCarter, 2010) iodine base
products with alcohol are considered to be highly flammable
due to the catalyst of the alcohol present within the mixture,
but can be avoided if precautionary steps are taken. In regards
to chlorhexidine gluconate as stated by (Zinn, Jenkins,
Swofford, Harrelson, & McCarter, 2010), the agent comes
with considerable flaws in the case of a drying effect visible
on the skin and adverse effects when applied to the eyes, ears,
genitalia and mucous membranes. However, consistency exist
between both authors (Fidler, 2002) and (Zinn, Jenkins,
Swofford, Harrelson, & McCarter, 2010) in the fact that each
of the following agents are FDA approved, but a frame of
reference of which is preferred as a general control in treating
wounds in hospital settings is still unclear. In looking at
unpredictable variables, antiseptic agents have both positive
and negative side effects that are detrimental to the repairing
process of the skin, thus leaving the hospitals with an unclear
decision of which antiseptic agents to use. In spite of this
conundrum, antiseptic agents are still considered essential for
wound care. In looking at the entire process of wound
management after cleaning the wound, if the case is severe
enough, where there is heavy bleeding involved, then a
hemostatic agent becomes necessary.
In the process of cultivating the healing cascade of minor
wounds, the temperance of distinctive topical hemostatic
agents can be applied to assist in the process of healing
wounds. When referencing such agent’s author (Camp, 2014),
breaks down topical agents into five categories: passive,
active, flowables, fibrin sealants and adhesives. But, we will
only focus on three of the topical agents including passive,
active and fibrin sealants. Since, they are three of five agents
that have been incorporated into spray applicator devices in
order to treat bleeding cases. The process of treating
superficial wounds, authors (Camp, 2014) and (Fidler, 2002)
understand from a clinical standpoint that associations dealing
with first response to a site of bleeding must first be handled
mechanically by inducing pressure, sutures or thermal energy.
In which case, the same concept applies when choosing an
antiseptic or hemostatic, the right solution for the particularity
of the incidence. In reference to three of the five hemostatic
agents; passive, active and fibrin sealants provided by the
3
author (Camp, 2014) suggest that commercial applications can
be used for cell spraying in treatment of superficial wounds.
However, the indicative nature of these three categories, holds
a distinctive chemical nature that possess both advantages and
disadvantages when applied to the user.
Passive agents explained by the author (Camp, 2014)
provide certain effects that make it very distinctive to other
hemostatic agents. The sense of passive agents is the ability
for the conditional area to control minimal bleeding. However,
noted by the author (Camp, 2014), agents classified under this
category can work within two to three minutes, inexpensive,
preparation technicalities are small and requirements for
storage ascertains no special accommodations. The agent
undergoes the ability of activation due to the presence of
blood, however in the sense of a pro to the nature of the agent,
disruption of the clotting cascade is not affected. In essence,
passive agents can be constructed in the following
composition as stated by (Camp, 2014): porcine gelatin,
bovine
collagen,
oxidized
regenerated
cellulose,
polysaccharide spheres and beeswax. In regards to the
composition of these passive agents the author (Camp, 2014)
highlights the advantages of these components, but provides
also a commonality in risk to the usage of such components
such as; prevention of any injection into the wound, risk of
granuloma/abscess formation, swelling risk and increase
infection risk. The advantages provided by (Camp, 2014)
include; two to three minute functionality, no preparation
needed and no human/animal source.
Active agents implore a sense of continuity in the means of
controlling blood flow in the same sense as the other agents,
however stated by the author (Camp, 2014) they implore
thrombin. The author (Camp, 2014) ties a direct correlation to
the full functionality of active agents with that of thrombin.
Active agents come within the following three formats: bovine
thrombin, pooled human thrombin and recombinant thrombin.
Statements stipulated by the author (Camp, 2014) assess that
an increase in concentration of thrombin provides a higher
yield effect to the process of hemostasis. Reasons behind the
statement come from the logistic of biological understanding,
assessed by the author (Camp, 2014), active agents are
processed with the means of delivering high levels of
thrombin. Thrombin in the essence of its inner-workings,
converts fibrinogen to a fibrin clot which provides clotting
aggregation and thrombus to develop at the site of injury.
However, a disadvantage noted by the author (Camp, 2014)
states that disruption to the thrombin concentration can be
manipulated in the sense of denaturing the full effect of
thrombin in the wound. The process of reducing the thrombin
concentration thereby its functionality can occur in the
following way as stated by (Camp, 2014): hemodiluation,
absorptive sponges, wound irrigation and wiping or blotting of
the wound. In terms of the application of the active agent to
the wound area, the author (Camp, 2014) states that measures
of spray applicators or direct application can be used to
modulate the release of the active agent. Thereby providing
the accessibility of different modes of delivery when
confronted with different circumstances.
Fibrin sealants, in the essence of hemostatic classification
under topical, provide full functionality in the directive
parameter stated by (Camp, 2014), in the condition of
providing the stoppage of bleeding. The author (Camp, 2014)
provides strict defining differences between the advantages
and disadvantages of this hemostatic agent in controlling
superficial wounds. Advantages, include the conclusive
demeanor of the foundational makeup that encompass the
inner workings of the agent in providing an accelerated level
of fibrin clot due to increases in concentration of both
fibrinogen and thrombin. The elevated response to levels in
concentration provide the opportune creation of a clot due to
accelerated responses of both thrombin and fibrinogen when
applied to blood. Consequently, disadvantages stated by
(Camp, 2014) reveal that the application of the agent to the
patient is not suited to a general user with no foreknowledge
of the material, but requires the services of a trained
technician. Technicians within this endeavor provide basic
strengths in the process of basic lab procedures which are
conducted towards the effort of retrieving pooled plasma from
the patient to reconstitute the product. The nature of the agent
allows the ability of the user stated by (Camp, 2014) to deliver
the agent via aerosol spray. The delivery of such a method
provides an opportune relief in terms of high spray area ratio,
mobile delivery of the agent and user friendly. It is this
method of delivery that makes the hemostatic agent more
accessible, however, the drawback is that the user needs
certain training skills to use and administer the delivery
system. It is in providing this training that is the unforeseeable
element that prevents the research from stating that this
delivery system can be introduced within the home.
The application of these different solutions when used in a
spray applicator device, have shown to have optimal results in
enhancing wound recovery when dealing with superficial
wounds. Though the applicator device regarding the SprAid
prototype is being finalized regarding both the pressure and
electrical system, in theory the solutions discussed can be used
with the device to treat superficial wounds. Since each of the
solutions possess the same viscosity level as that of water.
However, the future outlook of the product will include the
design and process of a working spray applicator prototype
and not in the testing of the device in the effectiveness of
enhancing or treating superficial wounds. The overall design
of the SprAid prototype will have two working properties, a
mechanical and electrical system. The mechanical system
regarding the pressure system will be powered by a source,
such as a CO2 tank, in which will be regulated by a CO2
regulator. The regulator will control the amount of CO 2
flowing into the pressure system. The horizontal portion of the
L-shape pressure system will include the trigger lever
connected to the valve stem, and the placement of the
cartridges in the t-fitting of the spray head. By pushing back
on the trigger lever, the compression spring will cause the
valve stem to move back, thus allowing air to flow into the
openings of the valve stem. Once the air rushes into the
opening of the valve stem, the pressurized air will move down
the tubing of the spray head and exit through the spray nozzle.
However, once the trigger lever is released causing the
compression spring to recoil back to its original position, the
CO2 pressure will remain confided at a constant pressure. The
electrical system of the device, will function in the vertical,
rotational placement of the cartridges into the t-fitting of the
spray head. The means in which to maintain the pressure
4
through the mechanism is still under construction. However,
the process of rotation utilizing a micro-stepper motor has
been finalized and tested. Once the process of both mechanical
and electrical system are operational, a 3D printed cast will be
printed and then placed on the device.
The methods section will explain in detail, the setup of the
pressure system and electrical system. In regards to the
pressure system, the section will explain, how the pressure
propagates through the system and remains constant when
inactive. The section will provide details of the nozzle
construction, along with the mechanism by which the fluid
enters into the t-fitting of the spray system. Explanations will
be provided regarding the testing procedure of the spray
system. Following this, the electrical system in the section will
explain what mechanisms of circuit operations may be used to
allow the vertical rotation of the solutions into the t-fitting of
the spray system. Results, regarding the pressure system will
include results from two tests such as: spray diameter with
variable pressure changes and spray diameter with variations
in distances from target. The electrical system results, will
include a total of eight configurations. In which the nature of
the test will be to find the optimal configuration to achieve the
optimal rotation value, in order to rotate from one solution to
the next.
II. METHODS
Pressure System:
In order to propel fluid, out of a spray nozzle, pressure must
build up in the system and then be actuated by a user
mechanically. As a source of pressure, a pressurized CO 2 tank
is used to deliver 3000-4500 psi. In order to lower pressure,
the system is regulated to 20-80 psi, which fits within the
specifications determined by the Mechanical Engineers code
for pressure piping as (ASME B31):
𝑃=
2𝑆(𝑇𝑚𝑖𝑛 − 𝐶)
𝐷𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 0.8(𝑇𝑚𝑖𝑛 − 𝐶)
Where:
P=Pressure allowed, psi.
S=Maximum allowable stress in tension, psi.
Tmin=Wall thickness (min), in.
Dmax=Outside diameter (max), in.
C=Constant (Due to coppers corrosion, the resistance factor
can be set to 0).
Once the pressure is reduced to an appropriate level, it’s
contained within the elbow joint. With a release valve at the
end of the system, it will allow the pressure to be sustained
until it is actuated by the user. The valve is shown below:
Figure 1: Top: In this state of the pressurized system, a
pressure differential is being contained by a valve that needs
to be actuated by the user. An O-ring seals off the CO2 gases
from the system.
Bottom: When the valve is opened, gas will flow to the rest of
the system, through three 1/16” holes, which have been
exposed to pressurized air. The valve facilitates the flow of
pressure from one end to the other.
By sliding the valve back, into the pressurized side of the
copper tubing, CO2 flows into the valve and out through the
spray nozzle of the device. Theoretically, medicinal fluids can
be delivered to the patient for treatment of superficial wounds.
When the user releases the valve spring, it causes a
decompression to occur. The decompression factor blocks the
flow of gas into the valve, thereby maintaining the pressure at
a constant rate. Once this occurs, the pressure remains
constant within the lower half of the system until the sliding of
the valve stem occurs again.
Nozzle:
The nozzle of our system, was developed by drilling a 1/16”
hole into a cap on the end of the pressurized system. In doing
so, this allowed the gas to be perpetuated by the pressure
differential created by the CO2 source. Muzzle velocity was
calculated by using Bernoulli’s equation of:
1
𝑃 + 𝜌𝑉 2 = 𝑃0
2
in order for a gentle spray to be delivered. The fluid that is
delivered to the system is introduced utilizing 3 different
cartridges. Each cartridge contains different fluids that are
located on the top of the spray gun and are electrically
actuated by the user. The fluid is gravity fed into the t-fitting
of the barrel based on gravitational forces. Upon this point, the
fluid is stored in the barrel until the pressure differential is
introduced into the system. Thus allowing the fluid to be
ejected from the nozzle head.
5
Electrical system:
In order to insert and differentiate between solutions added to
the t-fitting of the spray gun, a motorized palate was
developed to rotate the correct solution into place. In order to
accomplish this, a full driven controller was created using two,
555 timing ICs for function generation, JK flip flops and XOR
logic gates. By utilizing these features, it would allow the
driving action of the motor, to control which fluid is selected.
The results showed, that the system was able to operate under
variable pressure changes that were introduced into the
system. As well as, being able to expel the fluid out of the
nozzle head. When the pressure gradient within the system
increased, there is less variance in the diameter of the spray
that is being delivered to the target site. However, further
analysis revealed, that a decrease in the pressure, resulted in a
decrease in the spray area as shown in figure 4.
5
4.5
4
Spray Diameter (Inches)
Figure 2: The housing device for the cartridges are fed through
the t-fitting and before exposure to the pressure differential
can be stored within that area. When the pressure differential
propagates through the lining of the t-fitting of where the fluid
is stored, the fluid is ejected out of the nozzle head.
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
pressure (PSI)
Testing of the pressure system:
The pressure system was tested outdoors using a vice clamp,
in order to hold the spray gun at a fixed position. By placing
the spray gun in a fixed position, the user was able to measure
different positions from the fixed position of the spray gun in
order to test the device. An air compressor with a regulated
pressure system was connected to the spray system of the
device using a ½” adapter and a female push pen. A solution
of dark blue food coloring mixed with water, was added to the
t-fitting and then sprayed at a paper target from a set distance.
In order to measure the effects of each pressure at variable
distances, the target was moved from 8 inches to 20 inches in
increments of 2. To measure the variance of each pressure, the
target was placed 8 inches from the spray nozzle and 5 trials
were run, at pressures ranging from 20-50 psi. The stained
targets were then measured to include the diameter that
covered at least 95% of the stain.
When the target distances were adjusted, results highlighted a
defining difference in the spray area when being applied to the
target site. Between 8-14 inches, there was a standard spray
diameter for pressures 20-50 psi. However, the results show
that the spray diameter begins to tailor off at 20 inches and
that pressures 30-50 psi become an ineffective spray size. At
20 psi, there was not enough pressure to produce an effective
spray diameter at any length past 12 inches.
7
6
Diameter of spray (Inches)
Figure 3: In the figure above, shows the wave driven
controller for a stepper motor. Each coil represents a coil
within the stepper motor. In order for it to move 1.8° it has to
have this sequence of propagation from the controller circuit.
Figure 4: In the figure above, shows that by decreasing the
pressure, the spray diameter decreased. Meaning, when the
spray diameter decreased, the diameter change was
proportional to the area of wound coverage, covered with that
particular pressure variable. An increase in diameter, resulted
in a smaller variance between trials. As such, this will allow
the spray gun to provide a consistent treatment size depending
on the type and size of wound.
20
30
40
50
PSI
PSI
PSI
PSI
5
4
3
2
1
III. RESULTS
Pressure System:
0
8
10
12
14
16
Distance from nozzle (Inches)
18
20
Figure 5: In the figure above, depending on the target distance
from the nozzle, its considered proportional to the spray area
6
delivered to the target site. Increase in pressure, will allow for
a more distant spray. However, pressures above and below 20
psi will only cover up to 16 inches from the spray nozzle.
Electrical system:
The electrical system, was verified using an oscilloscope and
visual observations of the stepper motor function. Eight
different configurations were measured in this system and a
variance of the correct measurement for optimal rotation was
found to be 1.8°. The configurations are noted below:
Configuration 1-4 Normal XOR logic gates
• Configuration 1-Original circuit design
• Configuration 2-Monostable capacitance was
doubled
• Configuration 3-Monostable capacitor was switched
out
• Configuration 4-Monostable capacitor was switched
out
Configuration 5-8 Modified XOR logic Driver
• Configuration 5-Modified XOR driven logic,
eliminated feedback
• Configuration 6-Tripled monostable capacitance
• Configuration 7- Doubled monostable capacitance
• Configuration 8- Changed the capacitance from conf
5
Stepper Motor Function
120
IV. CONCLUSION
The current SprAid prototype design contains two working
parts. The first is a mechanical component capable of spraying
solutions at regulated pressures between 20 and 50 psi. The
second part is a motorized palate that can be activated to rotate
three different solutions into the fluid housing of the spray gun
where it can be stored until the solution is ready to be sprayed.
The spray system can cover areas of up to 4.4 inches in
diameter in one shot and spray from distances of up to 20
inches away. Presently, the electrical circuit uses stepper
motors to rotate 90 degrees, which is optimal for employing a
three-port manifold, which has a lever that has to be rotated 90
degrees to open and close to dispense fluid. However, the
results from the electrical test showed that the electrical circuit
could also be configured to rotate 60 degrees instead. This
modification will allow us to employ the motorize palate to
rotate a barrel 60 degrees to dispense one of three solutions at
a time. Turning the barrel the right number of degrees prevents
leakage of the fluid by feeding one of the solution directly into
the pressurized system while keep the other two solutions
locked into place. Integrating the mechanical and electrical
components will enable the device the SprAid device to be
able to dispense a variety of solutions with a viscosity near
that of water at controlled pressures in one unified system. The
system has potential use in medicine for treating superficial
wounds since it has been shown that the delivery of sprayed
solutions provides high spray area ratios, mobility, and
convenience.
100
Degrees Rotation
80
V. REFERENCES
[1] B. D. Fidler, "Wounds and bandages: old problems/new solutions," Drug
Store News, pp. 37-43, 15 April 2002.
60
40
[2] D. C, K. S, S. L and S. D, "A history of materials and practices for wound
management," Wound Practice and Research, vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 174-186,
November 2012.
20
0
8
7
6
5
4
Configuration #
3
2
1
Figure 6: In the figure above, configurations 4-2 allowed for
the proper rotation to be achieved by the system of 90°. The
recorded variance was 1.8°, which was dependent on the
tolerance levels of the capacitors used within that pulse
generation. There was a large variance in the modified
feedback loops, 5-8 which was dependent on the starting
position of the control circuit.
In regards to configuration 2-4, theoretically, the 90° rotation
provides the optimal vertical rotation in order to lock the fluid
cartridges, one by one, into the t-fitting of the pressure system.
By locking into place, the fluid is gravity fed into the pressure
system. Thereby, awaiting a pressure differential to occur to
eject the fluid from the spray nozzle. Therefore, each 90°
rotation of the stepper motor will switch from one solution to
the next.
[3] G. D. Mogosanu and A. M. Grumezescu, "Natural and synthetic polymers
for wounds and burns dressing," International Journal of Pharmaceutics, vol.
463, no. 2, pp. 127-136, 25 March 2014.
[4] J. C. Gerlach, C. Johnen, E. McCoy, K. Brautigam, J. Plettig and A.
Corcos, "Autologous skin cell spray-transplantation for a deep dermal burn
patient in an ambulant treatment room setting," Burns, vol. 37, no. 4, pp. e19e23, June 2011.
[5] M. A. Camp, "Hemostatic Agents: A Guide to Safe Practice for
Perioperative Nurses," AORN Journal, vol. 100, no. 2, pp. 131-147, August
2014.
[6] J. Zinn, J. B. Jenkins, V. Swofford, B. Harrelson and S. McCarter,
"Intraoperative Patient Skin Prep Agents: Is There a Difference?," AORN
Journal, vol. 92, no. 6, pp. 662-674, December 2010.
VI. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
7
Yuntao Wu, PhD
Professor of Microbiology & Infectious Diseases at George
Mason University
Ph.D., Queens University, Ontario
Colin J. Reagle, PhD
Assistant Professor of Mechanical Engineering at George
Mason University
Ph.D., Virginia Tech, VA