Concert Life Lifts Off
Haydn
Franz Joseph Haydn (1732–1809)
• “Father of the
symphony”
• More than 100
surviving symphonies
Modern Concert Life Is Born
• Concert Spirituel (1725–1790)
– organized in Paris by Anne Dancian Philidor
(1681–1728)
– mix of vocal and instrumental works
– overture, symfonia or symphonie (curtain raiser)
– cantatas with Latin texts
– concerted grand motets
Modern Concert Life Is Born
• Concert program from Vienna, 16 April 1791
– “grand symphony” by Mozart
– opera arias by Mozart and Paisiello
– cello concerto by Pleyel
– choral Alleluja by Albrechtsberger
– wind-band partita by Druschetzky
Modern Concert Life Is Born
• Giovanni Battista Sammartini (1700/01–1775)
– nearly 70 symphonies
• Sinfonia in G (1730s) [Anthology 2-7]
– 3 movements, binary form
– “symphonic binary form”
– “sonata form”
The Mannheim Orchestra:
“An Army of Generals”
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Mannheim, seat of the Rhineland Palatinate
Court instrumental music
Johann Wenzel Anton Stamitz (1717–1757)
Christian Cannabich (1731–1798)
Mannheim Orchestra
– Burney: “It is an army of generals”
Concert Symphonies
• J. C. Bach, Symphony in B-flat, Op. 18, No. 2
[Anthology 2-8]
– originally sinfonia avanti l’opera
– premiered in Mannheim, 1775
– premier coup d’archet
– “rocket”
Haydn: The Perfect Career
• Choirboy at St. Stephen’s Cathedral in Vienna
Haydn: The Perfect Career
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Choirboy at St. Stephen’s Cathedral in Vienna
Studied Fux’s Gradus ad Parnassum
Apprenticed with Nicola Porpora
1757: employed as Kapellmeister by Count
Morzin
– composed early symphonies
Haydn’s Years with the
Esterházy Family
• 1761: “Vice-Kapellmeister in the service of his
Serene Highness Paul Anton [Esterházy]”
• 1766: acceded to chief Kapellmeister under
Nikolaus Joseph
Haydn’s Years with the
Esterházy Family
• Eszterháza
– two theaters
– two concert rooms
– large hall
Haydn’s Years with the
Esterházy Family
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Composed some 20 Italian operas
At least 75 symphonies
Dozens of quartets
Nearly 200 works for baryton
Expectations and Deviations:
Creating Musical Meaning
• Symphony No. 45 [Anthology 2-9]
– performed at Eszterháza in 1772
– F minor
– boldly experimental
– Sturm und Drang
– “Farewell”
– thematische Arbeit (thematic work)
String Quartets
• 68 String Quartets
• Op. 33 Quartets
– “a new and special manner”
– Quartet No. 2 in E-flat [Anthology 2-10]
• “The Joke”
The Symphony Composer
• Prince Nikolaus dies 1790
• Peter Salomon, London subscription concerts
– London Symphonies
Sonata Form
– “First-movement form,” “sonata-allegro form”
• slow introduction
• exposition
• development
• recapitulation
The “London” Symphony No. 104
• [Anthology 2-11]
• First Movement, D major
– Slow introduction
– Exposition
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Primary Theme in D
Bridge
Secondary Theme area in A
Closing section
The “London” Symphony No. 104
• [Anthology 2-11]
• First Movement, D major
– Slow introduction
– Exposition
– Development
• primary theme developed, several key areas
The “London” Symphony No. 104
• [Anthology 2-11]
• First Movement, D major
– Slow introduction
– Exposition
– Development
– Recapitulation
• Primary and Secondary themes in D
The “London” Symphony No. 104
• Second Movement, Andante
– ternary form: ABA’
• Third Movement
– minuet and trio
• Final Movement
– fast, 2/4 meter
– sonata form
The Culminating Work: The Creation
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[Anthology 2-12]
In the Handelian tradition
Premiered in 1798
Libretto based on the Bible and Milton’s
Paradise Lost