Advanced Placement®
American Government and Politics
Unit V – Political Parties (8) and
American Demographics / Political
Socialization (6)
Part 1 – Political Parties
Political Parties
What are Political Parties?
• Organizations seeking to enact their policy
preferences by gaining control of government
through the nomination and election of
candidates for office
How are they similar to interest groups?
How are they different from interest groups?
Political Parties
•
“Three-headed political giant”
• Party-in-the-Electorate
(voters who identify with a
party; no dues, no cards, just
a a claim)
• Party-as-Organization
(national office, staff, rules, budgets)
• Party-in-Government (elected officials who claim
membership in the party)
• We reaffirm America’s commitment to
Israel’s security and will ensure that Israel
maintains a qualitative edge in military
technology over any potential adversaries.
Political Parties
Tasks of the Parties
• Linkage Institution: the channels through which
people’s concerns become political issues on the
government’s policy agenda
• Goal of political parties:
elect members to
government office (in order
to enact policy) by. . .
• recruiting candidates
• funding candidates’
campaigns
• mobilizing voters
• providing a platform
“A close look at five key domestic agenda items
suggests that Tennesseans as a group hardly
qualify as well-informed and ideologically
consistent policy wonks. On four of the five
issues, only about half of a given candidate’s
supporters hold opinions consistent with those
of the candidate."
-- Middle Tennessee State University
Rational Choice Theory:
• Parties/politicians have
pragmatic goals that
matter more to the party
than ideology (such as
winning); and so, they’ll
pursue goals with mass
public appeal
• Given the restrictions of
American political culture,
it’s hard for two main
parties to differentiate
themselves; but that’s
what they have to do, to
build voter loyalty
• Since, nationally, women still earn only 70% of men's wages
for equal jobs, we call for the introduction and passage of
federal and state laws to achieve pay equity, and funding for
the enforcement of such laws.
The Party in the Electorate (YOU!)
For the electorate the party is a:
• Brand or label
• Organization which recruits and campaigns
for candidates
• Set of leaders that organize/try to control
legislative & executive branch
American parties are weaker in all 3 areas
Why
• more independent /split-ticket voting
• as leaders, parties still sort of strong
• as organizations, parties are weaker since
1960
• working to overhaul the “No Child Left
Behind” program and provide teachers with
more professional support and resources—
while also holding them accountable
Party-as-Organization
• Parties similar on paper
• National convention meets every 4 yrs. to
nominate pres. candidate
• National committee: comprised of state
delegates; manages affairs b/w conventions
National Party Structure Today
The National
Convention
The Congressional
Campaign
Committees
The National
Chairperson
The National
Committee
All four elements of both major parties work
together loosely to achieve the party’s goals.
The 50 State Party System
•
•
50 of em’, no two alike; some weak (CA), some
strong (PA)
States decide who participates in nominations
• Closed primaries: Only people who have
registered with the party can vote for that party’s
candidates
• Open primaries: Voters decide on Election Day
whether they want to vote in the Democrat or
Republican primary
• Blanket primaries: Voters are presented with a
list of candidates from all parties
• Government regulation and subsidy constitutes a threat to
both the quality and availability of patient-oriented health
care and treatment.
National Political Party Conventions
• National comm. sets time/place, uses formula to
allocate delegates
• Dems: formula shifts delegates away from South,
to North & West (Dems thus move left; rewards
large states)
• Repubs: formula shifts delegates
away from East, to South &
Southwest (Repubs thus move
right; rewards loyal states)
State and Local Party Machinery
State and local party organization varies from State
to State, but usually follow the general principles
below:
• Sexual orientation, preference, gender, or
gender identity should have no impact on the
government's treatment of individuals, such as
in current marriage, child custody, adoption,
immigration or military service laws.
Party-in-Government
• Leadership Positions
• Executive branch
• President and Vice President
• Congress
• Speaker of the House (chosen by the
majority party)
• Majority and minority leaders in House
and Senate
• Party whips
• Chairs of all congressional committees
Party-in-Government
• Strength of Leadership
• How strong are the party leaders in
Congress?
• Can congressional party leaders exert “party
discipline”?
• Candidate-centered elections make party
discipline difficult
• Candidates chosen by primary election
voters, not by party leaders
Many observers say that Speaker of the House John Boehner
is having difficulty keeping the Tea Party members in line with
the Republican House leadership, leading to a crisis in party
discipline.
Local Politics
•
•
•
•
Party Machines: a type of political party organization
that relies heavily on material inducements to win
votes and to govern
Patronage: a job, promotion or contract given for
political reasons rather than merit; used by party
machines
Due to progressive reforms, urban party
organizations are generally weak
• Civil Service Reform, voter registration, etc.
Revitalization of party organization at county level
The United States two-party system
• Rare among nations (only 15
nations have it)
• Evenly balanced nationally,
not locally
• Why has it endured so long?
• voter opinion (“two
broad coalitions work,
even
though it creates bitter
dissent”)
• state
laws make it difficult for 3rd
parties
to get on ballot
• BUT MAINLY, it’s the electoral system: “winnertake-all” and plurality system limit the # of parties
• Single-member Districts – only one candidate is
elected to each office on the ballot
What is Plurality?
• in elections for President, Congress, most state
elections, the winner is he/she who receives the
MOST votes, not MAJORITY (50% +1)
• no proportionality (proportionality systems give
political seats in proportion to the votes cast for
each party)
• Removal from the electoral system of the
financial contributions of monopolies, to be
replaced by public funding and guarantees of
honest elections where each vote counts and
all votes are counted
Proportional Representation
(Multiparty)
• Parliamentary systems sometimes unstable
• Why?
• harder for 1 party to get a majority
• causes coalition governments, which usually
give disproportional influence to minor
r
parties who join government (ex., Germany,
Israel)
German Coalition Government
Christian Democratic Union
Christian Social Union
Free Democratic Party
German Opposition Parties
Social Democratic Party of Germany
The Left
Alliance '90 / The Greens
Alternative Elections
Runoff elections: (Example – France)
• 1st election: candidates
who get absolute majority
are elected; later, candidates
who get at least 1/8th but less
than ½ go into runoff; those
who get absolute majority are
also elected)
• Effect: every party must be as
broadly based as
possible
• Since even the
smallest party
can win something,
everyone has
incentive to organize
Partisan
Polarization
What is partisan polarization?
Ideological Distance Between the Two Major Parties in the U.S. Congress,
1879-2013 (Source: Voteview.com)
Note: The higher the point on the X axis below, the greater is the ideological distance between the two parties.
What is partisan polarization?
Percentage of Moderates in the U.S. Congress (Source: Voteview.com)
Consequences of party polarization
Party Line Voting in the U.S. Congress, 1879-2010
(Source: Voteview.com)
Party line voting is the percentage of members voting along with their own party members on legislation pending in Congress.
Consequences of party polarization
Party Line Voting in the 113th U.S. House of Representatives, 2012-2013
(Source: Open Congress)
Number of Congresspersons engaging in party line voting.
250
200
150
100
50
0
More than 90% of the Time
Less than 80% of the time
Republicans
More than 90% of the time
Less than 80% of the time
Democrats
112th (2011-2012)
111th (2009-2010)
110th (2007-2008
109th (2005-2006)
108th (2003-2004)
107th (2001-2002)
106th (1999-2000)
105th (1997-1998)
104th (1995-1996)
103rd (1993-1994)
102nd (1991-1992)
101st (1989-1990)
100th (1987-1988)
99th (1985-1986)
98th (1983-1984)
97th (1981-1982)
96th (1979-1980)
95th (1977-1978)
94th (1975-1976)
93rd (1973-1974)
92nd (1971-1972)
91st (1969-1971)
90th (1967-1968)
89th (1965-1966)
88th (1963-1964)
87th (1961-1962)d
86th (1959-1960)d
85th (1957-1958)
84th (1955-1956)
83rd (1953-1954)
82nd (1951-1952)
81st (1949-1950)
80th (1947-1948)
Consequences of party polarization
Percentage of Introduced Bills Passed in
the U.S. House and Senate, 1947-2012
(Source: Brookings Institute)
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
% of Bills Passed in House
% of Bills Passed in Senate
10%
0%
Consequences of party
polarization
Consequences of party polarization
Public Confidence in Congress (Source: Gallup)
Consequences of party polarization
Trust in Government – Recent Data (Source: Gallup)
Consequences of party polarization
From Poll Conducted by Public Policy Polling Group on
October 8, 2013
Respondents were asked whether they had a higher opinion
of Congress or something else. Among the things that survey
respondents preferred over Congress were:
☹Witches
Hemorrhoids
Dog poop
Toenail fungus
Cockroaches
Zombies
Respondents preferred
Congress over the following:
☺ Miley Cyrus
☺ Lindsey Lohan
☺ Heroin
Causes of Partisan Polarization
What are some factors leading to partisan
polarization in the U.S. Congress?
Causes of Partisan Polarization
ELECTIONS
• Primary elections
• Low turnout
• Strong partisans more likely to turn out
• Conservative and liberal outside spending
groups (PAC’s and Super PAC’s, 501(c)4
organizations) very active
Voter Turnout
in NonPresidential
Primary
Elections
(Source: New
York Times)
Causes of Partisan Polarization
ELECTIONS
• Negative Campaigning
• Designed to energize
party base
• Makes moderates less likely to vote
• Especially important tactic for outside
spending groups like Super PACs
Causes of Partisan Polarization
ELECTIONS
Causes of Partisan Polarization
News Media
• No Fairness Doctrine
• Rise of 24-hour cable news
and conservative (and
liberal) talk radio
• Appeal to strong partisans
• Decline of network T.V.
news viewership
Causes of Partisan Polarization
News Media
?
Causes of Partisan Polarization
Geography
• Safe House Districts (WHY?)
• Better gerrymandering
• Geographical sorting of population
Presidential
Election
Results by
County, 2008
(Source: RAND,
“A House
Divided:
Polarization
and Its Effect
on RAND)
Causes of Partisan Polarization
Electorate
• Since the 1990’s and early 2000’s, increased
polarization of electorate, especially partisans
• Strong Republican partisan voters becoming more
conservative, Democratic voters more liberal, and they
are more likely to vote
• Animosity between strong Republican and Democrat
partisans increasing. “Culture war”?
• Increase in number of non-aligned (true independents
and “leaners”), who are less likely to vote
Causes of Partisan Polarization
Electorate
Party Identification, 1952-2008 (Source: Pew Center)
45
40
35
30
25
%
Independents, Including Leaners
Strong Republicans
20
Strong Democrats
15
10
5
0
'52 '54 '56 '58 '60 '62 '64 '66 '68 '70 '72 '74 '76 '78 '80 '82 '84 '86 '88 '90 '92 '94 '96 '98 '00 '02 '04 '08
Causes of Partisan Polarization
Electorate
?
Minor Parties / 3rd Parties in the United
States
Types of Minor Parties
Ideological
Parties
Single-issue
Parties
Economic Protest
Parties
Splinter
Party
Example:
Libertarian
Party
Example:
Free Soil
Party
Example: The
Greenback Party
Example:
“Bull
Moose”
Progressive
Party
• Adoption of a law clarifying that the 14th
Amendment to the U.S. Constitution does not
give automatic U.S. citizenship to a child born
on U.S. soil to illegal alien parents.
Minor Parties / 3rd Parties
• Third parties: electoral contenders other then
•
the two party parties; rarely win elections (can
play spoiler – Ralph Nader {Green Party} and Al
Gore {Democrats} in 2000)
Third parties are important -- (WHY???)
• Are “safety valves” for popular discontent
• Bring new groups and ideas into politics
• An orderly, controlled border and an
immigration system designed to meet our
economic needs are important pillars of a
healthy and robust economy.
Party Eras in American History
Party Eras
•
Historical periods in which
majority of votes cling to
party in power
a
the
Critical Election
•
An electoral “earthquake”
new issues and new
coalitions emerge
Party Realignment
•
The displacement of the majority
party by the minority party, usually
during a critical election
Party Dealignment
•
Movement away from both political parties
where
A very brief history of political parties in
America
• no party mentioned in constitution
• Factions
• groups pursuing some common political
Pre-Party Era
•
•
interest
considered both inevitable and dangerous
• (see Federalist #10)
factions not yet parties
A very brief history of political parties in
America
"They serve to organize faction, to give it an artificial and
extraordinary force; to put, in the place of the delegated
will of the nation, the will of a party, often a small but
Pre-Party Era artful and enterprising minority of the community; and,
according to the alternate triumphs of different parties, to
make the public administration the mirror of the illconcerted and incongruous projects of faction, rather than
the organ of consistent and wholesome plans digested by
common counsels, and modified by mutual interests."
-- GW’s Farwell Address (i.e. letter)
•
•
In other words, he warned of the danger of political
parties, and how they would turn the government from
a group of people interested in their nation's future to a
rabbling mob of power hungry professional politicians
In short, he opposed political parties
• Because the family is our basic unit of society, we fully
support parental rights to consent to medical treatment for
their children including mental health treatment, drug
treatment, alcohol treatment, and treatment involving
pregnancy, contraceptives and abortion.
A very brief history of political parties in
America
Federalists v. Democratic-Republicans
• Led by A. Hamilton, Federalists supported a strong
fed gov. and national bank
• Support >> financial, commercial,
manufacturing
The First Party
• Led by TJ and James Madison, Dem-Republicans
System
supported limited gov. and no national bank
1796 - 1824
• Support >> farmers, shopkeepers, laborers,
planters
• Election of 1800 (Critical)
• >>> 1st time a party in power peacefully gave
up power
• TJ and VP Burr tie
• 12 Amendment separates the Electoral
College (election decided by the House)
• Eliminate federal deficits without using excess trust funds
from Social Security, Medicare, Highway, and other trusts to
balance the budget.
A very brief history of political parties in
America
Jackson and the Democrats
• Election of 1828 (Critical)
Second Party • Democrats organized around Jackson; Whigs
made up of everyone who didn’t like Jackson
System
(northern industrialists / southern planters)
1828 - 1856
A very brief history of political parties in
America
• Slavery dominates American politics during 1850s
• Splits Democrats and led to demise of the
The
Republican Era
1860 - 1928
•
•
•
Whigs
Election of 1860 (Critical)
Led by A. Lincoln, Republican Party emerges as the
most dynamic antislavery party and becomes the
only party to make the transition from minor to
major
Democrats survive the Civil War by becoming the
dominant party in the South
• “Solid South” fixture in American politics for
100 years
• If somebody is in this country illegally, then he or she should
be deported if caught. However, it is not realistic in terms of
manpower and resources to attempt to hunt illegal immigrants
down. We propose the following: Offer illegal immigrants the
opportunity for citizenship if they join the military and serve
out their initial contractual term honorably.
A very brief history of political parties in
America
• Election of 1896 (Critical)
• Led by William Jennings Bryan, a Democratic
The
Republican Era
1860 - 1928
•
coalition of small Western farmers and
emerging labor unions advocated free silver
and regulations to control the RRs
• Led by William McKinley, a Republican
coalition of industrialists, financial
monopolies, and small businesspeople backed
a gold standard, high tariffs, and
industrialization with no regulations
McKinley’s victory enabled the Republicans to
remain America’s majority party until the Great
Depression
A very brief history of political parties in
America
• Republican handling of Great Depression dooms
•
The New Deal
Coalition
1932 - 1964
•
•
them in election of 1932 (Critical)
Led by Franklin D. Roosevelt, the revived
Democrats advocated a program of relief,
recovery, and reform known as the New Deal
FDR builds new Democratic coalition – Urban
dwellers, Labor unions, Catholics, Persons of
Jewish faith, Southerners, and African Americans
• Note: urban dwellers and African Americans
had been important part of Republican
coalition
• This major party realignment continues to
the present day
New Deal coalition did not include Northern
business leaders and wealthy industrialists
A very brief history of political parties in
America
• Divided government: one party controls Congress
and the other controls White House
Election of Richard Nixon – 1968 (Critical ? )
• Republican dominance in presidential politics
The Era of
• Exception of Carter, Repubs held WH from
Divided Party
69’ – 93’
Government
1968 – Almost • Beginning in 1968, Repubs adopt “Southern
strategy” designed to break Dems hold on the
Present
South
• Party realignment gradually occurs as Southern
conservatives transfer loyalty to the Repubs
• By 2008, Republicans held the majority of
Southern House and Senate seats
A very brief history of political parties in
America
• Pattern of divided gov. has dominated American
The Era of
Divided Party
Government
1968 – Almost
Present
•
politics since Nixon
• From 69’ – 10’ the same party has controlled
both houses of Congress and the presidency
for just 12 years
Divided government has had a number of
consequences
• Heightened partisanship has made it more
difficult for moderates to negotiate
compromises
• Slowed both the confirmation and the
legislative process -- creating gridlock
• Increased public frustration, contributing to
the decline in trust and confidence in
government
A very brief history of political parties in
America
• Last half century has witnessed a decline in the
Today 2015
•
percentage of voters who identity themselves as
Democrat or Republican and a rise in the number
of voters who identity themselves as
independents
• Result: Significant increase in “split-ticket”
voting
• Voters who support candidates of different
parties on the same ballot
Divided government due in part to:
• Erosion of the “Solid [Democratic] South”
• Party dealignment
The Democratic Donkey and the Republican
Elephant (colors came in 2000)
• Democratic donkey first associated with Democrat
Andrew Jackson's 1828 presidential campaign
• opponents called him a jackass (a donkey), and
Jackson decided to use the image of the strong-willed
animal on his campaign posters
• later, cartoonist Thomas Nast used the Democratic
donkey in newspaper cartoons and made the symbol
famous
• Nast invented another famous symbol -- the Republican
elephant
• A cartoon that appeared in Harper's Weekly in 1874,
Nast drew a donkey clothed in lion's skin, scaring
away all the animals at the zoo
• One of those animals, the elephant, was labeled “The
Republican Vote” -- that's all it took for the elephant
to become associated with the Republican Party
• We call for a constitutional amendment
abolishing the Electoral College and providing
for the direct election of the president by
Instant Runoff Voting.
Democracy and Responsible Party
Government
Responsible Party Model
1. Parties have distinct
comprehensive programs
2. Candidates are committed
to the program
3. The majority party must carry out its program
4. The majority party must accept responsibility
• American political
parties fall short of
these conditions
American Political Parties and the
Scope of Government
• Lack of uniformity keeps government small
• But also makes cutting government programs
difficult
• Individuals focus on
getting more from
government for their
own constituents
Is the Party Over?
?
• Political parties are no
longer main source of
information for voters;
media is
• Yet parties will play an
important but diminished
role in American politics
• State and national party
organizations have become
more visible and active
• Majority of people still identify with a party
?