Advanced Placement® American Government and Politics Unit III – Political Parties (8) and Interest Groups (11) Part 1 – Political Parties Political Parties • a group that seeks to elect candidates to public office by supplying them with a label (party ID) • “Three-headed political giant” • Party-in-the-electorate (voters who identify with a party; no dues, no cards, just a claim) • Party-as-organization (national office, staff, rules, budgets) • Party-in-government (elected officials who claim membership in the party) a • We reaffirm America’s commitment to Israel’s security and will ensure that Israel maintains a qualitative edge in military technology over any potential adversaries. Political Parties Tasks of the Parties • Linkage Institution: the channels through which people’s concerns become political issues on the government’s policy agenda • Parties Pick Candidates • Parties Run Campaigns • Parties Give Cues to Voters • Parties Articulate Policies • Parties Coordinate Policymaking “A close look at five key domestic agenda items suggests that Tennesseans as a group hardly qualify as well-informed and ideologically consistent policy wonks. On four of the five issues, only about half of a given candidate’s supporters hold opinions consistent with those of the candidate." -- Middle Tennessee State University Rational Choice Theory: • Parties/politicians have pragmatic goals that matter more to the party than ideology (such as winning); and so, they’ll pursue goals with mass public appeal • Given the restrictions of American political culture, it’s hard for two main parties to differentiate themselves; but that’s what they have to do, to build voter loyalty • Since, nationally, women still earn only 70% of men's wages for equal jobs, we call for the introduction and passage of federal and state laws to achieve pay equity, and funding for the enforcement of such laws. The Party in the Electorate (YOU!) For the electorate the party is a: • Brand or label • Organization which recruits and campaigns for candidates • Set of leaders that organize/try to control legislative & executive branch American parties are weaker in all 3 areas Why • more independent /split-ticket voting • as leaders, parties still sort of strong • as organizations, parties are weaker since 1960 • working to overhaul the “No Child Left Behind” program and provide teachers with more professional support and resources— while also holding them accountable National Party Structure Today • Parties similar on paper • National convention meets every 4 yrs. to nominate pres. candidate • National committee: comprised of state delegates; manages affairs b/w conventions National Party Structure Today The National Convention The Congressional Campaign Committees The National Chairperson The National Committee All four elements of both major parties work together loosely to achieve the party’s goals. The 50 State Party System • • 50 of em’, no two alike; some weak (CA), some strong (PA) States decide who participates in nominations • Closed primaries: Only people who have registered with the party can vote for that party’s candidates • Open primaries: Voters decide on Election Day whether they want to vote in the Democrat or Republican primary • Blanket primaries: Voters are presented with a list of candidates from all parties • Government regulation and subsidy constitutes a threat to both the quality and availability of patient-oriented health care and treatment. National Political Party Conventions • National comm. sets time/place, uses formula to allocate delegates • Dems: formula shifts delegates away from South, to North & West (Dems thus move left; rewards large states) • Repubs: formula shifts delegates away from East, to South & Southwest (Repubs thus move right; rewards loyal states) • Sexual orientation, preference, gender, or gender identity should have no impact on the government's treatment of individuals, such as in current marriage, child custody, adoption, immigration or military service laws. Local Politics • • • • Party Machines: a type of political party organization that relies heavily on material inducements to win votes and to govern Patronage: a job, promotion or contract given for political reasons rather than merit; used by party machines Due to progressive reforms, urban party organizations are generally weak • Civil Service Reform, voter registration, etc. Revitalization of party organization at county level State and Local Party Machinery State and local party organization varies from State to State, but usually follow the general principles below: Minor Parties / 3rd Parties in the United States Types of Minor Parties Ideological Parties Single-issue Parties Economic Protest Parties Splinter Party Example: Libertarian Party Example: Free Soil Party Example: The Greenback Party Example: “Bull Moose” Progressive Party • Adoption of a law clarifying that the 14th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution does not give automatic U.S. citizenship to a child born on U.S. soil to illegal alien parents. Minor Parties / 3rd Parties • Third parties: electoral contenders other then • the two party parties; rarely win elections (can play spoiler – Ralph Nader {Green Party} and Al Gore {Democrats} in 2000) Third parties are important -- (WHY???) • Are “safety valves” for popular discontent • Bring new groups and ideas into politics • An orderly, controlled border and an immigration system designed to meet our economic needs are important pillars of a healthy and robust economy. Party Eras in American History Party Eras • Historical periods in which majority of votes cling to party in power a the Critical Election • An electoral “earthquake” new issues and new coalitions emerge Party Realignment • The displacement of the majority party by the minority party, usually during a critical election Party Dealignment • Movement away from both political parties where A very brief history of political parties in America • no party mentioned in constitution • Factions • groups pursuing some common political Pre-Party Era • • interest considered both inevitable and dangerous • (see Federalist #10) factions not yet parties A very brief history of political parties in America "They serve to organize faction, to give it an artificial and extraordinary force; to put, in the place of the delegated will of the nation, the will of a party, often a small but Pre-Party Era artful and enterprising minority of the community; and, according to the alternate triumphs of different parties, to make the public administration the mirror of the illconcerted and incongruous projects of faction, rather than the organ of consistent and wholesome plans digested by common counsels, and modified by mutual interests." -- GW’s Farwell Address (i.e. letter) • • In other words, he warned of the danger of political parties, and how they would turn the government from a group of people interested in their nation's future to a rabbling mob of power hungry professional politicians In short, he opposed political parties • Because the family is our basic unit of society, we fully support parental rights to consent to medical treatment for their children including mental health treatment, drug treatment, alcohol treatment, and treatment involving pregnancy, contraceptives and abortion. A very brief history of political parties in America Federalists v. Democratic-Republicans • Led by A. Hamilton, Federalists supported a strong fed gov. and national bank • Support >> financial, commercial, manufacturing The First Party • Led by TJ and James Madison, Dem-Republicans System supported limited gov. and no national bank 1796 - 1824 • Support >> farmers, shopkeepers, laborers, planters • Election of 1800 (Critical) • >>> 1st time a party in power peacefully gave up power • TJ and VP Burr tie • 12 Amendment separates the Electoral College (election decided by the House) • Eliminate federal deficits without using excess trust funds from Social Security, Medicare, Highway, and other trusts to balance the budget. A very brief history of political parties in America Jackson and the Democrats • Election of 1828 (Critical) Second Party • Democrats organized around Jackson; Whigs made up of everyone who didn’t like Jackson System (northern industrialists / southern planters) 1828 - 1856 A very brief history of political parties in America • Slavery dominates American politics during 1850s • Splits Democrats and led to demise of the The Republican Era 1860 - 1928 • • • Whigs Election of 1860 (Critical) Led by A. Lincoln, Republican Party emerges as the most dynamic antislavery party and becomes the only party to make the transition from minor to major Democrats survive the Civil War by becoming the dominant party in the South • “Solid South” fixture in American politics for 100 years • If somebody is in this country illegally, then he or she should be deported if caught. However, it is not realistic in terms of manpower and resources to attempt to hunt illegal immigrants down. We propose the following: Offer illegal immigrants the opportunity for citizenship if they join the military and serve out their initial contractual term honorably. A very brief history of political parties in America • Election of 1896 (Critical) • Led by William Jennings Bryan, a Democratic The Republican Era 1860 - 1928 • coalition of small Western farmers and emerging labor unions advocated free silver and regulations to control the RRs • Led by William McKinley, a Republican coalition of industrialists, financial monopolies, and small businesspeople backed a gold standard, high tariffs, and industrialization with no regulations McKinley’s victory enabled the Republicans to remain America’s majority party until the Great Depression A very brief history of political parties in America • Republican handling of Great Depression dooms • The New Deal Coalition 1932 - 1964 • • them in election of 1932 (Critical) Led by Franklin D. Roosevelt, the revived Democrats advocated a program of relief, recovery, and reform known as the New Deal FDR builds new Democratic coalition – Urban dwellers, Labor unions, Catholics, Persons of Jewish faith, Southerners, and African Americans • Note: urban dwellers and African Americans had been important part of Republican coalition • This major party realignment continues to the present day New Deal coalition did not include Northern business leaders and wealthy industrialists A very brief history of political parties in America • Divided government: one party controls Congress and the other controls White House Election of Richard Nixon – 1968 (Critical ? ) • Republican dominance in presidential politics The Era of • Exception of Carter, Repubs held WH from Divided Party 69’ – 93’ Government 1968 – Almost • Beginning in 1968, Repubs adopt “Southern strategy” designed to break Dems hold on the Present South • Party realignment gradually occurs as Southern conservatives transfer loyalty to the Repubs • By 2008, Republicans held the majority of Southern House and Senate seats A very brief history of political parties in America • Pattern of divided gov. has dominated American The Era of Divided Party Government 1968 – Almost Present • politics since Nixon • From 69’ – 10’ the same party has controlled both houses of Congress and the presidency for just 12 years Divided government has had a number of consequences • Heightened partisanship has made it more difficult for moderates to negotiate compromises • Slowed both the confirmation and the legislative process -- creating gridlock • Increased public frustration, contributing to the decline in trust and confidence in government A very brief history of political parties in America • Last half century has witnessed a decline in the Today 2012 • percentage of voters who identity themselves as Democrat or Republican and a rise in the number of voters who identity themselves as independents • Result: Significant increase in “split-ticket” voting • Voters who support candidates of different parties on the same ballot Divided government due in part to: • Erosion of the “Solid [Democratic] South” • Party dealignment 240 193 Divided Government The Democratic Donkey and the Republican Elephant (colors came in 2000) • Democratic donkey first associated with Democrat Andrew Jackson's 1828 presidential campaign • opponents called him a jackass (a donkey), and Jackson decided to use the image of the strong-willed animal on his campaign posters • later, cartoonist Thomas Nast used the Democratic donkey in newspaper cartoons and made the symbol famous • Nast invented another famous symbol -- the Republican elephant • A cartoon that appeared in Harper's Weekly in 1874, Nast drew a donkey clothed in lion's skin, scaring away all the animals at the zoo • One of those animals, the elephant, was labeled “The Republican Vote” -- that's all it took for the elephant to become associated with the Republican Party • Removal from the electoral system of the financial contributions of monopolies, to be replaced by public funding and guarantees of honest elections where each vote counts and all votes are counted The United States two-party system • Rare among nations (only 15 nations have it) • Evenly balanced nationally, not locally • Why has it endured so long? • voter opinion (“two broad coalitions work, even though it creates bitter dissent”) • state laws make it difficult for 3rd parties to get on ballot • BUT MAINLY, it’s the electoral system: “winnertake-all” and plurality system limit the # of parties • Single-member Districts – only one candidate is elected to each office on the ballot What is Plurality? • in elections for President, Congress, most state elections, the winner is he/she who receives the MOST votes, not MAJORITY (50% +1) • no proportionality (proportionality systems give political seats in proportion to the votes cast for each party) Proportional Representation (Multiparty) • Parliamentary systems sometimes unstable • Why? • harder for 1 party to get a majority • causes coalition governments, which usually give disproportional influence to minor r parties who join government (ex., Germany, Israel) German Coalition Government Christian Democratic Union Christian Social Union Free Democratic Party German Opposition Parties Social Democratic Party of Germany The Left Alliance '90 / The Greens Alternative Elections Runoff elections: (Example – France) • 1st election: candidates who get absolute majority are elected; later, candidates who get at least 1/8th but less than ½ go into runoff; those who get absolute majority are also elected) • Effect: every party must be as broadly based as possible • Since even the smallest party can win something, everyone has incentive to organize • We call for a constitutional amendment abolishing the Electoral College and providing for the direct election of the president by Instant Runoff Voting. Democracy and Responsible Party Government Responsible Party Model 1. Parties have distinct comprehensive programs 2. Candidates are committed to the program 3. The majority party must carry out its program 4. The majority party must accept responsibility • American political parties fall short of these conditions American Political Parties and the Scope of Government • Lack of uniformity keeps government small • But also makes cutting government programs difficult • Individuals focus on getting more from government for their own constituents Is the Party Over? ? • Political parties are no longer main source of information for voters; media is • Yet parties will play an important but diminished role in American politics • State and national party organizations have become more visible and active • Majority of people still identify with a party