The Human Mosaic
12th Edition
MONA DOMOSH
RODERICK NEUMANN
PATRICIA L. PRICE
TERRY G. JORDAN-BYCHKOV
C. 2012 W.H. FREEMAN & CO.
Chapter 3
POPULATION
GEOGRAPHY
SHAPING THE HUMAN MOSAIC
Population factoids
By Halloween 2011 the earth’s
population will have reached 7
BILLION PEOPLE!
How much is a billion?
How long does it take to add a billion people?
 1 Billion => 1804
 2 Billion => 1927
 3 Billion => 1960
 4 Billion => 1974
 5 Billion => 1987
 6 Billion => 1999
 7 Billion => 2011
 8 Billion ~ 2025
+123 years
+ 33 years
+ 14 years
+ 13 years
+ 12 years
+ 12 years
+14 years
Population Growth
 Most of the growth from this point on will be
in “developing” countries
 Developed countries are experiencing
population stability or even decline
 6 of the top 10 countries for population
growth are in Africa
Population Growth
 Approximately 5 people are born every
second
 Approximately 2 people die every second
 Adding approximately 200,000 t0 225,000
people per day!
http://www.worldometers.info/world-population/
What is Population Geography?
Also known as geodemography.
The study of the spatial and ecological aspects of
population, including:
• Distribution
• Density per unit of land area
• Fertility
• Gender
• Health
• Age
• Mortality
• Migration
World Population Distribution
1.
9 out of 10 people live north of the equator
1.
2.
2/3 between 20 and 60 degrees north
Southern hemisphere mostly water
2. 9 out of 10 live on less than 20% of total
land
World Population Distribution
3. People congregate in lowland areas
1.Numbers decline sharply with increase in
elevation.
4. 2/3 live within 300 miles of the ocean.
Greatest Clusters
1.
East Asia
1.
2.
Japan, China, Taiwan, South Korea
25%
2. South Asia
1.
2.
Indian subcontinent
21%
3. Europe
4. NE United States/ SE Canada
The World’s Most Populous Countries, 2010 and 2050
(Table 3.1)
Ecumene vs. Non ecumene
 Ecumene
 Permanently
inhabited areas of the earth’s
surface
 Non ecumene (anecumene)
 The uninhabited or very sparsely occupied zones
 Ice caps, tundra, coniferous forests of Northern
Asia and N.A.
 Not continuous
 35-40% of the earth’s land surface is
uninhabitable
Region:
Population Distribution and Density
KEY TERMS:
POPULATION DENSITY:
CARRYING CAPACITY:
World Population Density (Fig. 3.1)
Population Density
• Population per unit area
• Aitkin County
▫
▫
▫
16,202 people
1,819.3 square miles
8.9 people per square mile
• Minnesota
▫ 5,303,925 people
▫ 79,610.08 square miles
▫ 66.6 people per square mile
Figuring out population density
 If a city covers 75.39 square miles and has 1.67
million people what is its population density?
 22151.48 people per square mile
 If a city covers 150 square kilometers and has
900,000 people what is its population density?
 6000 people per square kilometer
Crude/Arithmetic Density
 Usually measured within a political
boundary
 Country, State, County, City
 Most basic measurement of density
 Obscure and not always helpful
 The bigger the political unit the less useful
the information is
Physiological Density
 Population pressure on arable land
 Land
that can produce crops
 How do you define arable?
 Is it equally productive worldwide?
Arithmetic vs. Physiological
 Egypt
 Crude
= 177 ppl/sq milie
 Physiological = 5418 ppl/sq mile
 United States
 Crude = 80 ppl/sq mile
 Physiological = 380 ppl/sq mile
Carrying capacity
 Maximum number of people who can be supported
in a given area
 Based on economics
 Japan
has a higher C.C. than any developing
nation, even if that country has more arable land
Region:
Patterns of Natality and Mortality
KEY TERMS:
BIRTHRATE
TOTAL FERTILITY RATE (TFR):
ZERO POPULATION GROWTH:
DEATH RATE:
Crude Birth Rate (CBR)
 Average number of live births per 1,000
people
 30+ are high
 <18 are low
 18-30 are known as transitional
 Can be going up or down
 U.S. => 13.9
CBR
 Low birth rates are found in industrialized,
urbanized, and maturing (aging) countries
 CBR can be affected by religion and
political belief
 Roman Catholics and Muslims
CBR
Crude Birthrate (Fig. 3.3)
Total Fertility Rates (TFR)
 The average number of children that would
be born to each woman if she bore children
at the current year’s rate for women that
age.
 Reproductive lifetime
 15-49
TFR
 A rate of 2.1 needed to replace population
 Niger => 7.68
 Uganda => 6.73
 Hong Kong => 1.04
 United States =2.06
 Zero population growth:
 Situation
in which the population is neither
growing nor shrinking. Achieved at TFR = 2.1
TFR
Fertility Rate (Fig. 3.4)
Crude Death Rate (CDR)
 Average number of deaths per 1,000 people
 Only valid when comparing identically
structured populations
 U.S. => 8.38/1,000
 300,000
X 8.38 = 2,514,000 deaths
CDR
Crude Death Rate (Fig. 3.5)
The Demographic Transition (Fig 3.7)
The movement from high birth and death rates
to low birth and death rates.
Demographic Transition Model
 4 Stages
 Observes the voluntary relationship
between population growth and economic
development
 Con: Eurocentric. It is using Europe as
the standard for all cases
Demographic Transition Model
 1st Stage (Pre-Industrial)
 High
birth rate and high but fluctuating death
rate
 1 A.D. to 1650 A.D.
 250 million => 500 million -- doubling time of
1650 years!
 Fluctuating death rates
 Plague 1/3 pop of Europe
 Conquerors diseases killed 95% of New World
population
Demographic Transition Model
 2nd Stage (Industrialized)
 Death Rate drops, Birth Rate stays high
 Cultural patterns change slower than tech
 Dramatic increase in life expectancy
 Medical tech
 sanitation practices
 food storage and distribution
 rising income
 urbanization
 This is all cheap!
Demographic Transition Model
 3rd Stage (Mature Industrial Stage)
 Birth rates decline as people begin to control
family size
 No longer advantageous to have a large family

Large family = expensive!
Demographic Transition Model
 4th Stage
 Final stage?
 Very slight % increase in population and doubling
times stretch to a thousand years or more!
 Population could start declining
Demographic Transition Model
Natural Increase
 Percentage growth of a population in one
year
 CBR minus CDR
 Migration factors not included
 Example
 CBR
= 20
 CDR =12
 20-12 = 8/1000
 Increase = .8/100 or 0.8%
Annual Population Change (Fig. 3.8)
Natural Increase
Doubling Times
 The time it takes for a population to double
 72 / Percent growth = doubling time in years
 Higher percent = shorter doubling time
 Any positive natural increase eventually
results in a J-Curve
Doubling Time cont.
Doubling Time cont.
 World’s current growth rate is 1.14%
 61 years
 World growth rate peaked in the 1960s at
2%






Would only take 35 years to double!!!
1960 => 2 billion
1995 => 4 billion
2030 => 8 billion
2065 => 16 billion
Luckily it slowed down
Doubling Time
 It is unlikely that the current growth rate
will increase or even stabilize, more likely to
decrease
 U.N. predicted that the earth will only be at
9.2 billion by 2050
Population Pyramids
 Represent a population’s age and sex
composition
 “Pyramid” because when it was developed
(1800s) most countries’ looked like a
pyramid
Population Pyramids
 Can show specific needs of a country
 Young
population = more schools
 Old population = increase in assisted living,
production of specific medication
 Dependency Ratio
 Number of dependents (old and young) that each
100 people in their productive years must
support
Youth and Old-Age Populations (Fig 3.10)
Dependency Ratio
 Children under 15 and adults
over 65
 Dependents can be expensive
 Education, social security,
medical expenses
 Higher dependency ratio
= more pressure on those
in the 15-64 age group
Gender Patterns
 Recently settled areas have more males
 North
Dakota’s oil fields
 Alaska
 Northern Canada
 Gender Roles
 More womanly, more respect if they have more
kids
 Culture needs to change
Gender Ratio (Fig 3.14)
Standard of Living
 Infant mortality rate best indicator of S.o.L.
 Many factors involved
 Health
 Nutrition
 Sanitation
 Access
to doctors
 Education
 Medicine
Infant Mortality
 Infant Mortality Rate
 Number
of deaths of children under the
age of 1 per 1,000 people
 200 years ago
 200-300/1,000 common
 Today
 4-100+/1,000 common
Infant Mortality Rate (Fig 3.16)
Infant Mortality State-by-State
Standard of Living cont.
 Human Development Index
 Literacy
 Life
expectancy
 Education
 Wealth
 Norway, Australia, Iceland
Globalization
POPULATION
EXPLOSION
OR
CREATIVITY IN
THE FACE OF
SCARCITY?
Population Explosion
and Thomas Malthus
WHAT IS THE “POPULATION
EXPLOSION”?
The rapid acceleration in world
population since about 1650 and
especially since 1900.
WHAT DO MALTHUSIANS
BELIEVE?
Population increases geometrically;
the food supply increases
arithmetically. Population growth
will eventually lead to poverty,
illness, and warfare as the planet is
no longer able to produce enough
food to feed the population.
WAS MALTHUS RIGHT?
Cornucopians would say no.
Malthus
 Thomas Robert
Malthus (1766-1834)
 English
 Economist and
Geographer
 Predicted that
population growth will
outpace increase in
food production
Malthus
 Population is inevitably limited by the means of
subsistence
 Populations invariably increase with increase in
the means of subsistence unless prevented by
powerful checks
Malthus
 Population checks are
 “Private”
Moral
restraint, celibacy, chastity
 “Destructive”
War, poverty, pestilence, famine
 Population increases geometrically
 Food production can only increase arithmetically
S-Curve
 J-Curve will eventually bend out into an S-curve
when the population balances with its carrying
capacity
 Homeostatic plateau
Neo-Malthusianism
 Rapid population growth diverts resources from
capital investments
 Govn’t must lift living standards by lowering
mortality rate and create programs to reduce birth
rate
 Must be careful!
 Singapore 4.9 TFR to 1.7 => too low!
Cornucopians
 View growth as a stimulus, not a deterrent
 Think Malthus is wrong because our population is
at 7 billion and we have increased our carrying
capacity to cope
Rule of 72
Country’s rate of annual increase
(expressed as a percent)
Divided by
72
Equals
Number of years the population will take to double
Population Control Programs
CHINA’S ONE-CHILD POLICY
Population Controls
 With no population checks and if the current growth
rates hold…
Year 2300 = 1 Trillion people
 Year 2400 = 4 Trillion people

 Space is not the problem, the problem(s) are:
Food
 Energy
 Resources
 Impact on Environment

China’s dilemma
 CBR in 1965 was 37 per 1000
 First tried “two-child families”
 Even began providing services, such as free
contraceptives and abortions, to support the
program
China’s dilemma
 1979 – “One couple, one child”
 Late marriage
 Free contraceptives
 Cash awards
 Abortions
 Sterilizations recommended
 Estimated to have prevented 400 million births
 TFR 1970 -> 5.9
 TFR 2010 -> 1.5
Other population policies
 India – You are only eligible to run for local
government if you have one or two children

Hum do, Hamare do – one family, two children
Other population controls
 Iran – Mandatory contraceptive courses
before you can obtain a marriage license
Other population controls
 United States – Offer of free family planning
services, availability of free contraceptives
 Singapore
 1970s
 Children born fourth or later were to be
discriminated against
Problems with a rapid population drop
 Can go against the cultural
norms, make the government
unpopular
 The generation before will not
have enough support when they
reach their “golden years”
 Economies can also take a hit
Mobility
 2nd basic way population is altered
 People bring with them:
 Culture
 Ideas
 Disease
 Major life event
Mobility
 Push factors:
 Unfavorable, repelling conditions that spur migration
 (Inability to live off the land, high taxes, repressive
government)
 Pull factors:
 Favorable, attractive conditions that spur migration
 (Opportunities for education and employment, proximity
to family members)
Trends/Patterns
 Change over time
 Europe
in 19th century
 Europe today
 Forced migrations
 Slavery
 Refugees
 160 million live outside country of birth

1/10 are refugees
Current migration trends
Diseases on the move
 Spread due to human movement
 Human migration has also been caused by disease
 Human migration patterns are used today to predict
the spread of diseases such as:



AIDS/HIV
SARS
Swine Flu
Diseases on the Move:
Cholera (Fig. 3.20)
Nature-Culture
ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES ON
SETTLEMENT PATTERNS:
•Climate
•Soil
•Mineral resources
•(proximity to) Water
•Elevation
Influences on settlement – Mid-Latitudes
Settled
Not Settled
 Level terrain
 High elevation
 Mild climate
 Arid climate
 Fertile soil
 Cold climate
 Abundant minerals
 Distance from coast
 Access to sea
Access to the Sea
 Eurasia, Australia, and South America
 Most
people are clustered on the ‘rim’ of each
continent
•Access to trade and fishing
•Interiors tend to have
extreme climates
Nature-Culture
Environmental perception:
• Alps
• Germans live in the shade – dairy farmers
• Italians in the sun – warm weather crops
Nature-Culture
• Changes in perception
• Change in cultural value
•
Migration to newly valuable resources
•
•
Coal in U.K.
Desert climates now desirable
(Arizona)
American migration stimulants
Mild winter climate and mountainous terrain
2. Diverse vegetation, mild summer climate
3. Presence of lakes and rivers
4. Nearness to seacoast
1.
Humans as modifiers of the environment:
• People modify their habitat via
their adaptive strategies.
• But are these strategies
sustainable?
•
•
Ex. Haiti
Ex. Slash and Burn tactics in tropical
regions
• American consumption
• 5% use 25% of consumed natural
resources per year
• Carrying capacity of Earth at this rate is
500 million people
Settlement Patterns
 Based on needs of the population
 Subsistence culture (rural) vs. service/industry
sectors (urban)
Farm villages
 Clustered settlements made up of farmers
 Live
in the village, fields are out of town
 Need for security
 Strong-point settlements
 Wet point villages
 Communal ties: blood, religion, ideology
Nomadic Mongols (Fig. 3.26)
High-Density Dwelling in Amsterdam (Fig. 3.27)
Settlement Patterns
 Dispersed settlements
 Isolated
 Peaceful
and secure countryside
 Homesteaders
 Private, not communal, enterprise
 Common in lands colonized by the Europeans
Australia, New Zealand, South Africa
Isolated Farmstead, Iceland (Fig. 3.28)
Demographic Change
 Populations move!
 Depopulation
 Rapid: natural disasters, epidemics, warfare
 Slow: migration, declining fertility rates
 Refugees/Migrants
 Climate Change
Demographic Change
 Rural to Urban
 Industrial revolution
 Largest
voluntary relocation of people in world
history!
 Broad economic changes and technology
 Agricultural Rev
Refugees Fleeing Congo (Fig. 3.29)
Urbanization
 Bogata, Colombia
 Shantytowns
 Housing constructed by residents
 Slowly integrated into the urban area
Los Altos de Cazucá (Fig 3.31)
Poverty and Wealth in Bogotá (Fig. 3.32)
Tent City, Reno, NV (Fig. 3.33)