Safety, Health, and Environmental
Management (SHEM) Manual
USDA Agricultural Research Service in Corvallis, OR
Last Updated 4 Sept 2012
Contents
Standard Operating Procedures ................................................................................................................... 4
General...................................................................................................................................................... 4
Fire Extinguishers .................................................................................................................................. 4
Government Owned Vehicle ................................................................................................................. 6
Laboratory ................................................................................................................................................. 8
Autoclaves ............................................................................................................................................. 8
Chemical Storage Guidelines .............................................................................................................. 10
Centrifuge ........................................................................................................................................... 12
Cryogenics ........................................................................................................................................... 15
Electrophoresis Devices ...................................................................................................................... 19
Fume Hoods ........................................................................................................................................ 20
Gas Cylinder Safety ............................................................................................................................. 21
General Lab Safety Rules..................................................................................................................... 22
Glassware ............................................................................................................................................ 26
Heating Devices................................................................................................................................... 27
Heating Mantles .................................................................................................................................. 28
Hot Plates ............................................................................................................................................ 29
Microwave Ovens ............................................................................................................................... 30
Oil, Salt and Sand Baths ...................................................................................................................... 31
Ovens .................................................................................................................................................. 32
Refrigerators and Freezers.................................................................................................................. 33
Rotary Evaporators ............................................................................................................................. 34
Stirring and Mixing Devices................................................................................................................. 35
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Ultrasonicators .................................................................................................................................... 36
Vacuums .............................................................................................................................................. 37
Maintenance ........................................................................................................................................... 38
Acetylene ............................................................................................................................................ 38
Crane and Hoist Safety ........................................................................................................................ 39
Construction Safety............................................................................................................................. 40
Electrical Safety Guidelines ................................................................................................................. 42
Elevated Work Surfaces ...................................................................................................................... 44
Forklift ................................................................................................................................................. 47
Housekeeping and Custodial Safety.................................................................................................... 51
Painting Operations Safety ................................................................................................................. 53
Physical Labor Safety .......................................................................................................................... 55
Chemicals ................................................................................................................................................ 57
Corrosive Materials ............................................................................................................................. 57
Flammable Materials .......................................................................................................................... 59
Particularly Hazardous Substances ..................................................................................................... 63
Ethidium Bromide ............................................................................................................................... 68
Formaldehyde ..................................................................................................................................... 72
Hydrofluoric Acid ................................................................................................................................ 76
Personal Protective Equipment .............................................................................................................. 77
Hard-hats ............................................................................................................................................ 77
Laboratory Glove Use.......................................................................................................................... 80
Safety Programs .......................................................................................................................................... 82
Accident Investigation and Reporting..................................................................................................... 82
Asbestos Management Program ............................................................................................................ 90
Automated External Defribrillator Plan .................................................................................................. 93
Back Care Program .................................................................................................................................. 96
Chemical Hygiene Plan............................................................................................................................ 98
Confined Space Program....................................................................................................................... 116
Drug and Alcohol Statement ................................................................................................................. 122
Ergonomics Program ............................................................................................................................. 123
Hazard Communication ........................................................................................................................ 134
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Hearing Conservation Program ............................................................................................................. 136
Hazardous Waste Disposal .................................................................................................................... 139
Hazardous Waste Reduction ................................................................................................................. 141
Lockout - Tagout Program..................................................................................................................... 144
MSDS Management .............................................................................................................................. 152
Personal Protective Equipment ............................................................................................................ 154
Radiation Protection Program .............................................................................................................. 158
Respiratory Protection Program ........................................................................................................... 159
Sharps Disposal Plan ............................................................................................................................. 174
Warning Signs and Hazard Labels ......................................................................................................... 176
Worker Protection Standard ................................................................................................................. 180
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Standard Operating Procedures
General
Fire Extinguishers
Supervisor Responsibilities
 Verify that the fire extinguisher is being checked monthly and that these checks are being
documented on the tag affixed to the fire extinguisher.
 Ensure that the fire extinguisher is inspected by an outside contractor once a year.
 Contact the SOHS if your research involves use of combustible metals, such as magnesium,
titanium, potassium and sodium as well as pyrophoric organometallic reagents such as
alkyllithiums, Grignards and diethylzinc. These materials burn at high temperatures and will
react violently with water, air, and/or other chemicals. These all require a class D fire
extinguisher which is not normally kept in stock.
 Provide time for and ensure that employees are meeting their responsibilities as listed below.
Employee Responsibilities
 Know the location of nearby fire extinguishers.
 Know how to use a fire extinguisher before attempting to use it.
 Pick up the fire extinguisher in your immediate work area to familiarize yourself with its weight
and operation.
 Understand the PASS acronym and common mistakes, see below.
 Participate in fire extinguisher training when it is provided.
 Keep access to fire extinguishers should be free of obstructions.
 ONLY attempt to extinguish small fires. Large or quickly spreading fires must be handled by the
professionals.
PASS Acronym
The easiest way to sum up the proper use of a fire extinguisher is to remember the PASS acronym:
P – Pull the pin. All extinguishers have a pin to prevent the handle from accidently triggering.
A – Aim the nozzle at the fire. Start 10 feet away and work towards the fire.
S – Squeeze the handle to trigger to release the extinguisher contents. Tamper seal will break.
S – Sweep the nozzle side to side to cover the entire area around the fire. This will stop its
spread.
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Discussion
Fire extinguishers are prevalent in USDA-ARS-Corvallis facilities and work areas, however, an
extinguisher is useless if the user does not know where the extinguisher is located or fully understands
how to use it.
Different ratings and classes of fire extinguishers are available for the particular types of fire hazards
that may exist in the particular laboratory or work area. The selection of the fire extinguisher for the
given situation is determined by the character of the fire anticipated. In most ARS laboratories and work
areas, a class ABC rated, dry chemical fire extinguisher within 30 feet of any exit will be sufficient for
small ordinary combustibles, flammable liquids, and electrical fires. If a class ABC rated fire extinguisher
are not present in your work area then contact the SOHS.
Even though a small fire can sometimes be extinguished with a fire extinguisher, attempt to put out such
a fire only if you have been trained, are confident you can do so successfully and quickly, and are in a
position in which you are always between the fire and an exit to avoid being trapped. Consult your
laboratory standard operating procedures, Unit Occupant Emergency Plan, and Accident Prevention
Program for additional information regarding fire emergencies.
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Government Owned Vehicle
The purpose of this Government Owned Vehicle (GOV) Safety instruction and the “Use of the
Government Owned Vehicle Policy” (http://www.afm.ars.usda.gov/ppweb/PDF/221-01M.pdf#page=55
and scroll down) and is to provide information about the appropriate and acceptable use of government
resources and promote safe driving for the protection of employees and all motorists. The USDA-ARSCorvallis Location stresses safe and courteous driving. In conjunction with the requirements listed in
P&P 221-01M please pay particular attention to the following requirements:
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Mobile Communication Devices are Prohibited. Do not talk, read or write texts, or otherwise
use your cell phone or mobile device.
Seat Belts and Safety Harnesses are Required and must be properly worn.
Smoking is Prohibited, inside or around the vehicle at all times.
Do not Drive Under the Influence of Drugs, Alcohol, or Performance-Altering Medications.
You must obey all Federal, State, and Local Driving Laws. All traffic tickets and parking fines
are your responsibility.
Use the GOV for Official Use Only. Personal errands, even short side trips, are not authorized.
Take the most direct route.
Minimize all Distractions. Pull over if you need to read something or otherwise draw your
attention away from the road. Make all adjustments to the radio before the vehicle starts
moving.
Practice Operating a Vehicle in a Vacant Parking Lot prior to driving an unfamiliar vehicle, or a
vehicle that is much larger than what you are used to.
Make Slow and Deliberate Changes. Sudden stops, accelerations, and turns are unpredictable
to other drivers and increase the chance of having an accident.
You must have your State Driver’s License in your Possession.
Do not allow Non-ARS Employee Passengers. This includes friends and family members. Some
cooperative agreements do allow for non-ARS employees (i.e. work-study students,
collaborators) to ride in the GOV. However, written authorization must be given by the unit
Research Leader on a case by case basis.
Drive Courteously. As a GOV driver your actions may reflect positively or negatively on the
federal government.
Keep the Windows Clean to Aid Visibility.
Do Not Drive Tired. Plan your trips, especially long distance ones, to assure that you are wellrested and alert before beginning your trip. Alternate drivers if needed.
You are Responsible for Reporting a GOV Driver’s Unsafe Behavior to your Supervisor.
If you are Involved in an Accident:
o Stop the Vehicle in a Safe Location. Contact the police immediately.
o Do not admit Guilt or Speculate Causes. Provide only your objective observations of
the events leading to the accident.
o Obtain a Copy of the On-scene Police Report.
o Gather the Contact Information from any Witnesses and Involved Parties.
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Notify your immediate supervisor. Within the next 48 hours you will be required to fill
out an SF-91 Operator’s Report of Motor Vehicle Accident.
o Your supervisor must notify the SOHS.
There is a packet in each vehicle with further instructions and forms in the event of an accident.
Verify that this packet is in the vehicle and report missing packet to the SOHS.
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Laboratory
Autoclaves
The use of an autoclave is a very effective way to decontaminate infectious waste. Autoclaves work by
killing microbes with superheated steam. The following are recommended guidelines when using an
autoclave:
Do not put sharp or pointed contaminated objects into an autoclave bag. Place them in an appropriate
rigid sharps disposal container that is partially opened to vent.
Use caution when handling an infectious waste autoclave bag, in case sharp objects were inadvertently
placed in the bag. Never lift a bag from the bottom to load it into the chamber. Handle the bag from the
top.
Do not overfill an autoclave bag. Steam and heat cannot penetrate as easily to the interior of a densely
packed autoclave bag. Frequently the outer contents of the bag will be treated but the innermost part
will be unaffected.
Do not overload an autoclave. An over-packed autoclave chamber does not allow efficient steam
distribution. Considerably longer sterilization times may be required to achieve decontamination if an
autoclave is tightly packed.
Conduct autoclave sterility testing on a regular basis using appropriate biological indicators (B.
stearothermophilus spore strips) to monitor efficacy. HCRU must test their autoclaves once every 6
months. FSCRU and NCGR must test their autoclaves once every year. In addition, use indicator tape
with each load to verify it has been autoclaved.
Do not mix contaminated and clean items together during the same autoclave cycle. Clean items
generally require shorter decontamination times (15-20 minutes) while a bag of infectious waste (24" x
36") typically requires 45 minutes to an hour to be effectively decontaminated throughout.
Always wear personal protective equipment, including heat-resistant gloves, safety glasses and a lab
coat when operating an autoclave. Use caution when opening the autoclave door. Allow superheated
steam to exit before attempting to remove autoclave contents. Allow contents to cool to near room
temperature before removing them. Placing a hot glass beaker on a cold bench top surface could cause
it to break due to thermal stresses.
Be on the alert when handling pressurized containers. Superheated liquids may spurt from closed
containers. Never seal a liquid container with a cork or stopper. This could cause an explosion inside the
autoclave.
Agar plates will melt and the agar will become liquefied when autoclaved. Avoid contact with molten
agar. Use a secondary tray to catch any potential leakage from an autoclave bag rather than allowing it
to leak onto the floor of the autoclave chamber.
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If there is a spill inside the autoclave chamber, allow the unit to cool before attempting to clean up the
spill. If glass breaks in the autoclave, use tongs, forceps or other mechanical means to recover
fragments. Do not use bare or gloved hands to pick up broken glassware.
Do not to leave an autoclave operating unattended for a long period of time. Always be sure someone is
in the vicinity while an autoclave is cycling in case there is a problem.
Autoclaves should be placed under preventive maintenance contracts to ensure they are operating
properly. Autoclaves at Corvallis OR units are inspected once a year by a qualified vendor. Inform your
supervisor if the autoclave you are using is overdue.
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Chemical Storage Guidelines
Proper chemical storage is essential in assuring a safe work environment
Segregate Chemicals - Store by Hazard Class
Do Not Store Chemicals Alphabetically, except within a hazard class. Hazard classes that should be
stored separately include:
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radioactive materials
pyrophoric materials
flammable materials
oxidizing materials
water reactive substances
oxidizing acids
inorganic acids
organic acids
caustics (bases)
poisons (general laboratory reagents separated into organic and inorganic groups)
Provide physical segregation (sills, curbs, trays) or separation between hazard classes.
Keep flammable materials by themselves in approved storage cans, cabinets, or rooms. Store oxidizers
well away from flammable materials.
Store Chemicals To Minimize The Risk From Damaged Containers
 Store large bottles and containers close to but not on the floor
 Store acids and caustics below eye level
 Shelves should be securely fastened to the wall and have lips or restraining cord to prevent
bottles from falling
 Secondary containment such as polyethylene or stainless steel trays as appropriate should be
provided for spill protection
 Be mindful that we are expecting an earthquake. Anticipate how your chemical storage would
fare during an earthquake and make changes accordingly.
Label Chemical Containers And Storage Areas Properly
Chemical containers should have the chemical name, a warning label identifying the major hazards, and
information about handling precautions
Storage areas should be labeled with hazard class
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Chemical Hazard Classes - Examples
Pyrophoric - (many are also water reactive)
 phosphorous (red, white)
 methylmagnesium bromide (and other
grignard reagents
 diethylzinc
 triethylaluminum
Oxidizing Materials
 nitrates
 perchlorates
 permanganates
 iodates
 chromium (VI) compounds
 bromine
 nitrates
 iodine
Water Reactive
 alkaline earth metals (sodium, potassium,
lithium, calcium)
 calcium carbide
 hydrides
 titanium tetrachloride
 acetic anhydride
Flammable
 solvents
 sodium metal
 sodium sulfide
 sulfur
Inorganic Acids
 hydrochloric acid
 hydroiodic acid
 phosphoric acid
 hydrobromic acid
 hydrofluoric acid
 Inorganic Acids - Oxidizing
 sulfuric acid
 nitric acid
 perchloric acid
Organic Acids
 formic acid
 acetic acid
 propionic acid
 butyric acid
Caustics
 hydroxides of sodium, potassium, calcium,
lithium
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Centrifuge
A laboratory centrifuge can be an important tool. It can also be a dangerous instrument if used or
maintained improperly. Most hazards associated with centrifugation stem from one of two sources:
mechanical conditions, and processing hazardous materials. This standard operating procedure
addresses both of these categories and presents methods for controlling the risks associated with them.
Always ensure that loads are evenly balanced before a run.
Always observe the manufacturers maximum speed and sample density ratings.
Always observe speed reductions when running high density solutions, plastic adapters, or stainless
steel tubes.
Always place the centrifuge, even small bench top units, on a stable surface. Do not set it on a cart. An
unbalanced centrifuge could cause the unstable base to fail or tip over. A running centrifuge hitting the
ground could fail catastrophically, leading to personal injury and property damage.
Fatigue
Even when manufacturers’ recommendations are closely followed, metal rotors will suffer fatigue.
Repeated cyclical stretching and relaxation will cause changes in the metal’s microstructure, resulting in
eventual cracks and failure. Centrifuge manufacturers typically give both an expiration date (beyond
which the rotor should not be used under any circumstance) and a maximum number of runs. To
prevent mechanical rotor failure due to fatigue, observe the following:
Never use a rotor past the manufacturer’s expiration or safe-service date.
It is the supervisor’s responsibility to keep a rotor-use log to prevent overuse. (Note: some newer
equipment may have datalogging capability. Consult the manufacturer’s instructions for specific
recordkeeping requirements.)
Corrosion
Many rotors are made from either titanium or aluminum alloy, chosen for their advantageous
mechanical properties. While titanium alloys are quite corrosion-resistant, aluminum alloys are not.
Note that although a rotor may be made of titanium alloy, other centrifuge components may be made
from aluminum due to design considerations. When corrosion occurs, the metal is weakened and less
able to bear the stress from the centrifugal force exerted during operation. The combination of stress
and corrosion causes the rotor to fail more quickly and at lower stress levels than an uncorroded rotor.
To prevent corrosion, observe the following:
Select titanium-alloy or comparable rotors for areas where corrosive solutions, like KBr, will be used
regularly.
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MECHANICAL
Stress
Centrifugal force puts a load on the rotor, causing stretching or a change in the dimensions of the metal.
Each rotor is designed to withstand a certain amount of stress and return to its original dimensions.
However, if that amount of stress is exceeded, the rotor will not return to its original shape and size.
This causes minute cracks and other wear that will deteriorate the rotor over time, leading to possibly
dangerous consequences. To prevent stress, the following practices are strongly recommended:
Never clean rotors or associated parts with abrasive wire brushes.
Avoid using alkaline detergents or cleaning solutions on aluminum parts. (Note: most solutions designed
for radioactive decontamination are highly alkaline. See the Hazardous Samples section below for more
detail.)
If corrosive or alkaline materials have been run or spilled, be sure to wash affected parts of the
centrifuge immediately and allow them to air dry.
Store the rotor away from the centrifuge in a dry area, with all cavities facing downward to prevent the
accumulation of moisture.
Other points to prevent a mechanical rotor failure:
Use only rotors compatible with your centrifuge. Consult the operating manual for a list of compatible
rotors for each centrifuge.
Never attempt to open the door while the rotor is spinning or attempt to stop the rotor by hand.
Do not attempt to move the centrifuge while it is in operation.
Inspect the rotor before use and any time the rotor may have been subject to damage (i.e. dropped). Do
not use the rotor if any cracks, rough spots, pitting, discolorations, or other abnormalities are present.
Contact the manufacturer for details and service.
Consider maintaining a service contract with a manufacturer’s representative.
HAZARDOUS SAMPLES
Centrifugation of hazardous samples may result in exposure to chemical, biological, or radioactive
agents. Careful consideration must be given to work practices to avoid hazards. The following is a list of
practices that should be followed whenever hazardous materials are centrifuged:
When possible, samples should be aspirated rather than poured from centrifuge tubes.
Load and unload hazardous samples in ventilated enclosures (biosafety cabinet for biological specimens,
ducted fume hood for hazardous chemicals, etc.)
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Centrifuges used with hazardous aerosols and under a vacuum should be fitted with an appropriate inline filter to protect the vacuum pump. (Contact the manufacturer for retrofits.)
When hazardous samples are centrifuged, contain samples in safety cups, sealed tubes, or safety rotors.
When safety containers are not available, centrifuge in a ventilated enclosure or evacuate the chamber
before opening the lid via a vacuum port.
Wait at least 10 minutes after the centrifuge has stopped to allow any aerosols generated in the
chamber to settle.
Clean and decontaminate all parts after each use, according to the manufacturer’s instructions. (Note:
some rotors may be autoclaved. Check with the manufacturer.)
SPILLS AND LEAKS
Occasionally samples may spill or leak inside the centrifuge due to failure of the rotor or associated
centrifuge parts. Anytime a sample containing hazardous materials has leaked inside the centrifuge this
should be treated as an emergency and the following steps should be followed:
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Close the centrifuge lid immediately with the samples remaining inside and turn the centrifuge
off.
It may be necessary to vacate the lab depending on the nature of the spilled material and its
ability to generate an aerosol. When the lab must be vacated, secure the room such that others
cannot gain access. Post signage indicating restricted entry. A building-wide evacuation may be
required.
All personnel should decontaminate themselves and seek medical attention as necessary.
Notify principal investigators, lab supervisors, and coworkers as quickly as possible about the
issue.
Form a plan for decontamination
Wait at least 30 minutes before entering the lab to allow aerosols to settle and decontaminate
according to plan.
The Safety and Occupational Health Specialist (SOHS) may be contacted for technical assistance.
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Cryogenics
What is Cryogenics?
Cryogenics is the study and use of materials at extremely low temperatures. The term “cryogenics,”
according to the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), applies to all temperatures less
than –150°C (–238°F).
Compounds that are normally gases at room temperature condense to liquids at extremely cold
temperatures. Gases can also be condensed to liquids by exposing them to very high pressures.
Common cryogenic liquids are liquid nitrogen (LN2), liquid oxygen and liquid helium. Applications that
use cryogenics include tool/metal tempering, nuclear research, electromagnetism work and multiple
laboratory techniques. Surgeons are using cryogenics to treat Parkinson’s disease, destroy brain tumors
and arrest cervical cancer. Rocket engines are fueled by liquid oxygen, as are cutting and welding
torches. Because of the nature of cryogenic liquids, special precautions must be taken when working
with them.
Effects of Cryogenics on Materials
The extreme temperatures of these liquids cause most solids to become more brittle. Materials such as
carbon steel, plastics and rubber should not be used with cryogenic liquids because they can fracture or
shatter extremely easily.
Physical Effects of Exposure
Contact with cryogenic liquids to the eyes or the skin can cause serious frostbite injuries. Tissues that
have been frozen will be painless while still frozen and may look waxy and yellow in hue. Thawed
frostbitten skin will be very painful, red and swollen and can become infected.
Any flesh that comes in contact with a cryogenically cooled material can stick to that material, similar to
the way some children stick their tongues to flagpoles in the winter. Where cryogenics is involved,
however, metallic materials are not the only ones that cause this risk. It is important to remember that
even nonmetallic materials are extremely dangerous to touch. Removal of the skin from any material
can cause tearing of the flesh when attempted. To minimize the chances of freezing materials to skin, all
watches and jewelry on the hands and wrists should be removed. When cryogenic liquids warm and
revert to their gaseous state, oxygen can be displaced. Oxygen-deficient atmospheres can cause
dizziness, nausea, vomiting, unconsciousness, confusion and death. However, not all symptoms will
necessarily be present depending on the rapidity of the gas expansion. Unconsciousness could occur
without any preceding signs of danger.
First Aid
If the body has been exposed to either a cryogenic liquid or gas, the tissues should be restored to
normal body temperature by running warm liquid (108°F) over the affected part. Water should never be
more than 112°F and the affected part should not be rubbed at any time. This can cause further damage
to the area. The victim should get emergency care as quickly as possible to minimize further damage and
for damage assessment.
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If a person is overcome by loss of oxygen while working with cryogenic liquids, that person should be
moved to a well-ventilated area immediately. A self contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) may be
required for rescue so the rescuer does not also fall victim. OSU EH&S and the Corvallis Fire Department
has this protective equipment and should be called to respond to suspected low-oxygen conditions.
Artificial respiration should be applied if breathing has stopped. If the person is having difficulty
breathing, oxygen should be supplied. Emergency medical help should be summoned.
Personal Protective Apparel
Personal protective equipment is critical when working with cryogenics. Always wear chemical splash
goggles and face shields during the transfer and handling process to guard against splashes and the
possibility of vessel rupture causing flying debris.
Loose fitting, insulated gloves made to withstand extremely low temperatures should also be worn. The
gloves should fit loosely enough so that if a splash occurs inside the gloves they can be thrown off easily
and rapidly.
To protect all parts of the skin, long-sleeve shirts and trousers are also recommended. Pant legs should
go over the tops of footwear so spills cannot get into boots or shoes and cause extreme tissue damage
before the footwear can be removed.
If working in an oxygen-deficient atmosphere, you must use an oxygen-supplying respirator, such as an
airline respirator with an egress bottle or a self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA.) A cartridge-style
respirator would not be appropriate because the problem with the atmosphere is the loss of oxygen,
which cannot be added by filtration.
Environmental Controls and Cryogenic-Specific Equipment
Because these liquids vaporize extremely rapidly, a different danger surfaces as they warm up. They are
capable of producing huge amounts of gases, which could produce explosions or vessel ruptures.
Containers should never be plugged or covered. This interferes with the needed venting of the container
to prevent explosions.
Only use containers that are made specifically for cryogenic liquids, such as Dewar flasks. Dewar flasks
consist of two flasks, with one inside the other. There is a space between the two flasks, which provides
a layer of insulation. This insulation keeps the liquid from warming quickly and causing rapid expansion
of the gas. And while these products are made to specifically withstand the stress of extreme
temperature changes, they should still be filled very slowly to protect the containers from excessive
internal stress that can cause damage and weaken the container.
Cryogenic containers should not be filled past 80% of capacity to account for the expansion of gases.
This rapid expansion of gas can lead to asphyxiation (except for oxygen) in an enclosed area. The gases
can displace the oxygen and a person can be overtaken rapidly. Most cryogenic liquids—including liquid
nitrogen—become colorless, odorless and tasteless gases, which makes them undetectable to human
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senses. Air with less than 18% oxygen can cause dizziness and continued lower levels quickly progress to
unconsciousness and death. Always work with these liquids in a well-ventilated, open area.
Never store LN2 dewars in an enclosed space. Large (>1 liter) LN2 dewars should be stored in large
general lab areas and not in walk-in coolers. The elevated temperature in the general lab area has only
a very minimal effect on the overall evaporation rate. Never ride an elevator with an LN2 dewar
regardless of its size. Either take the stairs or let the large LN2 dewar ride up by itself (use helpers to
prevent anyone getting in the elevator with the dewar on intermediate floors).
If it is impossible to work with cryogenic liquids in an open area, air monitoring devices are available to
measure oxygen levels. These are available in personal, handheld or fixed models. These units will alarm
when oxygen levels get below 19.5%, alerting anyone in the room of the oxygen-deficient atmosphere
before dangerous levels are reached.
Cryogenic liquids boil at room temperatures. This boiling can cause eruptions and splashes, so tongs
need to be used when removing anything immersed in the liquid.
Commonly Asked Questions
Q.
Why can’t I wear a cartridge-style respirator to protect from liquid nitrogen vapors?
A.
Liquid nitrogen is not a danger in itself. In fact, normal air is 78% nitrogen. We don’t need
protection from high levels of nitrogen gas. But the danger with liquid nitrogen is that it vaporizes
so quickly it forces oxygen out of the area. Oxygen is normally present at about 21% of normal air.
When it falls below 18% we do not have enough oxygen to function normally. Since cartridge-style
respirators are only made to remove contaminants, they are inappropriate for an environment
that is oxygen deficient.
Q.
What kind of gloves are needed for working with cryogenics?
A.
Gloves should be insulated and made to withstand the low temperatures of cryogenic liquids. They
should also be loose fitting so they can be easily removed if a spill should go inside the glove.
Q.
How cold is liquid nitrogen?
A.
Liquid Nitrogen condenses to a liquid at –320°F.
Q.
I only have one liter of nitrogen gas. Why do I have to worry about being in an enclosed space?
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A.
One liter of liquid nitrogen can expand to 24.6 cu. ft. of gas, which is an expansion ratio of 1:696.
This can rapidly fill a small space and cause a very dangerous situation.
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Electrophoresis Devices
Precautions to prevent electric shock must be followed when conducting procedures involving
electrophoresis. Lethal electric shock can result when operating at high voltages such as in DNA
sequencing or low voltages such as in agarose gel electrophoresis (e.g., 100 volts at 25 milliamps).These
general guidelines should be followed:
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Turn the power off before connecting the electrical leads
Connect one lead at a time, using one hand only
Ensure that hands are dry while connecting leads
Keep the apparatus away from sinks or other water sources
Turn off power before opening lid or reaching inside chamber
Do not override safety devices
Do not run electrophoresis equipment unattended.
If using acrylamide, purchase premixed solutions or pre-weighed quantities whenever possible
If using ethidium bromide, have a hand-held UV light source available in the laboratory. Check
working surfaces after each use.
Mix all stock solutions in a chemical fume hood.
Provide spill containment by mixing gels on a plastic tray
Decontaminate surfaces with ethanol. Dispose of all cleanup materials as hazardous waste.
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Fume Hoods
General
 Laboratory fume hoods are important safety devices.
 Hoods function as local exhaust ventilation that protect personnel from exposure to chemicals
being handled.
 Training of personnel, proper design of experiments and careful operation of equipment are
equally important for lab safety.
 Fume hoods cannot overcome poor work practices by users.
Good Fume Hood Practices
Operation
 Before using a hood check that the air is exhausting properly. Using a chem-wipe or tissue to
observe the “pull” of the air flow is an effective and low cost method of doing this.
 If the hood is not working, notify the Safety and Occupational Health Specialist (SOHS)
 Keep sash openings to a minimum
 Hoods are annually checked by the SOHS and can be done more frequently on request
 Hood sash should not be positioned higher than what is necessary to get good range of motion
of the hands and forearms. The sash should be low enough to cover the users face and upper
chest.
 If there is a need for safety/blast shields within the hood, they should be obtained separately;
the sash alone should not be used as safety/blast shield.
 Sources of emission should be kept at least 5 inches inside the plane of the sash
 Users should keep their faces outside the plane of the hood sash
 Keep front air foil clear - don't block with lab bench liner
 Don't block hood exhaust openings or room air supply vents; they are essential for the proper
operation and capture efficiency of the hood
 Keep hood sashes closed when not in use
 Design experiments NOT to exceed the hood's exhaust capacity with anticipated experimental
emissions
Storage
 Keep storage of chemicals in a hood to a minimum
 Stored chemicals may add to the seriousness of an incident such as a fire
 Stored chemicals block exhaust openings
 Only necessary equipment should be placed in the hood
 Large equipment impedes air flow and causes air turbulence and poor capture efficiency
 Place large equipment on spacers to allow for air to pass underneath
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Gas Cylinder Safety
General
 Compressed gas cylinders are routinely used without incident
 Cylinders may easily be a hazard if they are mishandled
 Stories abound about cylinders where the valve was broken and the cylinder took off bounding
around the room or through brick walls
 Many common gases have explosive and toxic potential for cylinder sizes found in our
laboratories and shops
 A 9"x51" cylinder filled with pressurized butane gas can create an extremely flammable cloud
200 cubic feet in volume
 Lecture bottle cylinder, at 2"x12", can release 30 cubic feet of butane
Safe Handling
 Ensure contents of cylinders are properly identified
 Don't accept unidentified cylinders and don't rely on color codes; read the label
 Don't destroy or remove identification tags or labels
 Check to see cylinder valves are protected with protective caps
 Leave caps on until the gas is about to be used.
 Move cylinders only with a suitable hand truck
 Do not roll or drop cylinders, or let them bump violently against each other.
 Secure cylinders with a chain or strap positioned around the upper third of the cylinder
 Small cylinders may be put on their side and blocked to prevent rolling
 Clear cylinder valves of any dust or dirt before attaching proper regulators
 Some regulators are only for specific gases; regulators should not be interchanged
 Do not force connection fittings and never tamper with safety devices in cylinder valves or
regulators
 Release adjusting screw on regulator before opening cylinder valve
 Stand to the side of the regulator when opening cylinder valve
 Open cylinder valve slowly
 Use protective gloves and eye wear when handling cylinders containing cryogenic (super-cold)
gases
 Store cylinders in a well-ventilated area away from all sources of heat or flames
 Do not store flammable gases next to exit or oxygen cylinders
 Before returning cylinder, close the valve and replace the protective cap
 Separate empty and full cylinders during storage
 Mark empty cylinders "EMPTY" or "MT"
 Know safety and first-aid requirements for gases being used.
 Review Safety Bulletins, MSDS sheets, and read the warning labels
Page 21 of 182
General Lab Safety Rules
These concepts may apply in any areas where hazardous chemicals are used or stored.
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Safety takes precedence over all other considerations.
When performing dangerous chemical procedures, be sure there is someone in the immediate
vicinity you can reach in case of emergency.
Know the location of eyewash fountains and emergency showers. Find out how to use them
properly.
Before beginning a procedure, take a minute to investigate hazards involved; take all necessary
safety precautions.
Store food products in separate non-lab refrigerators specifically reserved for that use.
Eating, drinking, and smoking is not permitted in laboratory areas. Break rooms should be
available for that use.
Remove unsafe equipment from service. Report unsafe facilities or behavior to your supervisor.
Because unattended equipment and reactions are major causes of fire, floods, and explosions,
double check utility connections. Anticipate hazards that would result from failure of electrical,
water, or gas supply.
Use hose keepers on water condenser lines.
Personal Protection, Clothing, and Hair
 Properly label all containers.
 Wear approved eye and face protection suitable for the work at hand. Safety glasses or goggles
should be worn at all times while working with chemicals at the counter or laboratory hood. A
face shield should be worn when working with potentially eruptive substances.
 Remind all visitors and non-lab staff to observe lab safety rules, including eye protection, while
in the laboratory.
 Wear protective gloves and clothing whenever handling corrosive, toxic, or other hazardous
chemicals. Wear closed-toe shoes at all times in the lab.
 Check that guards are provided on moving parts of mechanical apparatus to prevent hazardous
contact.
 Maintain lab areas reasonably neat and uncluttered.
 Use the fume hood for all operations involving harmful gases or fumes and for flammable or
explosive materials. Check the hood to see that it is operating adequately and has been
inspected within the last year.
 Use a safety shield or barrier to protect against explosion, implosion, and flash fires when
performing reactions with large volume of flammable liquids or unstable material.
 Inspect glassware for cracks, sharp edges, and contamination before using. Broken or chipped
glassware should be repaired and polished or discarded.
 Always use a lubricant (e.g., water, glycerol) when inserting glass tubing into rubber stoppers or
grommets. Protect hands in case tubing breaks.
Page 22 of 182
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Broken glass should be put in impervious containers that are large enough to completely contain
the glass. These containers are to be placed into the building trash dumpsters by laboratory
personnel.
Do not handle radioactive isotopes without oversight from the USDA Radiation Safety Division.
Chemical Handling
 Transport dangerous or flammable liquids in a safety pail or other adequate secondary
containment. Prevent containers from tipping when transporting on a cart.
 Take extra precautions when working with large quantities of reactants.
 Use caution when adding anything to a strong acid, caustic, or oxidant. Add slowly.
 When adding solids (boiling chips, charcoal, etc.) to a liquid, check that it isn't hot.
 Use a pipet filler - not mouth suction - for all pipet work
 Keep the mouth of any vessel being heated pointed away from any person (including yourself).
 When working with biohazardous material, guard against infection by skin contact, inhalation of
aerosols, and contamination of food and beverages.
 Known carcinogens, mutagens, and teratogens should not be used or stored in normal
laboratory situations. Such substances require extreme precaution, tight security, limited access,
secondary containers, and other safety procedures; see the Location Carcinogen Safety
program.
 Flammable liquids should only be heated with steam, hot water or a grounded heating mantle.
Check the area for possible flames or electrical sparks.
 All experiments involving volatile flammable liquids (e.g., diethyl ether) should be considered
fire or explosive hazards.
 When not in use, laboratory natural gas lines should be shut off at the line valve rather than at
the equipment.
 Whenever possible, position energized electrical equipment, or other devices that may emit
sparks or flame, at least six inches above the floor.
Properly ground electrical equipment.
 Laboratory electrical equipment should have a three-conductor cord that connects to a
grounded electrical outlet, unless the equipment is dual-insulated..
 Electrical wiring for experiments, processes, etc. should be done neatly, and must conform to
electrical code requirements.
 Store strong oxidants (e.g., nitrates, chlorates, perchlorates, peroxides) in a dry area apart from
organic materials.
 Use a specially designed wash-down laboratory hood for open heated perchloric acid digestions.
Chemical Storage
 Include the word "flammable" on all flammable liquid containers.
 Whenever possible, store flammable solvents in NFPA-approved flammable liquid storage
cabinets or approved solvent storage rooms.
Page 23 of 182
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If storing more than 10 gallons of flammable liquids in a laboratory, a flammable liquid cabinet
MUST be used.
Pay careful attention to peroxide-forming compounds. Organic peroxides may detonate by
shock, friction, or heat. Compounds with dangerous tendencies to form peroxides by reaction
with oxygen (e.g., many ethers and other chemical clases) have a limited shelf life. They should
be dated on opening, and should in no case be stored for longer than one year.
Keep caustics stored below eye level.
Keep glass containers of chemicals off the floor - unless they are inside protective containers or
pans that are kick-proof.
Inventory chemicals periodically and discard old, no-longer-needed substances through the
campus hazardous waste disposal program.
Report chemical inventory annually to the SOHS for OSHA and State inventory reporting
purposes.
See “Chemical Storage Guidelines” for more information on chemical storage.
Pressure and Vacuum Systems
 Plan and provide for the possibility of explosion prior to conducting experiments that develop
high pressure or vacuum.
 Heat reactants only in a system with an approved pressure release.
 Wait for pressure to be released before opening a pressurized vessel (autoclave, etc.).
 Secure compressed gas cylinders in an upright position at all times to prevent from falling. Keep
protective caps in place when moving or storing gas cylinders.
 Regulators designed for specific cylinders are not interchangable.
 Keep flammable gas cylinders away from exits and oxygen cylinders.
 When moving cylinders with a lift truck or hand truck, make sure there is an approved rack or
securing device.
 Oxygen is not a substitute for compressed air.
 Gauges or regulators for oxidizing gases must not use oil as a lubricant. Oxygen under pressure
reacts violently with oil or grease.
 Suitable pressure regulator are required for compressed gas use.
 FULLY RELEASE pressure adjusting screws on regulators BEFORE attaching the regulator to a
cylinder.
 Always open the valves on cylinders slowly, and do not stand in front of pressure regulator
gauge faces when opening cylinder valves.
 Do not strike valves with tools, or use excessive force in making connections.
 Avoid mixtures of acetylene with oxygen or air prior to use - except at a standard torch.
 Cylinders not provided with fixed hand wheel valves shall have keys or handles provided on
valve stems at all times when cylinders are in use.
 Compressed gas cylinders are high-pressure vessels and should be handled accordingly - they
should not be dropped, bumped violently, skidded or rolled horizontally.
Page 24 of 182
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Keep stored cylinders out of direct sun and areas with increased temperature, such as boiler or
rooms.
Container Handling
 Properly label all containers. If unsure, check rule # 10 (above).
 Before re-using any food container, first remove the original label completely.
 Chemical transport containers are not to be used for non-compatible chemicals or for food
products at any time.
 All containers should have a lid at all times except during an active experiment.
 Refrigeration of flammable materials must be done in spark-proof or explosion-proof
refrigerators.
Chemical Spills and Waste Disposal
 Devise a plan to deal with small spills before one occurs. POST the plan in the lab and get
appropriate equipment. Quickly and thoroughly clean up any liquid or solid chemical spill in the
laboratory or area of operations. If any uncertainty exists, call the Safety and Occupational
Health Specialist (SOHS).
 For large spills or spills of highly toxic/flammable chemicals, initiate a building-wide evacuation
by activating a fire-alarm pull station.
 Dispose of chemical wastes by approved methods only. Unwanted or no-longer-useful chemicals
are chemical wastes. Contact the SOHS for waste disposal guidelines.
 Reagent bottles should be thoroughly cleaned of any hazardous material prior to disposal. Clean
glass reagent bottles can usually be recycled.
 Four simple steps to help comply with hazardous waste rules:
 Perform a waste determination on all wastes (SOHS responsibility)
 Label all waste containers with "waste" or "used", plus a chemical description, BEFORE adding
waste.
 Keep all waste containers closed except when adding waste.
 Keep the waste in the room where it was generated.
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Glassware
Although glass vessels are frequently used in low-vacuum operations, evacuated glass vessels may
collapse violently, either spontaneously from strain or from an accidental blow. Therefore, pressure and
vacuum operations in glass vessels should be conducted behind adequate shielding. It is advisable to
check for flaws such as star cracks, scratches and etching marks each time a vacuum apparatus is used.
Only round-bottomed or thick-walled (e.g., Pyrex) evacuated reaction vessels specifically designed for
operations at reduced pressure should be used. Repaired glassware is subject to thermal shock and
should be avoided. Thin-walled, Erlenmeyer or round-bottomed flasks larger than 1 L should never be
evacuated.
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Heating Devices
Most labs use at least one type of heating device, such as ovens, hot plates, heating mantles and tapes,
oil baths, salt baths, sand baths, air baths, hot-tube furnaces, hot-air guns and microwave ovens. Steamheated devices are generally preferred whenever temperatures of 100o C or less are required because
they do not present shock or spark risks and can be left unattended with assurance that their
temperature will never exceed 100o C. Ensure the supply of water for steam generation is sufficient prior
to leaving the reaction for any extended period of time.
A number of general precautions need to be taken when working with heating devices in the laboratory.
When working with heating devices, consider the following:
The actual heating element in any laboratory heating device should be enclosed in such a fashion as to
prevent a laboratory worker or any metallic conductor from accidentally touching the wire carrying the
electric current.
Heating device becomes so worn or damaged that its heating element is exposed, the device should be
either discarded or repaired before it is used again.
Laboratory heating devices should be used with a variable autotransformer to control the input voltage
by supplying some fraction of the total line voltage, typically 110 V.
The external cases of all variable autotransformers have perforations for cooling by ventilation and,
therefore, should be located where water and other chemicals cannot be spilled onto them and where
they will not be exposed to flammable liquids or vapors.
Fail-safe devices can prevent fires or explosions that may arise if the temperature of a reaction increases
significantly because of a change in line voltage, the accidental loss of reaction solvent or loss of cooling.
Some devices will turn off the electric power if the temperature of the heating device exceeds some
preset limit or if the flow of cooling water through a condenser is stopped owing to the loss of water
pressure or loosening of the water supply hose to a condenser.
Page 27 of 182
Heating Mantles
Heating mantles are commonly used for heating round-bottomed flasks, reaction kettles and related
reaction vessels. These mantles enclose a heating element in a series of layers of fiberglass cloth. As long
as the fiberglass coating is not worn or broken, and as long as no water or other chemicals are spilled
into the mantle, heating mantles pose no shock hazard.
Always use a heating mantle with a variable autotransformer to control the input voltage. Never plug
them directly into a 110-V line.
Be careful not to exceed the input voltage recommended by the mantle manufacturer. Higher voltages
will cause it to overheat, melt the fiberglass insulation and expose the bare heating element.
If the heating mantle has an outer metal case that provides physical protection against damage to the
fiberglass, it is good practice to ground the outer metal case to protect against an electric shock if the
heating element inside the mantle shorts against the metal case.
Some older equipment might have asbestos insulation rather than fiberglass. Contact the SOHS to
replace the insulation and for proper disposal of the asbestos.
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Hot Plates
Laboratory hot plates are normally used for heating solutions to 100o C or above when inherently safer
steam baths cannot be used. Any newly purchased hot plates should be designed in a way that avoids
electrical sparks. However, many older hot plates pose an electrical spark hazard arising from either the
on-off switch located on the hot plate, the bimetallic thermostat used to regulate the temperature or
both. Laboratory workers should be warned of the spark hazard associated with older hot plates.
In addition to the spark hazard, old and corroded bimetallic thermostats in these devices can eventually
fuse shut and deliver full, continuous current to a hot plate.
Do not store volatile flammable materials near a hot plate
Limit use of older hot plates for flammable materials.
Check for corrosion of thermostats. Corroded bimetallic thermostats can be repaired or reconfigured to
avoid spark hazards. Contact the SOHS for more info.
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Microwave Ovens
Microwave ovens used in the laboratory may pose several different types of hazards.
As with most electrical apparatus, there is the risk of generating sparks that can ignite flammable
vapors.
Metals placed inside the microwave oven may produce an arc that can ignite flammable materials.
Materials placed inside the oven may overheat and ignite.
Sealed containers, even if loosely sealed, can build pressure upon expansion during heating, creating a
risk of container rupture.
To minimize the risk of these hazards,
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Never operate microwave ovens with doors open in order to avoid exposure to microwaves.
Do not place wires and other objects between the sealing surface and the door on the oven’s
front face. The sealing surfaces must be kept absolutely clean.
Never use a microwave oven for both laboratory use and food preparation.
Electrically ground the microwave. If use of an extension cord is necessary, only a three-wire
cord with a rating equal to or greater than that for the oven should be used.
Do not use metal containers and metal-containing objects (e.g., stir bars) in the microwave.
They can cause arcing.
Do not heat sealed containers in the microwave oven. Even heating a container with a loosened
cap or lid poses a significant risk since microwave ovens can heat material so quickly that the lid
can seat upward against the threads and containers can explode.
Remove screw caps from containers being microwaved. If the sterility of the contents must be
preserved, use cotton or foam plugs. Otherwise plug the container with kimwipes to reduce
splash potential.
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Oil, Salt and Sand Baths
Electrically heated oil baths are often used to heat small or irregularly shaped vessels or when a stable
heat source that can be maintained at a constant temperature is desired. Molten salt baths, like hot oil
baths, offer the advantages of good heat transfer, commonly have a higher operating range (e.g., 200 to
425oC) and may have a high thermal stability (e.g., 540oC).There are several precautions to take when
working with these types of heating devices:
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Take care with hot oil baths not to generate smoke or have the oil burst into flames from
overheating.
Always monitor oil baths by using a thermometer or other thermal sensing devices to ensure
that its temperature does not exceed the flash point of the oil being used.
Fit oil baths left unattended with thermal sensing devices that will turn off the electric power if
the bath overheats.
Mix oil baths well to ensure that there are no “hot spots” around the elements that take the
surrounding oil to unacceptable temperatures.
Contain heated oil in a vessel that can withstand an accidental strike by a hard object.
Mount baths carefully on a stable horizontal support such as a laboratory jack that can be raised
or lowered without danger of the bath tipping over. Iron rings are not acceptable supports for
hot baths.
Clamp equipment high enough above a hot bath that if the reaction begins to overheat, the bath
can be lowered immediately and replaced with a cooling bath without having to readjust the
equipment setup.
Provide secondary containment in the event of a spill of hot oil.
Wear heat-resistant gloves when handling a hot bath.
The reaction container used in a molten salt bath must be able to withstand a very rapid heat-up
to a temperature above the melting point of salt.
Take care to keep salt baths dry since they are hygroscopic, which can cause hazardous popping
and splattering if the absorbed water vaporizes during heat-up.
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Ovens
Electrically heated ovens are commonly used in the laboratory to remove water or other solvents from
chemical samples and to dry laboratory glassware. Never use laboratory ovens for human food
preparation.
Laboratory ovens should be constructed such that their heating elements and their temperature
controls are physically separated from their interior atmospheres.
Laboratory ovens rarely have a provision for preventing the discharge of the substances volatilized in
them. Connecting the oven vent directly to an exhaust system can reduce the possibility of substances
escaping into the lab or an explosive concentration developing within the oven.
Ovens should not be used to dry any chemical sample that might pose a hazard because of acute or
chronic toxicity unless special precautions have been taken to ensure continuous venting of the
atmosphere inside the oven.
To avoid explosion, glassware that has been rinsed with an organic solvent should be rinsed again with
distilled water before being dried in an oven.
Bimetallic strip thermometers are preferred for monitoring oven temperatures. Mercury thermometers
should not be mounted through holes in the top of ovens so that the bulb hangs into the oven. Should a
mercury thermometer be broken in an oven of any type, the oven should be closed and turned off
immediately, and it should remain closed until cool. All mercury should be removed from the cold oven
with the use of appropriate cleaning equipment and procedures in order to avoid mercury exposure.
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Refrigerators and Freezers
The potential hazards posed by laboratory refrigerators and freezers involve vapors from the contents,
the possible presence of incompatible chemicals and spillage.
Only refrigerators and freezers specified for laboratory use should be utilized for the storage of
chemicals. These refrigerators have been constructed with special design factors, such as heavy-duty
cords and corrosion resistant interiors to help reduce the risk of fire or explosions in the lab.
Standard refrigerators have electrical fans and motors that make them potential ignition sources for
flammable vapors. Do not store flammable liquids in a refrigerator unless it is approved for such storage.
Flammable liquid-approved refrigerators are designed with spark-producing parts on the outside to
avoid accidental ignition. If refrigeration is needed inside a flammable-storage room, you should use an
explosion-proof refrigerator.
Frost-free refrigerators should also be avoided. Many of them have a drain or tube or hole that carries
water and possibly any spilled materials to an area near the compression, which may spark. Electric
heaters used to defrost the freezing coils can also spark.
Only chemicals should be stored in chemical storage refrigerators; lab refrigerators should not be used
for food storage or preparation. Refrigerators should be labeled for their intended purpose; labels
reading “No Food or Drink to be Stored in this Refrigerator” or “Refrigerator For Food Only” are
available from the SOHS.
All materials in refrigerators or freezers should be labeled with the contents, owner, date of acquisition
or preparation and nature of any potential hazard. Since refrigerators are often used for storage of large
quantities of small vials and test tubes, a reference to a list outside of the refrigerator could be used.
Labels and ink used to identify materials in the refrigerators should be water-resistant.
All containers should be sealed, preferably with a cap. Containers should be placed in secondary
containers, or catch pans should be used.
Loss of electrical power can produce extremely hazardous situations. Flammable or toxic vapors may be
released from refrigerators and freezers as chemicals warm up and/or certain reactive materials may
decompose energetically upon warming. Proactive planning can avoid product loss and hazardous
situations in event of an extended power outage. Dry ice or alternate power sources can be used to
prevent refrigerator and freezer contents from warming.
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Rotary Evaporators
Glass components of the rotary evaporator should be made of Pyrex or similar glass. Glass vessels
should be completely enclosed in a shield to guard against flying glass should the components implode.
Increase in rotation speed and application of vacuum to the flask whose solvent is to be evaporated
should be gradual.
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Stirring and Mixing Devices
The stirring and mixing devices commonly found in laboratories include stirring motors, magnetic
stirrers, shakers, small pumps for fluids and rotary evaporators for solvent removal. These devices are
typically used in laboratory operations that are performed in a hood, and it is important that they be
operated in a way that precludes the generation of electrical sparks.
Only spark-free induction motors should be used in power stirring and mixing devices or any other
rotating equipment used for laboratory operations. While the motors in most of the currently marketed
stirring and mixing devices meet this criterion, their on-off switches and rheostat-type speed controls
can produce an electrical spark because they have exposed electrical conductors. The speed of an
induction motor operating under a load should not be controlled by a variable autotransformer.
Because stirring and mixing devices, especially stirring motors and magnetic stirrers, are often operated
for fairly long periods without constant attention, the consequences of stirrer failure, electrical overload
or blockage of the motion of the stirring impeller should be considered.
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Ultrasonicators
Human exposure to ultrasound with frequencies between 16 and 100 kilohertz (kHz) can be divided into
three distinct categories: airborne conduction, direct contact through a liquid coupling medium, and
direct contact with a vibrating solid.
Ultrasound through airborne conduction does not appear to pose a significant health hazard to humans.
However, exposure to the associated high volumes of audible sound can produce a variety of effects,
including fatigue, headaches, nausea and tinnitus. When ultrasonic equipment is operated in the
laboratory, the apparatus must be enclosed in a 2-cm thick wooden box or in a box lined with
acoustically absorbing foam or tiles to substantially reduce acoustic emissions (most of which are
inaudible).
Direct contact of the body with liquids or solids subjected to high-intensity ultrasound of the sort used
to promote chemical reactions should be avoided. Under sonochemical conditions, cavitation is created
in liquids, and it can induce high-energy chemistry in liquids and tissues. Cell death from membrane
disruption can occur even at relatively low acoustic intensities.
Exposure to ultrasonically vibrating solids, such as an acoustic horn, can lead to rapid frictional heating
and potentially severe burns.
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Vacuums
Vacuum pumps are used in the lab to remove air and other vapors from a vessel or manifold. The most
common usages are on rotary evaporators, drying manifolds, centrifugal concentrators (“speedvacs”),
acrylamide gel dryers, freeze dryers, vacuum ovens, tissue culture filter flasks and aspirators,
desiccators, filtration apparatus and filter/degassing apparatus.
The critical factors in vacuum pump selection are:
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Application the pump will be used on
Nature of the sample (air, chemical, moisture)
Size of the sample(s)
When using a vacuum pump on a rotary evaporator, a dry ice alcohol slurry cold trap or a refrigerated
trap is recommended. A Cold Trap should be used in line with the pump when high vapor loads from
drying samples will occur. Consult manufacturer for specific situations. These recommendations are
based on keeping evaporating flask on rotary evaporator at 400 C. Operating at a higher temperature
allows the Dry Vacuum System to strip boiling point solvents with acceptable evaporation rates.
Vacuum pumps can pump vapors from air, water to toxic and corrosive materials like TFA and
methylene chloride. Oil seal pumps are susceptible to excessive amounts of solvent, corrosive acids and
bases and excessive water vapors. Pump oil can be contaminated quite rapidly by solvent vapors and
mists. Condensed solvents will thin the oil and diminish its lubricating poroperties, possibly seizing the
pump motor. Corrosives can create sludge by breaking down the oil and cause overheating. Excess
water can coagulate the oil and promotes corrosion within the pump. Proper trapping (cold trap, acid
trap) and routine oil changes greatly extend the life of an oil seal vacuum. Pump oil should be changed
when it begins to turn a dark brown color.
Diaphragm pumps are virtually impervious to attack from laboratory chemical vapors. They are
susceptible to physical wearing of the membrane if excessive chemical vapors are allowed to condense
and crystallize in the pumping chambers. A five minute air purge either as part of the procedure or at
day’s end will drive off condensed water vapors and further prolong pump life.
Hazardous chemicals can escape from the vacuum pump and pump should be place in the hood. Cold
traps and acid traps can be helpful, but if allowed to thaw or saturate, they can lose their effectiveness.
Page 37 of 182
Maintenance
Acetylene
Overview
Acetylene is highly flammable under pressure and is spontaneously combustible in air at pressures
above 15 psig. Acetylene cylinders do not contain oxygen and may cause asphyxiation if released in a
confined area. Since acetylene is shock-sensitive and explodes above 30 psi, cylinders of acetylene
contain acetylene dissolved in acetone. Acetylene cylinders must not be placed on their sides, since the
acetone and binders will have dislodged. The result may be formation of an acetylene "pocket" that is
subject to polymerization and the possibility that liquid acetone will be released into the regulator.
Emergency Procedures
In case of skin contact: Skin effects are not likely. Contact with liquid acetylene may cause irritation
upon repeated exposures. Wash affected area(s) with soap and warm water. If irritation develops, seek
medical attention.
In case of eye contact: Not a likely route of exposure since acetylene is a gas at room
temperature. Contact of liquid acetylene with the eyes may cause temporary irritation. Flush with
water for at least 15 minutes. Seek medical attention as needed.
In case of inhalation: Acetylene is an asphyxiant and may cause anesthetic effects at high
concentrations. Victims should be assisted to an uncontaminated area with fresh air.
In case of ingestion: Not a likely route of exposure since acetylene is a gas at room temperature.
Handling
Acetylene is shipped in a cylinder packed with a porous mass material and a liquid solvent, commonly
acetone. When the valve of a charged acetylene cylinder is opened, the acetylene comes out of solution
and passes out in the gaseous form. IT IS CRUCIAL THAT FUSE PLUGS IN THE TOPS AND BOTTOMS OF
ALL ACETYLENE CYLINDERS BE THOROUGHLY INSPECTED WHENEVER HANDLED TO DETECT SOLVENT
LOSS. There should be no sources of ignition in the storage or use area. If rough handling or other
occurrences should cause any fusible plug to leak, move the cylinder to an open space well away from
any possible source and place a sign on the cylinder warning of "Leaking Flammable Gas". Contact
Public Safety at 911.
Storage
Do not store acetylene cylinders on their side. If an acetylene cylinder has tipped over or was stored on
its side, carefully place the cylinder upright and do not use until the liquid has settled to the
bottom. The rule of thumb is not to use the cylinder for as many minutes as the cylinder was on its side,
up to 24 hours.
Disposal
Acetylene cylinders should be returned to the compressed gas distributor when emptied or no longer
used.
Page 38 of 182
Crane and Hoist Safety
 Direct supervision of an experienced and licensed operator is required for any trainee learning
to use lifting equipment.
 Riding a load or hook is prohibited.
 A limit switch is not to be used as an operating control.
 If the power goes off while an electric crane or hoist is being operated, turn off all switches or
operating buttons.
 Don't use a crane or hoist in an unsafe working condition until it is repaired.
 Makeshift repair of lifting equipment is prohibited.
 If a crane, hoist, or mobile lifting device has been red-tagged as dangerous, OSU employees will
not operate it..
 Before hoisting work begins, consideration must be given to the fact that stress is greatly
increased if the leg of a hoisting chain, cable, or rope is rigged at an angle of less than 90
degrees with the horizontal. Avoid angles of less than 45 degrees.
 Side pull is prohibited; the load must be directly in line with the mast or boom.
 Keep cranes, power shovels, telescoping lifting devices, and similar equipment at least 6 feet
away from high voltage lines. Use approved insulated buckets to lift personnel.
 Lift only one separately rigged load at a time.
 Keep lifting equipment from dangling or dragging under the load.
 The crane or hoist operator is responsible for the load. Only one employee will give signals to
the operator. The operator needs a clear view of work and equipment at all times.
 Attach the load to the crane or hoist by slings or other approved devices.
 Remove from service all deformed or defective hooks, rings, or other lifting equipment.
 Don't use wire or manila rope which is frayed to the extent that it is weakened, or wire rope
cables that are cut, frayed, kinked, or rusted.
 Nylon or wire rope slings must not be shortened by using knots..
 Use only manufacturer-recommended means to secure chain links of a hoist; don't use a nut
and bolt, nails, pins, etc.
 Prevent sudden shock to slings used to lift equipment (e.g., twisting, snapping, or jerking into
place).
 Don't carry compressed gas cylinders on a sling.
 Don't wrap the working line of the hoist around the load.
 Inspect a load for loose parts or objects before lifting.
 Secure the safety latch on the hook of a hoist when lifting or moving a load.
 Secure and properly balance the load before lifting a few inches off the floor or support.
 Test the brake each time a load is lifted, by raising the load a few inches and applying the brake.
 Make sure equipment lifting a load isn't kinked or caught against obstructions while moving the
load upward.
 The area around the crane and the area directly under the travel path of the load is to be
cordoned off sufficiently to prevent traffic and protect bystanders.
 All Location cranes should be inspected on a yearly basis.
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Construction Safety
Purpose
To ensure the safety of Location employees and the general public during construction projects.
Construction and renovation activities at USDA facilities performed by either outside contractors or
Location workers will be performed in a manner that prevents injuries and protects the environment.
Construction Safety Program
The Construction Safety program has been established to ensure the safety of Location employees and
the general public is an integral part of all construction projects on campus.
The Construction Safety program applies to all demolition and construction projects at the main
campus.
The intent of the Construction Safety program is to establish minimum requirements for work site
isolation and to perform a safety review of projects that may generate dust, noise, and odors or may
encounter hazardous materials such as asbestos or lead. The program includes notification and
involvement of the Safety and Occupational Health Specialist (SOHS) by outside contractors prior to the
start of any construction project.
Construction safety requirements have been established that relate specifically to work performed at
the Location. The SOHS will discuss these requirements with contractors along with a schedule of any
necessary safety inspections. The construction safety requirements that apply to construction at the
Location are as follows:
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All contractors and subcontractors shall come to the job trained in all Occupational Safety and
Health Act (OSHA) Standards applicable to the work process.
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All demolition or renovation projects require an initial survey for asbestos or lead containing
materials. The SOHS must be notified prior to the start of any demolition or construction
activity so that they can perform any required survey.
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All construction and maintenance activities regardless of size and/or scope must be fenced,
barricaded, or otherwise isolated to restrict entrance and to ensure the safety of those in the
general area. The SOHS will set the standards for project isolation.
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Any excavation across or adjacent to sidewalks or pathways which must be left open overnight,
must be identified with working, blinking construction lights in addition to solid barricades.
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Contractors are required to submit documents that describe their safety program. The
documents must have enough detail to describe how they plan to protect their own workers
and how they will protect Location employees during the scope of their work.
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Electrical Safety Guidelines
General
 Improper use of electrical equipment may result in injury or property damage
 Use of electrical equipment and installations shall conform to good safety practice and
applicable laws and regulations
 For more information on electrical safety requirements, contact the Safety and Occupational
Health Specialist (SOHS)
Do Not Use:
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2-wire ungrounded electrical devices. Management units must purchase only 3-wire grounded
equipment. (Exceptions: "Double insulated" electrical devices and equipment operated under 50
volts.)
Electrical extension cords or cube taps as substitute for permanent wiring. Never run extension
cords under doors, through windows or holes in walls. Never attach cords to walls or ceilings.
Every device must be plugged directly into a receptacle. (Exceptions: Heavy duty extension
cords may be used for experimental setups, or for portable tools/appliances used on a transient
basis and frequently moved.) The use of a "Fused UL Rated" multi-outlet strip is permissible as
long as it is plugged directly into a wall outlet.
Worn or damaged electrical cords, plugs, switches, receptacles, or cracked plastic casings.
Electrical cords must be free of cracks, splices, frayed areas, loose connections, or other
damage.
2-pole to 3-pole adapters, cube taps, 2-wire ungrounded extensions cords or similar devices.
Electrical devices fabricated for experimental purposes must meet all construction and
grounding requirements of the State of Oregon. Extension cords and similar devices must be UL
listed.
Connections to Location power sources other than at existing outlets using conventional plug-in
connection. Any hard-wired or special connections must be made or approved by the Facility
Manager.
In an electrical emergency dial 911 for emergency aid - Ambulance, Fire Department or Police.
Electrical Operations - Safety Rules
 Only trained maintenance personnel should attempt electrical repairs or installations.
 Wear protective safety equipment (such as gloves, hard hats, respirators) as required by
Location policy or by supervisors.
 Use non-metallic ladders and measuring tapes near energized circuits and for all electrical work.
 Dispose broken glass from burned out lamps of in trash containers.
 Send used fluorescent tubes to the SOHS for proper disposal.
 Before starting work on an engine, motor, line shaft, or other power transmission equipment, a
padlocked lock-out device is required to make sure equipment cannot be set in motion. The
lock should be applied and removed in accordance with the Location’s Lockout Tagout Program.
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Work being done in manholes or on overhead equipment must be safeguarded by using proper
signs and guards around openings or under work area.
An observer shall be stationed on the surface when any manhole is entered, regardless of the
voltage involved.
Confined spaces (manholes and certain tanks, tunnels, manholes, etc) can only be entered
under the confined space program.
Specific and competent supervisor review and approval is needed for work on live lines over 277
volts.
Training is required prior to work with live line tools.
Supervisor approval of work plans is required for high voltage electrical switching.
Use approved testing equipment when opening primary and secondary switches to be sure that
the system is de-energized. To perform this job, use approved electrical gloves and with
grounding straps. Wear appropriate eye protection.
Before starting work on a de-energized high voltage circuit, place warning signs or tags on the
control switches where the operation of such switches would create a hazard.
For work on energized high voltage equipment, at least two employees are required.
The following protective equipment is mandatory for employees who perform high voltage
switching operations in confined areas which could produce sparks:
Approved safety hat for electrical work.
Approved switching helmet and eye protection.
Approved electrical gloves and cover gloves.
Knee length flameproof coat.
Safety equipment used for work on high voltage equipment will be specifically approved by
electricians. No substitutions for approved equipment is permitted.
Inspect each tool or piece of equipment used as safety devices for high voltage work. Only use
equipment in good condition.
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Elevated Work Surfaces
General Guidelines
All wall openings, open-sided floors or platforms 4 feet or more above an adjacent floor or ground must
be guarded by a standard railing, which may require a toeboard
Fall protection is required wherever employees are working on unprotected surfaces more than 6 feet
above a lower level, or at ANY height above dangerous equipment
Fall protection requires the use of lifelines, harnesses, and lanyards
An unprotected side or edge means any side or edge (except at entrances to points of access) of a
walking/working surface, e.g., floor, roof, ramp, or runway where there is no wall or guardrail system at
least 39 inches (1.0 m) high.
Employees working on roofs where the ground to eave height is greater than 6 feet must be protected
from falling from all unprotected sides and edges of the roof using one of the following:
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Motion stopping safety device
Warning line system consisting of a rope, wire or chain supported 34 to 39 inches above the
roof, flagged at least every 6 feet, located:
10 feet from the roof edge when mechanical equipment is being used; or
6 feet from the roof edge when mechanical equipment is not being used
Safety monitoring system on roofs of 50 feet or less in width
o A safety monitoring system makes use of a competent person whose only task is to
monitor and warn other workers on the roof that they are in risk of falling
All roof openings or holes inside a work area must be covered.
Ladders
Ladders can easily become unstable when not set up or used properly
When working on or near electrical circuits, power lines, or live electrical apparatus, use a nonconductive ladder
When using a ladder in front of doors that open towards the ladder, make sure the door is blocked,
locked, or guarded
Always take ladders out of service that have broken or missing steps, rungs, cleats, or rails
When climbing up and down, face the ladder and grasp the side rails or rungs with both hands. Avoid
carrying heavy loads up or down ladders; use hoisting equipment instead. Instead of reaching off center,
take time to move the ladder closer to the work. Do not straddle the space between the ladder and
another object.
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Portable Stepladders
Should be no longer than 20 feet. Ladders come in three grades:
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I (industrial), 3 to 20 feet long, for heavy duty work;
II (commercial), 3 to 12 feet, for medium duty;
III (household), 3 to 6 feet, for light duty work.
Must have a spreader or locking device to securely hold the front and back sections in the open position.
Before use, see that stepladders are open all the way and locked into safe position.
Should have insulating non-slip material supplied on the bottom of the rails.
Should not be used while standing on the top plate or second step from top.
Must not be used with planks on top.
Portable Rung Ladders
May not be more than 30 feet long (single section) or more than 60 feet long (double section).
Should be placed so the distance from the wall to the foot of the ladder is one/fourth the length of the
ladder. Set the ladder at an angle of about 75 degrees with the ground.
Are to be placed to prevent slipping, or they must be lashed in position. Do not place ladders on boxes,
barrels, or other unstable bases, or lean ladders against movable objects.
Used to gain access to a roof should extend at least 3 feet above the point of support at eave, gutter, or
roofline.
Should never be used from the top rung or the second rung from the top.
Aerial Lifts
Only trained employees may operate aerial lift devices (boom platforms).
Test lift controls on boom trucks each day prior to use.
When working from an aerial lift, a harness must be worn and a lanyard attached to the boom or basket.
Belting off to an adjacent pole, structure, or equipment is NOT permitted.
Do not sit or climb on the edge of the aerial lift basket.
Set brakes on boom trucks. When using outriggers, position on pads or on a solid surface.
Don't move an occupied aerial lift truck with the boom elevated in a working position unless the
equipment is specifically designed for such work.
Any aerial lift vehicles exposed to traffic will have clearly visible flashing warning lights operating during
use.
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Do not operate aerial lift devices with any portion of the lift less than 10 feet from live overhead electric
power lines.
Page 46 of 182
Forklift
Oregon OSHA's Forklift Operator Training regulation applies to operators at USDA-ARS-Corvallis and
requires training and evaluation of industrial truck (forklift) operators before assignment to operate a
forklift. The SOHS has developed a forklift safety certification program and can provide forklift safety
training. Individual units can conduct their own forklift safety training as long as it follows the training
requirements outlined below or you can contact the SOHS. Forklift operator training programs must
include the elements in the following sections:
Safe Operation
The employer must ensure that every forklift operator is competent in the operation of the forklift as
proven by successful completion of training.
Training Program Implementation
All operator training and evaluation must be conducted by individuals who have the knowledge,
training, and experience to train and evaluate potential operators. Training includes a combination of
formal instruction, demonstrations and practical exercises performed by the trainee, and an evaluation
of the operators' performance. Practical exercises must be performed under the direct supervision of
trainers where the practical training does not endanger the trainee or other employees.
Training Program Content
Trainees must be initially trained in the following forklift-related and workplace-related topics:
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Truck-Related
Operating instructions, warnings and precautions for type of vehicle
Similarities and differences to automobiles
Control and instrumentation location and use
Engine or motor operation
Steering and maneuvering
Visibility
Fork and attachment limitations and use
Vehicle capacity
Vehicle stability
Vehicle inspection and maintenance
Refueling or charging batteries
Operating limitations
Other operating instructions, precautions listed in the operators manual
Workplace-Related
Surface conditions where forklift is used
Load composition and stability
Load stacking, un-stacking and transport
Pedestrian traffic
Narrow aisle and restricted area operation
Page 47 of 182
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Operation in hazardous locations
Ramp and sloped surface operation
Unique or potentially hazardous conditions
Operating the vehicle in closed environments.
Safe Forklift Operation Rules
Only authorized, trained personnel shall operate lift trucks.
Before start of shift, a visual inspection must be made to ensure that horn, lights, brakes, tires, gas
supply, hydraulic lines, etc. are in safe working condition. Employees shall not operate an unsafe forklift
at any time.
Fill fuel tanks out of doors while engine is off.
Do not exceed the safe load capacity of a forklift at any time. Do not counterweight a forklift to increase
lifting capacity.
Operators shall drive with both hands on the steering wheel. Horseplay is prohibited. Do not drive with
wet or greasy hands.
No person shall ride as a passenger on a forklift or on the load being carried.
A forklift will not be used to elevate a platform or pallet with persons on it, except work platforms
especially designed for this purpose. Work platforms must have standard guard rails, and must be
securely fastened to the forks.
No person shall stand or walk under elevated forks.
Operators should avoid making jerky starts, quick turns, or sudden stops. The operator will not use
reverse as a brake.
Forklifts should be driven on the right side of the road or aisle-way.
Operators shall cross railroad tracks diagonally whenever possible.
Forklifts shall be operated at a safe speed with due regard for traffic and conditions. Maximum speed
limits: inside buildings, 5 mph; outside buildings in work areas, 7 mph; on roads, 10 mph.
Slow down on wet and slippery surfaces and at cross aisles or locations where vision is obstructed.
Operators entering a building or nearing a blind corner shall make their approach at reduced speed.
Sound horn and proceed carefully.
Standard arm signals will be used at all times.
Operators shall give pedestrians the right-of-way at all times.
Page 48 of 182
Operators shall not drive toward any person who is in front of a fixed object or wall.
Operators shall not overtake and pass another forklift traveling in the same direction, at intersections,
blind spots, or hazardous locations.
Operators should not put their fingers, arms, or legs between the uprights of the mast, or beyond the
contour of the forklift.
When the forklift is not carrying a load, the operator shall travel with the forks as low as possible
(maximum of 3 inches on paved surfaces). When carrying a load, it should be carried as low as possible
(consistent with safe operation, 2 to 6 inches above the surface.)
Forks should always be placed under the load as far as possible. Do not lift a load with one fork.
No load should be moved unless it is absolutely safe and secure.
The operator's view should not be obstructed by the load. In the event of a high load, the forklift will be
driven backward.
Operators shall look in the direction of travel.
The forks should not be operated while the forklift is traveling.
On a downgrade, the load shall be last, and the forks raised only enough to clear the surface.
On an upgrade, the load shall be first, and the forks raised only enough to clear the surface.
Use extra care when handling long lengths of bar stock, pipe, or other materials.
Avoid sharp or fast end-swing.
Compressed gas cylinders shall be moved only in special pallets designed for this purpose.
When unloading trucks or trailers, the brakes on the vehicle will be set (locked) and the wheels chocked.
Forklifts must be safely parked when not in use. The controls shall be neutralized, power shut off, brakes
set, key removed, and the forks left in a down position flat on the surface, and not obstructing walkways
or aisles.
A forklift shall not be left on an incline unless it is safely parked and the wheels blocked.
Evaluation of Performance
Once the prospective forklift operator understands the basic safety principles and operation of the
forklift they must demonstrate their ability to maneuver and safely operate the forklift. A competent
forklift driver must set up an obstacle course or task that demonstrates all applicable principles. The
prospective forklift driver must complete the course or task safely before being awarded certification.
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Refresher Training
Refresher training will be conducted every three years. Refresher training will be conducted so
employees retain the ability to safely operate a forklift. Retraining should also be used if there is reason
to believe that unsafe acts have been committed, an accident or near-miss occurs, an evaluation reveals
a deficiency, assignment to a different type of forklift, or a workplace condition change that would affect
forklift operations.
Certification
The employer must certify that every forklift operator has received appropriate training, has been
evaluated and has demonstrated competency in performing the operator's duties. The name of the
trainee, date of training and signature of the designated evaluator (who is a knowledgeable and
experience forklift operator) will be included in the certification. A copy of this certificate must be
forwarded to the SOHS.
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Housekeeping and Custodial Safety
If you see or detect a hazardous condition, including chemical spills, strange odors, or damaged
asbestos-containing material such as pipe insulation, report it to your supervisor.
Wear personal protective clothing or safety devices as directed by your supervisor.
Wear rubber gloves and eye protection when using cleaning agents that may injure the skin.
Wear protective gloves when handling sharp objects such as scrap lumber or metal. Do not place hands
into trash containers unless you are wearing protective leather or heavy plastic-coated gloves.
Head protection shall be worn when falling objects may be a hazard.
Approved safety belts and life lines may be required for off-the-ground work.
When the weight of a load or object is beyond your lifting capacity, use mechanical lifting devices
whenever possible. Otherwise, get help from other employees.
Do not use power equipment that is not mechanically safe. Report any unsafe condition of power
equipment to your supervisor.
Do not leave power sweepers or floor scrubbing machines running unattended.
Do not leave carts, cleaning materials, or equipment where anyone can trip over them.
Do not park equipment in front of electrical panels, fire equipment, or in exit aisles.
Do not push power sweepers or scrubbing machines with forklifts or other vehicles.
When mopping heavily used corridors always keep one side dry for use. Be sure to post the wet areas
with warning signs.
Use only those cleaning solutions which have been approved by your supervisor. DO NOT MIX
CHEMICAL CLEANING AGENTS. Use adequate ventilation when mixing.
All chemicals used or handled shall be properly identified. This requirement includes waste chemical
materials. Only approved containers may be used.
Do not store poisons or corrosive cleaning chemicals in broom closets or cabinets unless the door is kept
locked.
No work is permitted in pits, tanks, trenches, or confined spaces without specific instructions from your
supervisor.
When working between machines or in confined areas, do not disturb the position of air hoses, electric
cords, or other equipment unnecessarily. Be alert for equipment that may start or stop automatically.
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Do not attempt to clean a power-driven machine without making certain the power is off and locked or
tagged out.
Do not attempt to clean portable electrical equipment without making certain that it is unplugged.
Do not disconnect electrical equipment by pulling on the cord. First, place the switch in the OFF position
and then use the plug for pulling.
Carry full trash bags away from the body to prevent accidental cuts, scrapes, or abrasions from items
within the bag.
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Painting Operations Safety
General
Do not perform work in a heavily populated area, including building air intake areas, until appropriate
warnings are posted and occupants notified.
Whenever possible, isolate the immediate work area to prevent injury to bystanders. See construction
and remodel for more information.
Protect your working area with warning flags and traffic cones when working road and traffic lines.
When spraying roofs or building exteriors, have adequate barricades and signs to detour traffic.
Eye protection is required whenever rust or loose paint is removed from surfaces with a wire brush. A
hard hat is required if the work area is exposed to falling objects.
To avoid splinters, always observe the condition of the wood before sanding.
Store and dispense flammable solvents from approved safety cans only.
Follow the manufacturer's instructions for handling all epoxy materials, thinners, catalysts, paint
removers, etc. Gloves and respirators are sometimes required.
Make a safety check of all equipment such as staging tools, spray pots, hoses, fitting hooks, etc.
Clean all working areas after each job and/or shift.
Make sure that you wash your hands thoroughly with soap and water before handling food.
Inspect all ladders and scaffolds before you start work.
An approved life line, independently fastened to the building above the worker, is required for each
worker on a swinging scaffold, boatswain's chair, or unguarded slope 10 feet or more above ground
level.
Make sure that planks or ladder stages are long enough to extend well beyond the supports.
Do not climb onto or use rolling-type scaffolds unless wheels are fully locked.
Inspect all rope before use. Rope used around acid or caustics should be inspected frequently during
use.
Do not use fiber rope that cannot easily be bent or worked, or if fibers seem to be dry or brittle.
Do not use fiber rope near sandblasting, or where there is exposure to chemical washing solutions.
Spraying
An approved respirator should be worn when spray painting is being done.
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Do not paint in shops, chemical laboratories, chemical storage rooms, or similar locations without
specific instructions from the supervisor of such locations.
Do not perform spray painting in tanks, tunnels, or other confined space without specific permission
from your supervisor. Appropriate breathing equipment, and/or controls are required for such work to
assure that the atmosphere is safe.
Do not break connections in pressurized air hose lines.
Airless spraying with flammable materials should not be performed in confined areas unless there is
sufficient ventilation to keep the atmosphere below the lower explosive limit of the material.
Airless spraying with flammable materials may cause generation of static electricity. This will require
grounding of both the spraying equipment and the object to be sprayed.
Do not point an airless spray gun at any part of the body. Do not clean airless spray guns while there is
pressure in the system.
Inspect and clean all gauges, gaskets, and valves on all spray equipment to ensure that they are in good
working order.
Do not interfere with the mechanical operation of safety devices designed to protect you from contact
with the spray under pressure.
Do not leave rags saturated with paint or thinner lying around in a pile. In order to avoid a fire, see that
these rags are left unfolded until they are properly aired out and then discard them in approved
containers. Storage in a water filled container is recommended.
Spontaneous ignition can occur if certain types of spray paint residues are permitted to mix or
accumulate.
Dispose of surplus paints and solvents by approved methods only.
Removal of lead-based paint requires additional personal protective equipment and air sampling to
determine lead exposure.
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Physical Labor Safety
Facial hair will not be worn by those whose work requires the use of respiratory equipment if it will
affect the positive seal of such safety devices.
Do not use unapproved containers (drinking cups, bottled or canned food containers, glass jars, etc.) to
hold oil, industrial chemicals or solvents. All chemical containers shall be labeled, closed when not in use
and stored according to the manufacturer's instructions.
Wearing hand protection, eye protection, foot protection, protective clothing, hoods, head protection,
respirators, or other safety equipment is mandatory in those areas and operations specified by your
supervisor.
Wear clothing and footwear appropriate for the work you are hired to perform. Jewelry, rings, loose
sleeves, ties, lapels, cuffs, tags, or other loose objects which can be entangled in rotating machinery
shall not be worn. Ordinary shoes made of leather or other approved materials shall be worn as a
minimum in locations where mechanical or manual work is done or where chemicals or other materials
are handled. Slippers, canvas shoes, sandals, and shoes with open toes shall not be worn in such
locations.
When assisting or observing work which is hazardous, wear safety equipment which affords the same
protection as that required for the person performing the work.
Do not disconnect alarms, warning devices, emergency equipment or similar systems without specific
permission from your supervisor and the person responsible for the work area.
Do not ride in or on equipment not designed for transporting people.
Do not use makeshift devices to ascend or descend between different levels.
Do not work or stand under a suspended load. Stand clear of all objects being lifted by a hoist or other
lifting equipment.
Do not attempt to operate industrial vehicles, cranes, or hoists unless you are authorized and trained to
do so.
Do not load equipment beyond the prescribed capacity for its use.
Operate machines only when guards are in place and operational. Do not remove or alter any guard
device.
Do not use machines that are danger-tagged. Switches which are danger-tagged frequently operate
machines on which employees are working, and their lives may be endangered should the machine be
started.
Stop power-driven machines or tools when performing inspection of work, changing blades or
accessories, discussing the work with others, or leaving the machine or tool unattended.
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Never leave a piece of equipment or part in such a condition that the next employee could get hurt
when he/she takes over where you left off.
Do not carry sharp objects in pockets or clothing.
Keep tools in good condition. Do not use chisels with mushroomed heads, dull saws, hammers with
cracked handles, broken electric plugs, etc. Use the right tool for the job.
Do not use defective equipment or return a broken or defective tool to storage. The next employee who
uses the tool may be seriously injured. Have the tool repaired.
Inspect wrenches often for worn or sprung jaws or other defects. Defective wrenches should be taken
out of service.
Do not remove or disengage guards provided by the manufacturer for any power tool.
All tools furnished to a worker or owned by workers are subject to inspections and approval by
supervisors for safe design and construction for the work to be performed.
Do not use compressed air or gas for any other purpose than that for which it is provided. Compressed
air or gas should not be used for cleaning clothing or any part of the body. Do not use oxygen or any
other gas from pressurized cylinders as a substitute for compressed air.
Do not use explosive activated tools unless you are certified to do so.
Workers are not permitted to work in trenches five feet or more in depth without proper protection.
Check ladders before use. Do not use weak or defective ladders or ladders with missing steps, broken
steps, cracked side rails, or broken hardware.
Scaffolds shall be used according to the following rules:
Platform planks shall be approved for such use and placed no more than one inch apart.
Planks shall be placed so that tipping or sliding is not possible. Cleats must be used.
Employees shall not work on the top level of scaffolds unless guard rails are in use.
Employees shall not ride rolling type scaffolds (wheels must be locked when used).
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Chemicals
Corrosive Materials
Many chemicals commonly used in the laboratory are corrosive or irritating to body tissue. They present
a hazard to the eyes and skin by direct contact, to the respiratory tract by inhalation or to the
gastrointestinal system by ingestion.
Corrosive Liquids
Corrosive liquids (e.g. mineral acids, alkali solutions and some oxidizers) represent a very significant
hazard because skin or eye contact can readily occur from splashes and their effect on human tissue
generally takes place very rapidly. Bromine, sodium hydroxide, sulfuric acid and hydrogen peroxide are
examples of highly corrosive liquids.
The following should be considered:
1. The eyes are particularly vulnerable. It is therefore essential that approved eye and face protection be
worn in all laboratories where corrosive chemicals are handled.
2. Gloves and other chemically resistant protective clothing should be worn to protect against skin
contact.
3. To avoid a flash steam explosion due to the large amount of heat evolved, always add acids or bases
to water (and not the reverse).
4. Acids and bases should be segregated for storage.
5. Liquid corrosives should be stored below eye level.
6. Adequate quantities of spill control materials should be readily available. Specialized spill kits for acids
and bases are available through most chemical and laboratory safety supply catalogs.
Corrosive Gases and Vapors
Corrosive gases and vapors are hazardous to all parts of the body; certain organs (e.g. the eyes and the
respiratory tract) are particularly sensitive. The magnitude of the effect is related to the solubility of the
material in the body fluids. Highly soluble gases (e.g. ammonia, hydrogen chloride) cause severe nose
and throat irritation, while substances of lower solubility (e.g. nitrogen dioxide, phosgene, sulfur
dioxide) can penetrate deep into the lungs.
Warning properties such as odor or eye, nose or respiratory tract irritation may be inadequate with
some substances. Therefore, they should not be relied upon as a warning of overexposure.
Perform manipulations of materials that pose an inhalation hazard in a chemical fume hood to control
exposure or wear appropriate respiratory protection.
Protect all exposed skin surfaces from contact with corrosive or irritating gases and vapors.
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Regulators and valves should be closed when the cylinder is not in use and flushed with dry air or
nitrogen after use.
When corrosive gases are to be discharged into a liquid, a trap, check valve, or vacuum break device
should be employed to prevent dangerous reverse flow.
Corrosive Solids
Corrosive solids, such as sodium hydroxide and phenol, can cause burns to the skin and eyes. Dust from
corrosive solids can be inhaled and cause irritation or burns to the respiratory tract. Many corrosive
solids, such as potassium hydroxide and sodium hydroxide, can produce considerable heat when
dissolved in water.
Wear gloves and eye protection when handling corrosive solids.
When mixing with water, always slowly add the corrosive solid to water, stirring continuously. Cooling
may be necessary.
If there is a possibility of generating a significant amount of dust, conduct work in a fume hood.
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Flammable Materials
Properties of Flammable and Combustible Liquids
Flammable and combustible liquids vaporize and form flammable mixtures with air when in open
containers, when leaks occur, or when heated. To control these potential hazards, several properties of
these materials, such as volatility, flashpoint, flammable range and autoignition temperatures must be
understood. Information on the properties of a specific liquid can be found in that liquid’s material
safety data sheet (MSDS), or other reference material.
Storage of Flammable and Combustible Liquids
Flammable and combustible liquids should be stored only in approved containers. Approval for
containers is based on specifications developed by organizations such as the US Department of
Transportation (DOT), OSHA, the National Fire Protection Agency (NFPA) or American National
Standards Institute (ANSI). Containers used by the manufacturers of flammable and combustible liquids
generally meet these specifications.
Safety Cans and Closed Containers
Many types of containers are required depending on the quantities
and classes of flammable or combustible liquids in use. A safety can
is an approved container of not more than 5 gallons capacity that has
a spring closing lid and spout cover. Safety cans are designed to
safely relieve internal pressure when exposed to fire conditions. A
closed container is one sealed by a lid or other device so that liquid
and vapor cannot escape at ordinary temperatures.
Flammable Liquid Storage Cabinets
A flammable liquid storage cabinet is an approved cabinet that has been designed and constructed to
protect the contents from external fires. Storage cabinets are usually equipped with vents, which are
plugged by the cabinet manufacturer. Since venting is not required by any code or the by local
municipalities and since venting may actually prevent the cabinet from protecting its contents, vents
should remain plugged at all times. Storage cabinets must also be conspicuously labeled "FLAMMABLE –
KEEP FIRE AWAY".
Refrigerators
Use only those refrigerators that have been designed and manufactured for flammable liquid storage.
Standard household refrigerators must not be used for flammable storage because internal parts could
spark and ignite. Refrigerators must be prominently labeled as to whether or not they are suitable for
flammable liquid storage.
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Storage Considerations:
Quantities should be limited to the amount necessary for the work in progress.
No more than 10 gallons of flammable and combustible liquids, combined, should be stored outside of a
flammable storage cabinet unless safety cans are used. When safety cans are used, up to 25 gallons may
be stored without using a flammable storage cabinet.
Storage of flammable liquids must not obstruct any exit.
Flammable liquids should be stored separately from strong oxidizers, shielded from direct sunlight, and
away from heat sources.
Handling Precautions
The main objective in working safely with flammable liquids is to avoid accumulation of vapors and to
control sources of ignition.
Besides the more obvious ignition sources, such as open flames from Bunsen burners, matches and
cigarette smoking, less obvious sources, such as electrical equipment, static electricity and gas-fired
heating devices should be considered.
Some electrical equipment, including switches, stirrers, motors, and relays can produce sparks that can
ignite vapors. Although some newer equipment have spark-free induction motors, the on-off switches
and speed controls may be able to produce a spark when they are adjusted because they have exposed
contacts. One solution is to remove any switches located on the device and insert a switch on the cord
near the plug end.
Pouring flammable liquids can generate static electricity. The development of static electricity is related
to the humidity levels in the area. Cold, dry atmospheres are more likely to facilitate static electricity.
Bonding or using ground straps for metallic or non-metallic containers can prevent static generation.
Control all ignition sources in areas where flammable liquids are used. Smoking, open flames and spark
producing equipment should not be used.
Whenever possible use plastic or metal containers or safety cans.
When working with open containers, use a laboratory fume hood to control the accumulation of
flammable vapor.
Use bottle carriers for transporting glass containers.
Use equipment with spark-free, intrinsically safe induction motors or air motors to avoid producing
sparks. These motors must meet National Electric Safety Code (US DOC, 1993) Class 1, Division 2, Group
C-D explosion resistance specifications. Many stirrers, Variacs, outlet strips, ovens, heat tape, hot plates
and heat guns do not conform to these code requirements.
Avoid using equipment with series-wound motors, since they are likely to produce sparks.
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Do not heat flammable liquids with an open flame. Steam baths, salt and sand baths, oil and wax baths,
heating mantles and hot air or nitrogen baths are preferable.
Minimize the production of vapors and the associated risk of ignition by flashback. Vapors from
flammable liquids are denser than air and tend to sink to the floor level where they can spread over a
large area.
Electrically bond metal containers when transferring flammable liquids from one to another. Bonding
can be direct, as a wire attached to both containers, or indirect, as through a common ground system.
When grounding non-metallic containers, contact must be made directly to the liquid, rather than to the
container.
In the rare circumstance that static cannot be avoided, proceed slowly to give the charge time to
disperse or conduct the procedure in an inert atmosphere.
Flammable Aerosols
Flammable liquids in pressurized containers may rupture and aerosolize when exposed to heat, creating
a highly flammable vapor cloud. As with flammable liquids, these should be stored in a flammable
storage cabinet.
Flammable and Combustible Solids
Flammable solids often encountered in the laboratory include alkali metals, magnesium metal, metallic
hydrides, some organometallic compounds, and sulfur. Many flammable solids react with water and
cannot be extinguished with conventional dry chemical or carbon dioxide extinguishers.
Ensure Class D extinguishers, e.g., Met-L-X, are available where flammable solids are used or stored.
Sand can usually be used to smother a fire involving flammable solids. Keep a container of sand near the
work area.
If a flammable, water-reactive solid is spilled onto skin, brush off as much as possible, then flush with
copious amounts of water.
NEVER use a carbon dioxide fire extinguisher for fires involving lithium aluminum hydride (LAH). LAH
reacts explosively with carbon dioxide.
Catalyst Ignition
Some hydrogenated catalysts, such as palladium, platinum oxide, and Raney nickel, when recovered
from hydrogenation reactions, may become saturated with hydrogen and present a fire or explosion
hazard.
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Carefully filter the catalyst.
Do not allow the filter cake to become dry.
Place the funnel containing moist catalyst into a water bath immediately.
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Purge gases, such as nitrogen or argon, may be used so that the catalyst can be filtered and
handled in an inert atmosphere.
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Particularly Hazardous Substances
As a matter of good practice, and to satisfy regulatory requirement, particularly hazardous substances
(PHS) require additional planning and considerations.
A list of particularly hazardous substances is published on the Princeton EH&S website:
http://web.princeton.edu/sites/ehs/labsafetymanual/appa.htm
This list is not exhaustive; consult the material safety data sheet to determine whether a particular
chemical may be considered a carcinogen, reproductive hazard or substance with a high acute toxicity.
Definitions
The OSHA Laboratory Standard defines particularly hazardous substances as:
Carcinogens – A carcinogen is a substance capable of causing cancer. Carcinogens are chronically toxic
substances; that is, they cause damage after repeated or long-duration exposure, and their effects may
become evident only after a long latency period.
A chemical is considered a carcinogen, for the purpose of the Laboratory Safety Manual, if it is included
in any of the following carcinogen lists:
OSHA-regulated carcinogens as listed in Subpart Z of the OSHA standards. The current list of substances
that OSHA regulates as carcinogens or potential carcinogens follows:
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asbestos
4-Nitrobiphenyl
alpha-Naphthylamine
Methyl chloromethyl ether
3,3'-Dichlorobenzidine (and its salts)
bis-Chloromethyl ether
beta-Naphthylamine
Benzidine
4-Aminodiphenyl
Ethyleneimine
beta-Propiolactone
2-Acetylaminofluorene
4-Dimethylaminoazobenzene
N-Nitrosodimethylamine
Vinyl chloride
Inorganic arsenic
Cadmium
Benzene
Coke oven emissions
1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane
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Acrylonitrile
Ethylene oxide
Formaldehyde
Methylenedianiline
1,3-Butadiene
Methylene Chloride
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Under the category "known to be carcinogens" in the Annual Report of Carcinogens published by the
National Toxicology Program (NTP) latest edition.
Group 1 ("carcinogenic to humans") of the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), latest
edition. Chemicals listed in Group 2A or 2B ("reasonably anticipated to be carcinogens") that cause
significant tumor incidence in experimental animals under specified conditions are also considered
carcinogens under the OSHA Laboratory Standard.
Reproductive Toxins – Reproductive toxins are substances that have adverse effects on various aspects
of reproduction, including fertility, gestation, lactation, and general reproductive performance. When a
pregnant woman is exposed to a chemical, the fetus may be exposed as well because the placenta is an
extremely poor barrier to chemicals. Reproductive toxins can affect both men and women. Male
reproductive toxins can in some cases lead to sterility.
Substances with a High Acute Toxicity – High acute toxicity includes any chemical that falls within any of
the following OSHA-defined categories:
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A chemical with a median lethal dose (LD50) of 50 mg or less per kg of body weight when
administered orally to certain test populations.
A chemical with an LD50 of 200 mg less per kg of body weight when administered by continuous
contact for 24 hours to certain test populations.
A chemical with a median lethal concentration (LC50) in air of 200 parts per million (ppm) by volume or
less of gas or vapor, or 2 mg per liter or less of mist, fume, or dust, when administered to certain test
populations by continuous inhalation for one hour, provided such concentration and/or condition are
likely to be encountered by humans when the chemical is used in any reasonably foreseeable manner.
Approval Procedure
Laboratory workers planning to use a particularly hazardous substance must first receive explicit written
approval from their Principal Investigator and/or Chemical Hygiene Officer, per the Location Chemical
Hygiene Plan. The following steps must be taken:
1. Laboratory workers must complete a Particularly Hazardous Substance Use Approval form, which
may be obtained from the SOHS. Information required on the form includes:
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Identity, physical characteristics, and health hazards of the substances involved
Consideration of exposure controls such as fume hoods, glove boxes and personal protective
equipment
Designation of an area (hood, glove box, portion of lab, entire lab) specifically for experimental
procedures with the substances involved
Plans for storage and secondary containment
Procedures for safe removal of contaminated waste
Decontamination procedures
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2. The laboratory worker submits the form to the Chemical Hygiene Officer and/or Principal Investigator
and receives approval.
3. The area where the PHS will be used is posted as a designated area. Signs for this purpose are
available through the SOHS or may be made by the management unit or laboratory worker, as long as it
includes the following information:
DANGER
DESIGNATED AREA
for select carcinogens, reproductive toxins and high acute toxicity chemicals
AUTHORIZED PERSONNEL ONLY
4. The laboratory worker proceeds with the experiment, following the practices outlined in the
Particularly Hazardous Substance Use Approval form, as well as the appropriate work practices included
in the remainder of the Safe Work Practices and Procedures section of this manual. All work is
conducted within the Designated Area.
5. The laboratory worker decontaminates all equipment and disposes of waste promptly, as outlined in
the Particularly Hazardous Substance Use Approval form.
Working Safely with Particularly Hazardous Substances
The increased hazard risk associated with Particularly Hazardous Substances (PHS) calls for more strict
operating procedures in the laboratory:
Work Habits
 There should be no eating, drinking, smoking, chewing of gum or tobacco, application of
cosmetics or storage of utensils, food or food containers in laboratory areas where PHS are used
or stored.
 All personnel should wash their hands and arms immediately after the completion of any
procedure in which a PHS has been used and when they leave the laboratory.
 Each procedure should be conducted with the minimum amount of the substance, consistent
with the requirements of the work.
 The laboratory worker should keep records of the amounts of each highly hazardous material
used, the dates of use and the names of the users.
 Work surfaces, including fume hoods, should be fitted with a removable liner of absorbent
plastic-backed paper to help contain spilled materials and to simplify subsequent cleanup and
disposal.
Personal Protective Equipment
 PHS may require more stringent use of personal protective equipment. Check the MSDS for
information on proper gloves, lab clothing and respiratory protection.
 Proper personal protective equipment must be worn at all times when handling PHS.
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Lab clothing that protects street clothing, such as a fully fastened lab coat or a disposable
jumpsuit, should be worn when PHS are being used. Laboratory clothing used while
manipulating PHS should not be worn outside the laboratory area.
When methods for decontaminating clothing are unknown or not applicable, disposable
protective clothing should be worn. Disposable gloves should be discarded after each use and
immediately after overt contact with a PHS.
Ventilation/Isolation
 Most PHS work should be performed in a fume hood, glove box, or other form of ventilation. If
the chemical may produce vapors, mists or fumes, or if the procedure may cause generation of
aerosols, use of a fume hood is required.
 A fume hood used for PHS must have an average face velocity of between 95 and 125 feet per
minute. This measurement is noted on the hood survey sticker. If the hood has not been
inspected within the past year, contact the SOHS for re-inspection before using the hood.
 A glove box should be used if protection from atmospheric moisture or oxygen is needed or
when a fume hood may not provide adequate protection from exposure to the substance; e.g., a
protection factor of 10,000 or more is needed.
 Highly toxic gases must be used and stored in a vented gas cabinet connected to a laboratory
exhaust system. Gas feed lines operating above atmospheric pressure must use coaxial tubing.
Storage and Transportation
 Stock quantities of PHS should be stored in a designated storage area or cabinet with limited
access. Additional storage precautions (i.e., a refrigerator, a hood, a flammable liquid storage
cabinet) may be required for certain compounds based upon other properties.
 Containers must be clearly labeled.
 Double containment should also be considered. Double containment means that the container
will be placed inside another container that is capable of holding the contents in the event of a
leak and provides a protective outer covering in the event of contamination of the primary
container.
 Containers should be stored on trays or pans made of polyethylene or other chemically resistant
material.
 Persons transporting PHS from one location to another should use double containment to
protect against spills and breakage.
Vacuum Lines and Services
 Each vacuum service, including water aspirators, should be protected with an absorbent or
liquid trap to prevent entry of any PHS into the system.
 When using volatile PHS, a separate vacuum pump should be used. The procedure should be
performed inside a fume hood.
Decontamination and Disposal
 Contaminated materials should either be decontaminated by procedures that decompose the
PHS to produce a safe product or be removed for subsequent disposal.
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All work surfaces must be decontaminated at the end of the procedure or work day, whichever
is sooner.
Prior to the start of any laboratory activity involving a PHS, plans for the handling and ultimate
disposal of contaminated wastes and surplus amounts of the PHS should be completed. The
SOHS can assist in selecting the best methods available for disposal.
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Ethidium Bromide
Hazards
Ethidium bromide is strongly mutagenic and is irritating to the eyes, skin, mucous membranes and upper
respiratory tract. The health effects of ethidium bromide exposure have not been thoroughly
investigated. It is suspected to be carcinogenic and teratogenic because of its mutagenicity, although
there is no direct evidence of either effect in humans.
The toxic effects of ethidium bromide may be experienced if swallowed, inhaled or absorbed through
the skin. Inhalation of ethidium bromide dust is toxic. It is irritating to the eyes, mucous membranes
and respiratory tract. Skin contact may cause inflammation and discoloration. Contact may stain the
skin purple.
Safe Handling
Preparation of stock solutions and any operations capable of generating ethidium bromide dust or
aerosols should be conducted in a fume hood to prevent inhalation.
Gloves should be worn at all times. Latex gloves offer little protection from ethidium bromide -- nitrile
gloves are much more effective, although latex gloves are probably sufficient for incidental contact with
very solutions and gels that contain very dilute concentrations of ethidium bromide.
When working with high concentrations or for a prolonged period of time, double gloving can further
reduce the risk of exposure, especially if the outer glove is replaced whenever significantly
contaminated.
Ethidium bromide in concentrations greater than .1% should be used in the confines of a laboratory
fume hood. If ethidium bromide is used on a regular basis then there should be a designated area
assigned to its use. Equipment that is in contact with ethidium bromide should be relocated to this
designated area and labeled as such.
Spills or Personal Exposure
As with any chemical, if spilled on skin or eyes, rinse for 15 minutes using a safety shower or eyewash. If
inhaled or swallowed, seek medical attention immediately.
For spills, use a spill pillow or absorbent to soak up aqueous ethidium bromide. Carefully clean up solid
ethidium bromide to avoid creating dusts. Dampen powered ethidium bromide with a water spray to
minimize dust formation but be careful to avoid blowing the powder with the spray or wetting it so
much that it runs off. Place in a sealable container and submit to the Safety and Occupational Health
Specialist (SOHS) as hazardous waste. If you believe the clean-up is beyond your ability to clean it up
then limit the spill as best you can, cordon off the area, and contact the SOHS, OSU EH&S (who may
provide assistance although they are not obligated to), or the Fire Department for clean-up assistance
(contact your supervisor before contacting outside agencies).
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Disposal
Ethidium bromide is commonly used in molecular biology laboratories. While very dilute working
solutions of ethidium bromide should not pose a risk to the environment the mutagenic properties of
this substance may present a hazard if a more concentrated solution is poured down the drain
untreated or placed in the trash.
Based on these considerations, the Safety and Occupational Health Specialist (SOHS) recommends the
following disposal procedures for ethidium bromide.
Electrophoresis Gels
Trace amounts of ethidium bromide in gels should not pose a hazard. Higher concentrations, e.g., when
the color of the gel is dark pink or red, should not be placed in laboratory trash. For gels that are not
contaminated with APHIS/ODA regulated plant pathogens or NIH regulated recombinant-DNA, SHEM
recommends the following:
Gels with less than 0.1% concentration (by weight) of ethidium bromide can go in the regular trash. The
waste should be double bagged and not leaking. The waste should not be thrown in the laboratory
trash but should instead be taken directly to the dumpster.
Gels with more than or equal to 0.1% concentration (by weight) of ethidium bromide should be treated
as hazardous waste.
Consider substituting with a less hazardous material. There are a number of alternatives being used
consistently and successfully at ARS Corvallis. Talk with neighboring research programs to find out what
they are using and what their experience has been with it.
Ethidium Bromide Solutions
*NOTE: If you are at NCGR or another location that has a SEPTIC system DO NOT pour any aqueous
solution of ethidium bromide (or any hazardous chemical) down the drain, regardless of concentration.
For solutions that are not contaminated with APHIS/ODA regulated plant pathogens or NIH regulated
recombinant-DNA, SHEM recommends the following:
Aqueous solutions containing <10ug/ml ethidium bromide can be released to the drain along with
running water. The solution should be dumped directly into the drain (avoid contacting the sides and
floor of the sink).
Aqueous solutions containing >10ug/ml ethidium bromide should be filtered or deactivated using one of
the methods described below. SHEM strongly recommends charcoal filtration over chemical
deactivation. The aqueous solution can also be treated as hazardous waste if no filtration/deactivation
is used.
Solutions containing heavy metals, organics, cyanides, sulfides, or other hazardous components should
be disposed as hazardous waste.
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Charcoal Filtration
Filtering the aqueous ethidium bromide waste solutions, free of other contaminants, through a bed of
activated charcoal is a relatively simple and effective method for removal of ethidium bromide. The
filtrate may be poured down the drain.
There are a large number of products on the market that specifically address the filtration of ethidium
bromide from aqueous solutions. Below are two specific examples of kits available for charcoal
filtration. Competitors offer many other options in addition to these listed:
The Green Bag
Another simple charcoal filtration method is the Green Bag, manufactured by BIO 101. The Green Bag®
Kit allows rapid and trouble-free concentration of ethidium bromide from large volumes of solutions
into a small "tea" bag containing activated carbon which is then conveniently disposed along with other
solid hazardous wastes. One kit has the capacity to remove 500 mg of ethidium bromide from solutions
(10mg EtBr/bag).
Place the Green Bag into the ethidium bromide solution.
Allow to sit for the allotted time.
Pour filtrate down the drain.
Dispose of the Green bag in the biohazardous waste box for incineration.
Green Bags are available through BIO101 (www.bio101.com) or through VWR (www.vwr.com - this is a
non-catalog item - use #BIO101 22350-200).
Destaining Bags
Amresco Destaining Bags are similar to the Green Bag Kits and remove up to 5 mg of ethidium bromide
and other biological stains, including Coomassie Blue. Follow the same procedures as for the Green Bag
kits.
Chemical Neutralization
Solutions containing ethidium bromide can be deactivated, neutralized and poured down the drain with
copious amounts of water. Deactivation may be confirmed using UV light to detect fluorescence. There
are three recognized methods for deactivation:
Armour Method
This is the simplest method, but is somewhat controversial. One study found traces of mutagenic
reaction mixtures using this method. (Lunn, G. and E. Sansone, Analytical Biochemistry, vol. 162, pp.
453-458, 1987)
Combine equal amounts of ethidium bromide solution and household bleach.
Stir constantly for four hours or let sit for 2-3 days.
Adjust pH to 4-9 with sodium hydroxide.
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Pour down drain with copious amounts of water.
Lunn and Sansone Method
For each 100 ml of ethidium bromide solution:
Add 5% hypophosphorus acid.
Add 12 ml of 0.5 M sodium nitrate.
Stir briefly and let stand for 20 hours.
Adjust pH to 4-9 using sodium hydroxide.
Pour down drain with copious amounts of water.
Quillardet and Hoffnung Method
This method uses 0.5 M potassium permanganate and 2.5 M hydrochloric acid. Since chlorine gas may
be released in significant concentration, SHEM does not recommend using this method.
Gloves, Equipment and Debris
Gloves, test tubes, paper towels, etc., that are grossly contaminated with high concentrations of
ethidium bromide should be treated as hazardous waste. Consider deactivating in bleach before
disposal if the items are significantly contaminated.
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Formaldehyde
General
Formaldehyde a "high hazard" carcinogen
OSHA has a specific regulation covering formaldehyde use by employees
Use of formaldehyde must be registered and controlled
Formaldehyde, often purchased as formalin, is potentially carcinogenic, but it can be used with little risk
to health if used properly
Use Registration
Each individual in charge of an activity using formaldehyde must register the use with the Safety and
Occupational Health Specialist (SOHS).
Monitoring
Whenever an operation uses formaldehyde, in more than very minimal amounts, outside of an
approved laboratory fume hood, the user should contact the SOHS to perform required air monitoring
to determine if a health hazard from formaldehyde exists
The Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) for formaldehyde is:
0.75 ppm (part per million) in air averaged over an 8-hour work day (TWA); or
2 PPM for a 15 minute period (short term exposure limit, STEL)
The action level is 0.5 PPM (TWA)
Additional precautions must be taken if formaldehyde levels exceed any of these exposure levels
Users may monitor their own formaldehyde exposure after consulting with EH&S
Results of formaldehyde monitoring must be documented and must include
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dates, number, and results of testing
methods used in testing and taking air samples
description of any type of respirators worn
the names and social security numbers of the people exposed
This monitoring documentation must be kept on file for at least 30 years
Departments using the formaldehyde must show the written results of all formaldehyde testing to all
affected workers.
Notification must be made within 15 working days after receiving the results
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Notification must include what actions are being taken to bring the formaldehyde level down if the PEL
has been exceeded
Everyone who works with formaldehyde has the right to observe the testing procedures
Training
Before workers use formaldehyde, they must be given information and training about how to safely use
the chemical
Reviewing and understanding this Safety Instruction will meet the minimum formaldehyde training
requirement
Additional information about formaldehyde use is available from the SOHS, OSHA, and many other
sources
Health Hazards Of Formaldehyde
Formaldehyde is
1. potentially carcinogenic
2. harmful if it is inhaled, swallowed, or contacts the skin or eyes
The hazard from exposure to formaldehyde depends on the concentration and physical state:
a solution with a concentration of 37% is much more hazardous to skin or eyes than a solution with 1%
Formaldehyde initially causes irritation, itching, and burning to exposed parts of the body
Odor of formaldehyde can be detected at 0.8 to 1.0 PPM
With time a tolerance is developed irritation and odor of formaldehyde, but not to the harm done
Prolonged or repeated exposure may result in respiratory problems
Irritation and sensitization of the skin and respiratory system can also occur.
Protective Clothing & Equipment
Respirators
Required where laboratory fume hoods or other local exhaust systems cannot be used and the
formaldehyde air concentration exceeds the PEL.
Must be approved for the use with formaldehyde and properly fitted.
Respirator cartridges or canisters must be replaced after three hours of use.
For more information, consult the Respiratory Protection Program
Eye and skin protection
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Safety glasses, goggles, face shields, boots, gloves, sleeves, aprons, etc. are necessary if using liquids
with 1% formaldehyde concentration or higher
An eyewash immediately available to employees is required in areas in which 0.1% or greater
concentration of formaldehyde is used
Protective clothing and equipment that has been contaminated with formaldehyde must be cleaned or
laundered before it is used again.
Emergency & First Aid Procedures
Ingestion
If formaldehyde is swallowed, give a conscious victim milk, activated charcoal, or water to drink
The victim should be kept warm and resting. Medical attention must be called for immediately
If vomiting occurs, the head of the victim should be kept lower than the hips
Inhalation
If large amounts of formaldehyde are inhaled the affected person should be immediately taken to fresh
air.
Medical assistance must be called for immediately.
If breathing stops, give artificial respiration.
The victim should be kept warm and resting.
If exposure causes coughing to continue for more than ten minutes or severe irritation of nose, mouth,
and throat occurs, the exposed person should see a doctor.
Skin contact
If skin contact with formaldehyde occurs, remove contaminated clothing and wash skin with soap and
water for 15 to 20 minutes.
If chemical burns develop, cover the area with sterile, dry dressings and immediately get further medical
attention.
Contaminated clothing should be washed before they are worn again.
Eye splash
If formaldehyde splashes into the eyes, they should be flushed with large amounts of water for 15 to 20
minutes.
If burns develop, apply sterile bandages loosely and get medical attention immediately.
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If continuous irritation occurs from excessive exposure to fumes, promptly check with an
ophthalmologist.
Precautions For Safe Use, Handling & Storage
Formaldehyde is a moderate fire and explosion hazard and should be kept away from sparks and flames
Formaldehyde is incompatible with nitrogen dioxide, nitromethane, perchloric acid, aniline, and
peroxyformic acid.
In general, formaldehyde should not be mixed with strong oxidizing agents, caustics, strong alkalies,
isocyanates, anhydrides, oxides, or inorganic acids
Signs and Labels
Warning signs must be posted at entrances to areas where exposure to formaldehyde might reasonably
be expected to exceed the PEL (TWA or STEL). Signs should contain the following wording:
DANGER
FORMALDEHYDE
IRRITANT AND POTENTIAL CANCER HAZARD
AUTHORIZED PERSONNEL ONLY
Containers of materials containing more than 0.1 percent formaldehyde should be labeled with:
DANGER
FORMALDEHYDE
IRRITANT AND POTENTIAL CANCER HAZARD
Spill & Leak Procedures
Initiate a facility evacuation (pull the fire alarm) for all formaldehyde spills of more than one liter.
Small spills should be immediately cleaned up using an appropriate absorbent.
Waste material should be disposed of through the Hazardous Waste Disposal program.
Formaldehyde must not be poured into the sewer system.
Medical Surveillance
A medical surveillance program must be established for those people who work regularly with
formaldehyde above the action level or PEL.
Contact the SOHS for specific medical surveillance program procedures.
Additional Information
Contact the SOHS for more information regarding safe handling procedures or copies of the state safety
regulations on formaldehyde.
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Hydrofluoric Acid
Overview
Exposure to hydrofluoric acid (HF) can produce harmful health effects that may not be immediately
apparent. Both the liquid and vapor forms are extremely hazardous. HF causes severe, penetrating
burns. HF may be fatal if swallowed or inhaled. Burns can occur to the skin, eyes and respiratory
tract. HF causes bone damage. HF will react with certain metals and generate flammable and
potentially explosive hydrogen gas. Those working with HF must have a detailed first aid procedure
planned before work begins. Laboratories using HF should have calcium gluconate gel available.
Emergency Procedures
In case of skin contact: Remove the victim from the contaminated area and immediately wash the area
with copious amounts of water for 5 minutes. After 5 minutes, treat the area with 2.5% calcium
gluconate gel. Continue to treat the burn while seeking medical attention. Seek medical attention
immediately for all burns regardless of how minor they may appear initially.
In case of eye contact: Rinse the eyes with copious amounts of water, keeping the eyelids apart and
away from eyeballs during irrigation, for a minimum of 5 minutes and seek medical attention. Do not
apply calcium gluconate gel to the eyes.
In case of inhalation: Get medical help immediately. If patient is unconscious, give artificial respiration
or use inhalator. Keep patient warm and resting, and send to hospital after first aid is complete.
In case of ingestion: If swallowed, DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. Give large quantities of water. Never
give anything by mouth to an unconscious person. Get medical attention immediately.
Spills: Most spill pads do not work for HF spills. Ensure that you have spill controls materials for HF
available in your lab. 3M Chemical Sorbents, Spillfyter Kollect-A-Kem pillows and pads, and Ansul Spill-X
Agent for Acids are examples of materials that are appropriate for HF. All are available from Fisher, Lab
Safety Supply and other safety supply vendors.
Handling
Use chemical splash goggles, face shield, chemical protective lab coat and/or apron and neoprene or
PVC gloves when handling HF. Anyone handling HF should have a tube of 2.5% calcium gluconate gel on
hand. Calcium gluconate is only used as a topical antidote for hydrofluoric acid exposure and is not to
be used as a prophylaxis. HF-specific spill control materials are required for spills. Avoid moisture and
contact with metals. Wash hands thoroughly after handling.
Storage
Keep in tightly closed polyethylene containers. HF attacks glass and therefore should never be stored in
a glass container. Containers of this material may be hazardous when empty since they retain product
residues.
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Personal Protective Equipment
Hard-hats
The OSHA guidelines for head protection are referenced in sections 1910.135 (general industry) and
1926.100 (construction)
Occupational Head Protection
Each affected employee shall wear protective helmets when working in areas where there is a potential
for injury to the head from falling objects. Protective helmets designed to reduce electrical shock hazard
shall be worn by each such affected employee when near exposed electrical conductors which could
contact the head.
Although the OSHA standards themselves do not identify specific occupations or applications where
head protection is required, there are some examples:
Some examples of occupations for which head protection should be routinely considered are:
carpenters, electricians, lineman, mechanics and repairers, plumbers and pipe fitters, assemblers,
packers, wrappers, sawyers, welders, laborers, freight handlers, timber cutting and logging, stock
handlers, and warehouse laborers."
The appendix also provides examples of general applications where head protection should be worn.
Helmets must comply with the performance guidelines in the ANSI Z89.1-1986, American National
Standard for Personal Protection—Protective Headwear for Industrial Workers Requirements.
ANSI Z89.1-1986
ANSI Z89.1-1986 separates protective helmets into different types and classes.
The standard identifies Type 1 and Type 2 helmets. Type 1 helmets incorporate a full brim (the brim fully
encircles the dome of the hat); Type 2 helmets have no encircling brim, but may include a short bill on
the front (similar to a baseball cap).
In terms of electrical performance, ANSI Z89.1-1986 recognizes three classes:
Class A Helmets are intended to reduce the force of impact of falling objects and to reduce the danger
of contact with exposed low-voltage electrical conductors. For certification, sample shells are prooftested at 2,200 volts of electrical charge.
Class B Helmets are intended to reduce the force of impact of falling objects and to reduce the danger
of contact with exposed high-voltage electrical conductors. Sample shells are proof-tested at 20,000
volts.
Class C Helmets are intended to reduce the force of impact of falling objects, but offer no electrical
protection.
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Note: The voltages stated in Classes A and B are not intended to be an indication of the voltage at which
the headgear protects the wearer.
In addition to electrical protection, hard hats are also tested for impact and penetration resistance from
blows to the top of the head, flammability resistance, and water absorption. The rigorous testing
requirements are described in detail within the standard.
Every hard hat conforming to the requirements of ANSI Z89.1-1986 must be appropriately marked to
verify its compliance. The following information must be marked inside the hat:
•The manufacturer's name
•The legend, "ANSI Z89.1-1986"
•The class designation (A, B or C)
ANSI Z89.1-1997
In 1997 ANSI published a revision to its Z89.1 head protection standard. ANSI Z89.1 contains some
notable changes.
The revision eliminated the old Type 1 and Type 2 design designations. In the revised standard, "Type" is
used to designate whether a helmet provides protection strictly from blows to the top of the head (Type
I) or protection from blows to both the top and sides of the head (Type II).
In addition, Z89.1-1997 also changed the alpha designations for the classes of electrical performance.
Under Z89.1-1997, the following three classes are recognized:
Class G (General) Helmets--This is equivalent to the old Class A. Class G helmets are proof tested at
2,200 volts.
Class E (Electrical) Helmets--This is equivalent to the old Class B. Class E helmets are proof tested at
20,000 volts.
Class C (Conductive) Helmets--This class provides no electrical insulation; the alpha designation did not
change from the old standard.
Hard hats must also contain user information under the 1997 standard. In addition to the
manufacturer's name, ANSI legend and class designation, Z89.1-1997 compliant helmets must be
marked with the date of manufacture. Instructions pertaining to sizing, care and service life guidelines
must also accompany the hard hat.
ANSI Z89.1-2003
ANSI also published a revision to the Z89.1-1997 standard in 2003. The most significant changes from
the 1997 version were made to harmonize with other national standards that test and evaluate
equipment performance. In addition, many physical requirements for helmet components that do not
provide added user value or that limited design or performance had been removed.
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ANSI Z89.1-2009
ANSI published a revision in January of 2009. The significant changes from the 2003 version are three
non-mandatory tests and are easy to understand. Each of these tests if elected to be tested by the
manufacturer will display three new markings on the helmet.
The three optional test criteria are:
Reverse Donning: Helmets marked with a "reverse donning arrow" can be worn frontward or backward
in accordance with the manufacturer's wearing instructions. They pass all testing requirements, whether
worn frontward or backward.
Lower Temperature: Helmets marked with a "LT" indicates that the hard hat meets all testing
requirements of the standard when preconditioned at a temperature of -30°C (-22°F).
High Visibility: Helmets marked with a "HV" indicates that the hard hat meets all testing requirements
of the standard for high visibility colors. This includes tests for chromaticity and luminescence.
OSHA Proposed Revisions
In May, 2007 OSHA issued a notice of proposed rulemaking to revise the personal protective equipment
(PPE) sections of its general industry, shipyard employment and marine terminals standards. The notice
addressed eye and face protective devices, head protection and foot protection.
The proposal suggests replacing the existing references to specific consensus standards with
performance language requiring PPE to be constructed in accordance with good design standards.
Guidance for determining what is a good design standard is included in the proposal. OSHA is also
proposing to add nonmandatory appendices that list standards that constitute good design standards.
If OSHA chooses to adopt these proposals, the changes will be noted in the Federal Register.
Service Life
One common misconception is that hard hats have a predetermined service life - that is not the case.
Both the 1986 and 1997 ANSI standards address service life under maintenance and care of the hard
hat. All hard hat components should be inspected daily for signs of dents, cracks, penetration and any
damage due to impact, rough treatment, or wear. Although it is not considered a "shelf life", some hard
hats do have "Useful Service Life Guidelines". These guidelines suggest replacing the suspension every
12 months and the hard hat after 5 years of use. Any hard hat that fails the visual inspection should be
removed from service until the problem is corrected.
In addition to everyday wear and tear, ultraviolet (UV) radiation can pose a problem for hats
constructed of plastic materials. Damage caused by UV radiation is easy to spot: the hat will lose its
glossy finish and eventually take on a chalky appearance. Further degradation could cause the shell to
actually start flaking away. Once the effects of UV radiation are detected, the hard hat shell should be
immediately replaced.
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Commonly Asked Questions
Q. Can I put decals on my hard hat?
A. In most instances, yes.
Q. Can hard hats be painted?
A. ANSI Z89.1-2003 Appendix A4 states that caution should be exercised when painting hard hat shells
since some paints and thinners may attack and damage the shell and reduce protection levels. The hard
hat manufacturer should be consulted before painting.
Q. Can I wear my hard hat backward?
A. Most likely. Check the helmet for the "reverse donning arrow" marking. The current 2009 edition
addresses the issues of reverse wearing of hard hats. The standard now provides a non-mandatory test
protocol that will allow manufacturers of hard hats to test the helmet and be marked with the "reverse
donning arrow". This means the helmet can be worn frontward or backward in accordance with the
manufacturer's wearing instructions.
Laboratory Glove Use
No glove may be used as protection from all chemicals. A glove may protect against a specific chemical,
but it may not protect the wearer from another. If a glove protects the wearer, it will not protect the
wearer forever, as the glove material will deteriorate. Therefore, the following must be considered
when choosing which gloves to be worn to protect against chemical exposures.
Factors to consider when choosing gloves:




Chemical to be used: Consult the compatibility charts to ensure that the gloves will protect you.
Dexterity needed: The thicker the glove, typically the better the chemical protection, as the
glove will be more resistant to physical damage, like tears and cracks, but it will harder be to
handle and feel the work.
Extent of the protection required: Determine if a wrist length glove provides adequate
protection, or will a glove that extends further up the arm be required.
Type of work to be done: gloves are specific to the task. Ensure the correct glove is chosen to
avoid injuries. Examples: A nylon cryogenic glove will be damaged if a hot item is handled,
where as a “hot mitt” will not protect the wearer when liquid nitrogen is used, as it may be too
porous.
Rules for glove use in the labs:




Wear the correct gloves
Wear gloves no longer than 2 hours.
Wash hands once gloves have been removed.
Disposable gloves must be discarded once removed. Do not save for future use.
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
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
Dispose of gloves into the proper container - gloves contaminated with biologicals go into a red
bag; chemical-contaminated gloves are collected as contaminated debris
Reusable gloves must be washed and dried and inspected for tears and holes prior to reuse.
Remove gloves before touching personal items (e.g. phones, computers, pens, skin).
Do not wear gloves out of the lab.
If gloves are needed to transport anything, wear one glove to handle the transported item. The free
hand is then used to touch door knobs, elevator buttons, etc. If you are wearing gloves to “protect your
sample from you” and are in the hall, no one else understands this and will be concerned about the
items you have contaminated with those gloves.
If for any reason a glove fails, and chemicals come into contact with skin, consider it an exposure and
seek medical attention.
Glove Compatibility Charts
Available on most manufacturer’s websites site are the glove compatibility or chemical resistance charts
for those gloves supplied by those companies. Please use these charts to ensure the gloves being used
to handle chemicals are providing adequate protection to the wearer. It is important to note that all
chemicals will not be listed on these charts. It is also essential to note that two similar gloves supplied by
two separate manufacturers may not provide the same level of protection to a specific chemical.
Therefore, it will necessary to consult the manufacturer’s specific compatibility chart for the brand of
gloves being used.
Understanding terms used in glove compatibility charts:



Breakthrough time: Time it takes for the chemical to travel through the glove material. This is
only recorded at the detectable level on the inside surface of the glove.
Permeation Rate: Time it takes for the chemical to pass through the glove once breakthrough
has occurred. This involves the absorption of the chemical into the glove material, migration of
the chemical through the material, and then deabsorption once it is inside the glove.
Degradation rating: This is the physical change that will happen to the glove material as it is
affected by the chemical. This includes, but is not limited to swelling, shrinking, hardening,
cracking, etc. of the glove material.
Compatibility charts rating systems will vary by the manufacturer’s design of their chart. Many use a
color code, where red = bad, yellow = not recommended, green = good, or some variation this scheme.
A letter code may be used, such as E + excellent, G = Good, P = poor, NR = Not Recommended. Any
combination of these schemes may be used, so please understand the chart before making a decision on
the glove to be used.
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Safety Programs
Accident Investigation and Reporting
Introduction
This document outlines USDA-ARS-Corvallis Corvallis’s Accident Investigation and Reporting Standard
Operating Procedure (SOP). The purpose of this policy is to establish responsibilities and provide
instruction for the investigation and reporting of workplace accidents involving ARS employees or thirdparties at the Corvallis Location. By following these procedures, the Location can be assured accidents
are thoroughly investigated and OSHA is promptly notified when warranted.
The Accident Investigation and Reporting SOP is posted in the Location’s Safety Health and
Environmental Management (SHEM) Manual. All Location employees must become familiar with this
manual.
Purpose
The Accident Investigation and Reporting SOP is implemented when USDA-ARS-Corvallis personnel (i.e.,
Safety and Occupational Health Specialist (SOHS), Research Leader, Supervisor, etc.) investigate
workplace injury/illness and property damage accidents. The SOP assures an accident is thoroughly
investigated and OSHA is promptly notified when warranted.
For the purpose of this procedure, an accident is defined as an unplanned event that results in personal
injury or property damage. Minor accidents result in injuries with little or no treatment (non-recordable
injury- e.g., First-aid only) or property damage less than $100,000.00. Major accidents result in injuries
requiring medical treatment or time-away from work (e.g., fracture, amputation, severe laceration, loss
of consciousness, death, etc.) or property damage greater than $100,000.00.
Although a Research Unit may designate a supervisor or SHEM Committee member to investigate minor
accidents, the Location SOHS will also investigate these types of accidents when applicable and will
provide support to supervisors and SHEM Committee members. Research Unit Safety Committee
members will be trained to investigate and report accidents. Whoever is assigned to investigate the
accident will be referred to as the “investigator” for the remainder of this document.
The investigator responds to accidents involving:



USDA-ARS-Corvallis employees engaged in work-related activities
USDA-ARS-Corvallis extensive property damaged (for information regarding personal
property, see REE Manual 221.1M, Personal Property, Motor Vehicle, and Aircraft
Management)
The use of USDA-ARS-Corvallis facilities by third parties (i.e., visitors, students)
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Authority
Authority for programs to investigate and report accidents involving injury to personnel and property
damage is provided in various laws, standards and Executive Orders. In some jurisdictions, more
stringent State or local standards may govern research activities.
The following list contains a few of the Federal Authorities that apply to the ARS Accident Investigations:
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29 CFR 1960.29 – Accident Investigation
20 CFR, Part 10 - Federal Employees’ Compensation Act
29 CFR Part 1904 - Recording and Reporting Occupational Injuries and Illnesses
Executive Order 12196 – OSH Programs for Federal Employees
ARS 230 Manual – Safety Health Environmental Management Program.
Work-Related Accidents
ARS personnel conduct accident investigations to:
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Prevent or reduce future accidents
Identify and eliminate hazards
Expose deficiencies in process and/or equipment
Reduce costs
Maintain worker morale
Rules require serious accidents to be investigated.
The accident investigation is a tool used for uncovering hazards that either were missed earlier or have
managed to slip out of the controls planned for them. It is useful when done with the aim of discovering
every contributing factor to the accident to “foolproof” the condition and/or activity and
prevent/reduce future occurrence.
When to respond
Work-related accidents generally require an investigator’s on-site presence, and sometimes a 2nd party
federal investigator, when they result in:
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A fatality or probable fatality
Serious injury (e.g., fracture, amputation, severe laceration, loss of consciousness)
In-patient hospitalization
Acute injury or illness from pesticide exposure
Extensive property damage.
Although an accident may not require an investigator’s on-site presence, investigate all accidents
regardless of the extent of injury or damage.
How to respond
Form CA-10 indicates “What a Federal Employee Should Do When Injured at Work.” The CA-10 is
posted on:
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
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Research Unit’s Safety Bulletin Board
Location Safety, Health, and Environmental Management Manual
Location’s Safety SharePoint site.
A supplemental handout entitled “What to do if you are Injured” provides further Location specific
instructions.
Every job-related injury should be reported as soon as possible to the employee’s supervisor. The
supervisor may be assigned to investigate accident or the Research Unit might have an appointed
investigator, such as the SOHS.
If the supervisor is not responsible for investigating accidents, then he/she should contact the
designated investigator as soon as they become aware of the accident. Upon notification, the
investigator determines if an on-site response is needed. If an on-site visit is applicable, the investigator
informs notifying party that the accident scene should not be disturbed, except where moving of items
is needed for victim extrication or controlling hazards. Supervisors must complete applicable OWCP
paperwork if an employee is injured while performing their work duties.
Investigator will need to bring the necessary personal protective equipment (PPE). Appropriate PPE will
depend on the circumstances of the accident.
After arriving at the scene, the investigator should coordinate with OSU Public Safety if they are present
and the accident involves OSU property, equipment, or personnel. Depending on whether or not OSU or
public parties were involved, OSU Public Safety may also conduct an investigation. Their investigation
could include photographing the scene and interviewing witnesses. The Location Coordinator must give
approval for them to do so if the federal property or personnel are involved.
Assess and control any hazards. The investigator should contact and coordinate with the Unit
(responsible for the area where the accident occurred) to obtain information and assistance in
identifying and controlling hazards. An investigation involving energized equipment posing a hazard (i.e.
unguarded or malfunctioning components) requires the equipment to be either unplugged or deenergized and locked-out / tagged-out (hasp and tag are in the kit).
Secure the scene if necessary. If the accident meets the OSHA reporting criteria, then secure the site
and assure the scene/equipment is not disturbed. See “Reporting of a Workplace Accident to OSHA”
below. For accidents meeting the OSHA reporting criteria, do not release the scene until you are
advised to do so (i.e., after OSHA completes their investigation).
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Separate the witnesses to prevent discussions.
Photograph the accident scene.
Sketch the accident scene and take measurements as needed.
Collect evidence if necessary.
Notification of an investigators response
Generally, an accident requiring an on-site investigator response will necessitate contacting the:
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Location Coordinator / Research Leader / Location Administrative Officer / SOHS
Western Business Service Center (WBSC) Occupational Safety Health and Environmental
Manager
University Environmental Health and Safety Department – if University equipment, property
or personnel are involved.
If an accident meets certain criteria, additional notification may be required (i.e., WBSC Director, Deputy
WBSC Director, Safety Health Environmental Management Branch, OSHA-Local Office, OSHAHeadquarters, etc.). See Reporting of a Workplace Accident to OSHA.
Completing applicable documentation
After the Investigator has responded appropriately to the accident, documentation must be completed.
If an injury occurred during this accident refer to the applicable document to determine what
paperwork must be completed. At a minimum the CA-1 should be filled out by any injured federal
employees or their supervisor.
If a witness is available, ask them to complete the Witness Statement on Page 1 of the CA-1.
This form serves as a template for both minor (i.e. little or no treatment) and major (i.e. severe
laceration requiring medical treatment) accidents. Under certain circumstances, a more extensive
report may be required (i.e., Motor Vehicle Accidents); however, the template is a good starting point
and will be needed when reporting recordable injuries.
Submit the completed Accident/Incident Investigation Report form to the SOHS.
The Accident Investigation Report will be reviewed to determine if a recordable work-related injury or
illness occurred. If applicable, the Location SOHS will complete the OSHA 301 or its equivalence.
Initial investigative reports for serious accidents need to be forwarded to SHEMB within 3 calendar days
of the accident. Investigative reports for other less serious accidents are maintained at the Location.
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Reporting of a workplace accident to OSHA
If a work-related accident meets any of the following criteria, the accident must be reported to OSHA:
Non-agricultural Accidents
Agricultural Accidents*
(Per ARS 230 Manual)
Fatality
Fatality or probable fatality
Inpatient hospitalization of two or more employees
Inpatient hospitalization of one or more employees
Property damage in excess of $100,000.00
Acute injury or illness from exposure to pesticides
For additional information, see OSHA 1904 – Recording
and Reporting Occupational Injuries & Illnesses.
*Agricultural means farming and ranching, including, but not limited to:
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Cultivating and tilling soil
Dairy farming
Producing, cultivating, growing, and harvesting any agricultural or horticultural commodity
Raising livestock, bees, fur-bearing animals, or poultry
Preparation for market
Delivery to storage or market
Before any of these accidents are reported to local OSHA, the Location SOHS will initiate contact of the
following personnel via telephone within 4 hours of the occurrence:



WBSC Occupational Safety Health and Environmental Manager
Facilities Division Safety Health Environmental Management Branch
WBSC Director
The WBSC will coordinate all actions/information with Location personnel.
The Safety Health Environmental Management Branch will inform the Department who in turn, will
notify OSHA headquarters. Causal information will be shared with other locations performing similar
operations.
Reporting the accident
When reporting an accident, the following information is to be provided:

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Establishment name
Location, date and time of the accident
Number of fatalities or hospitalized employees
Type of pesticide exposure(s) – if applicable
ARS contact person and telephone number
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
A brief description of the accident
Obtaining and Releasing Information
Personal information obtained from and about the injured individual(s) should include only what is
relevant and necessary to accomplish the purpose for which it was collected. Personal information
collected may be subject to the Privacy and Freedom of Information Acts. Individual’s health records
will be used in a manner that protects the confidentiality of the employee to the extent possible while
the information is being used for occupational safety and health purposes.
Posting Requirements
When an accident is investigated and it is determined to be a recordable injury, the incident is
documented on the OSHA 300 Log. The OSHA 300A Log is updated and posted at each Research Unit
annually. In addition to the OSHA 300A Log, the following information is also posted:

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
Occupational Safety and Health Protection for Employee Poster
CA-10 What a Federal Employee Should Do When Injured at Work
Safety, Health and Environmental Management Committee Members (ARS-309)
The SOHS is responsible for updating applicable Safety Related Information:
Motor Vehicle Accidents
Motor vehicle accidents must be reported in the same manner as any other accident. A motor vehicle
accident is defined as any occurrence involving a Federal Government owned, leased, or rented vehicle,
or a privately own vehicle operated on official business which results in death, injury, or property
damage regardless of the dollar amount or who was injured in the accident." For employee protection,
any injury, even if minor, should be reported to the employee’s supervisor on Form CA-1. This is
essential if expenses should be incurred later as a result of infection or some other complication.
Reporting of minor incidents also helps in developing preventive measures of occupational accident and
illness reduction.
ARS vehicles must be equipped with AD-651, Motor Vehicle Accident Report Kits. For motor vehicle
accidents, vehicle operators, their supervisors, and accident investigators (if applicable) must complete
Form SF 91-Motor Vehicle Accident Report. Witnesses must complete Form SF 94-Statement of
Witness. The Administrative Office will forward applicable forms and information to the Area Property
Management Office within three days of the accident.
Reporting Vehicle Accidents (Reference Property Management Quick Guide http://www.afm.ars.usda.gov/property/files/pmoguide2004.pdf
Employees involved in an accident will complete a detailed written report of the accident to the
Supervisor within 48 hours of the incident. Each GOV must have an Accident Report Kit inside the
vehicle that contains:


Form SF-91, Operator’s Report of Motor Vehicle Accident,
Form SF-94, Statement of Witness, and
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
Form CA-1, Employee Report of Traumatic Injury (for use if required).
Employees and supervisors are responsible for thoroughly investigating the incident, completing form
SF-91, and forwarding the completed report and form to the APO/PMO.
APOs will prepare form AD-112 documenting damage to the GOV, including:
$
description of damage,
$
cost of replacement if vehicle is destroyed,
$
2 repair estimates,
$
photographs, and
$
forward completed package to the PMO.
The PMO will use the information to prepare documentation needed for potential claims against the
Government. Thoroughly investigating accidents where there is a potential for a Tort Claim at the time
of the incident is very important. Trying to gather facts and evidence after the fact may be difficult and
may cost the Government.
Preparing Reports
Whether the accident required an on-site visit or not, an investigation is not finished until the
Investigator completes an Accident Investigation Report (current copy maintained by the SOHS).
For recordable injuries (other than fatalities), the OSHA 301/Incident Report must be completed within 7
calendar days after information is received that a recordable work-related injury or illness has occurred.
The form must be kept on file for 5 years following the year to which it pertains.
Recommendations and Following-up
The investigation report should include corrective actions taken by the Research Unit and
recommendation to prevent or reduce similar accident from occurring in the future. The accident report
is submitted to the SOHS and shared with the Location’s SHEM Committee for additional
recommendations and corrective actions.
THIRD PARTY ACCIDENTS (visitors, students, etc.)
When to respond
Third-party accidents on ARS owned or leased property generally require an Investigator’s on-site
presence when they result in:



A fatality or probable fatality
Serious injury (e.g., fracture, amputation, severe laceration, loss of consciousness)
In-patient hospitalization
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

A threat of a lawsuit (the best indicators are if the injured party is upset and making
demands on USDA-ARS-Corvallis and/or the cause of the injury was related to facility
deficiencies)
Extensive USDA-ARS-Corvallis property damage.
How to respond
Conduct the investigation in the same way as described under “Accident Investigation”.
NOTE: OSHA and Workers’ Compensation personnel do not require notification for Third-Party
Investigations. However, you may be asked to provide documentation. Consult with WBSC SHEM
before releasing third-party investigation materials.
Notification of an Investigators response
Generally, a third party accident requiring an Investigator’s response will necessitate contacting the:



Location Coordinator / Research Leader / Location Administrative Officer
WBSC Safety Health and Environmental Manager
University EH&S – if University space, property or personnel are involved
Page 89 of 182
Asbestos Management Program
Purpose
To minimize the risk of exposure to asbestos.
Definitions
Asbestos-Containing Materials (ACM)
Any materials containing more than one percent asbestos. A few common examples of ACM include:
pipe and boiler insulation (TSI), sprayed on fire proofing, troweled or acoustical plaster, floor tiles and
mastic, linoleum, transite shingles, transite lab bench tops, roofing materials, wall and ceiling plaster,
joint compound, ceiling tiles, blackboards, mastics, and gasket materials.
Presumed Asbestos-Containing Materials (PACM)
Any surfacing material, TSI, or resilient floor coverings present in buildings constructed prior to 1980 are
assumed to contain greater than one percent asbestos unless they have been sampled to negate the
presence of asbestos.
Small Operations and Maintenance Activity
Any activity conducted by the Location’s in-house trained asbestos workers that requires the abatement
of less than 3 linear feet or 3 square feet of known or assumed asbestos containing materials.
Suspect Asbestos-Containing Materials
Any material that may contain more than one percent asbestos, but has not been sampled and tested to
determine its asbestos content.
Asbestos-Containing Flooring Material (ACFM)
This group includes vinyl asbestos tile (VAT), linoleum and/or the mastic that adheres the VAT or
linoleum to the sub-floor.
Policy
All asbestos-containing materials in Location owned buildings and facilities should be managed to
minimize the exposure of Location personnel, students, guests, visitors, and contract employees to
asbestos. All activities that may impact, disturb or dislodge asbestos fibers are to be conducted and
abated in a manner consistent with the procedures below and in compliance with applicable State and
Federal asbestos abatement regulations.
Procedure
The Safety and Occupational Health Specialist (the SOHS) maintains this Asbestos Management Plan
which establishes asbestos operations, maintenance, and inspection procedures.
Prior to the start of any renovation and/or demolition project, excluding small operations and
maintenance activities, the SOHS must be contacted to coordinate a survey for suspect and known
asbestos containing materials in the project area. Any suspect asbestos containing material identified in
the project area, that may be impacted or disturbed, must be either sampled and tested to determine
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its asbestos content or assumed to contain asbestos and managed as an asbestos containing material.
Small operations and maintenance activities do not need to be coordinated through the SOHS.
Any materials known or identified to be ACM that will be impacted or disturbed as a result of renovation
or demolition activity must be properly abated in accordance with Department of Environmental Quality
Regulations, and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration Asbestos Standards. The SOHS will
determine the proper abatement methods to be used.
Asbestos abatement projects, excluding small operations and maintenance activities, must be
coordinated by the SOHS and supervised and monitored by an Oregon Full-Scale Supervisor. Small
operations and maintenance activities do not need to be supervised and monitored unless they are
completed in public areas. Examples of public areas include, but are not limited to, offices, classrooms,
auditoriums, conference rooms, hallways, bathrooms, living spaces, common building areas and
laboratories. Any exceptions to the supervision and monitoring requirement must be determined on a
case by case basis by the SOHS.
Any Location employee who may disturb ACM or PACM as part of their job shall receive asbestos
awareness training and annual refresher training thereafter.
Location employees who are required to perform asbestos abatement activities must be certified by the
State of Oregon as asbestos abatement supervisors or workers. All abatement activities need to be
monitored by a State of Oregon asbestos abatement supervisor.
Any Location employee or contractor that identifies any damaged, suspect or known asbestos
containing materials shall notify the SOHS immediately upon identification. The SOHS will assess the
situation, arrange for the appropriate corrective actions, and notify the regulatory agencies as
necessary.
Asbestos consultants that are contracted by the Location to prepare asbestos abatement specifications,
conduct facility surveys for ACM, monitor asbestos abatement projects and analyze bulk and air
asbestos samples shall be pre-approved by the SOHS.
Asbestos abatement contractors that are contracted by the Location to complete asbestos abatement
projects shall be pre-approved by the SOHS.
Any ACFM adhered to a concrete sub-floor will be removed prior to the installation of new flooring
materials. Any ACFM adhered to a wood sub-floor will either be removed or a new underlayment will
be secured to the wood sub-floor through the VAT or linoleum prior to the installation of new flooring
materials.
As a general rule, the cost of required asbestos abatement is to be funded by the management unit that
has the maintenance responsibility for the building. The cost of any associated asbestos abatement will
be incorporated into the cost of any renovation or remodeling project regardless of its size or funding
source.
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Automated External Defribrillator Plan
Introduction:
An automated external defibrillator (AED) is used to treat victims who experience sudden cardiac arrest
(SCA). It is only to be applied to victims, who are unconscious, not breathing normally and showing no
signs of circulation, such as normal breathing, coughing and movement. The AED will analyze the heart
rhythm and advise the operator if a shock-able rhythm is detected. If a shock-able rhythm is detected,
the AED will charge to the appropriate energy level and advise the operator to deliver a shock.
Safety and Occupational Health Specialist (SOHS) Responsibilities:
 Coordinate AED/CPR/First Aid training for a portion (>25%) of the permanent work force on an
annual basis.
 Serve as the liaison with the medical director on issues related to emergency.
 Maintain an inventory of all location AED’s. Provide this list to the Corvallis Fire Department
whenever there is a change.
 Maintain a schedule for replacement of expire-able parts – to include replacement batteries and
pads.
 Coordinate checks of the AED’s for proper function and equipment.
 Revise of this policy as required.
 Monitor the effectiveness of this system.
Medical Control Responsibilities:
The medical advisor of the AED program is Dr. William Ferguson, Occupational Health Department of the
Corvallis Clinic. The medical advisor of the AED program is responsible for:




Providing medical direction for use of AEDs.
Writing a prescription for the AEDs.
Reviewing and approving guidelines for emergency procedures related to use of AEDs and CPR.
Evaluation of post-event review forms and digital files downloaded from the AED.
Authorized AED Users:
All members of the workforce who hold current AHA certifications for CPR and AED are authorized to
use the AEDs in an emergency.
Anyone can, at their discretion, provide voluntary assistance to the victims of medical emergencies. The
extent to which these individuals respond shall be appropriate to their training and experience. These
responders are encouraged to contribute to emergency response only to the extent they are
comfortable. The emergency medical response of these individuals may include CPR, AED, or medical
First Aid.
Equipment:
The AED and first aid emergency care kit will be brought to all medical emergencies. The AED should not
be used on any person who is less than 8 years of age and who weighs less than 55 lbs. The victim must
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display ALL the symptoms of cardiac arrest. The AED will be used only after the following symptoms are
confirmed:



Victim is unconscious.
Victim is not breathing.
Victim has no pulse and/or shows no signs of circulation such as normal breathing, coughing, or
movement.
The SOHS will maintain an inventory of all the AED’s which includes their location, expiration dates, and
other pertinent information.
Each AED will have one set of adult sized defibrillation electrodes connected to the device. One
resuscitation kit will be located in the bag with the AED. This kit contains two pairs of latex gloves, one
razor, one set of trauma sheers, and one facemask barrier device.
Medical Response Documentation:
It is important to document each use of the medical emergency response system. The “AED Summary
Form” is placed in the case with the AED and will be filled out by the responder and forwarded to Dr.
William Ferguson within 24 hours of a medical event.
Review of the medical documentation will be accompanied with an internal review of the emergency
response to identify if and how the response could have been improved.
Any and all patient information generated during AED use must be collected into the patient’s
confidential medical file.
A copy of AED use information shall be presented to the EMS county AED program coordinator within 72
hours of the emergency. At a minimum, the event information supplied shall include any recorded data,
and all electronic files captured by the AED.
Equipment Maintenance:
All equipment and accessories necessary for support of the medical emergency response shall be
maintained in a state of readiness. Specific maintenance requirements include:
The SOHS shall be informed of changes in availability of emergency medical response equipment. If
equipment is withdrawn from service, the SOHS shall be informed and then notified when the
equipment is returned to service.
The SOHS shall be responsible for coordinating repairs or replacement of malfunctioning equipment. All
repair work shall be done through a manufacturer approved vendor.
Following use of emergency response equipment, all equipment shall be cleaned and/or
decontaminated as required. If contamination includes body fluids, the equipment shall be disinfected
according to manufacturer recommendations.
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System Checks:
The AED systems being utilized at this location conduct self-tests daily.
Once each month, the SOHS or their designee shall conduct a system check. The check will include a
visual verification that the green “Ready” light is blinking and that the system does not appear damaged
or tampered with.
Once a year the SOHS will check the AED and AED case for adequate emergency kit supplies as well as
validate the information on the AED inventory.
The SOHS will coordinate replacement of expired supplies as the expiration dates are approached.
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Back Care Program
Introduction
Back pain and injuries related to lifting and material handling are some of the most frequent types of
injuries, both on and off the job. While some factors that contribute to the potential for injury cannot be
controlled, others can be reduced or minimized. Poor physical fitness, obesity, smoking, poor posture,
and medical/physical deficiencies are personal factors that may contribute to back pain. Workplace
factors may include inadequate workplace design, improper or defective material handling equipment,
improper manual or mechanical handling methods, and inadequate training. Investing time in an
effective Back Care Program yields improved productivity, morale, and reduces potential lost work time
due to injury.
Scope and Application
The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) applies the General Duty Clause to
workplace conditions likely to cause back injuries. Departments that have jobs or tasks that require
frequent handling of packages, objects, or materials are responsible for ensuring that adequate controls
and procedures are in place to minimize the possibility of back injuries.
Program Description
Back pain may appear suddenly but is often the result of numerous small abuses to the back involving
improper sitting or lifting over a long period of time. While no approach has been found for totally
eliminating back injuries, a back care program can minimize their occurrence by identifying back injury
risk factors and developing means of reducing their impact.
Workplace Layout
Several factors should be considered in work station design. The height of the work to be performed
should allow workers to sit or stand erect, rather than leaning forward. Leaning forward for long periods
may cause fatigue, increasing the likelihood of pain or injury. Long-term standing places excessive stress
on the back and legs. Where long-term standing is necessary, a footrest or rail, resilient floor mats,
height-adjustable chairs or stools, and opportunities for workers to change positions should be
provided. Where workers are seated for long periods, chairs used should be fully adjustable, support the
lower back, and be equipped with arm rests.
The height of materials to be lifted should be carefully considered. Lifting that occurs below knee level
or above shoulder height is more strenuous than lifting between these limits. Adjusting the height of a
shelf or pallet, or providing a warehouse ladder, may be necessary to achieve better lifting conditions.
Mechanical Aids
Mechanical aids should be installed where necessary. Pneumatic lifts, conveyors, and automatic
material handling equipment are examples of mechanical aids that can be used to reduce the amount of
lifting workers may be expected to do.
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Training
Individuals who engage in lifting and material handling as a part of their work should receive training,
including the following: ·





Performing stretching exercises and warm-ups prior to lifting,
Using the right personal protective equipment (e.g. gloves, safety shoes, etc.)
Taking time to size up the load (e.g. too large or heavy for one person to lift, is the lift necessary,
etc.)
Using proper lifting techniques (e.g. good grasp, object close to the body, back straight, lift with
legs, etc.)
Techniques to use for difficult lifting jobs (e.g. oversized loads, lifts over the shoulders or below
the knees, etc.)
Individuals who are expected to perform manual lifting should also be encouraged to maintain their
fitness level by regularly exercising and controlling their weight.
Back Belts
Back belts have not been proven effective in reducing back pain and back injury. Back belts are not
considered personal protective equipment by OSHA and are not specifically covered by existing
regulations. The Safety and Occupational Health Specialist (SOHS) does not recommend the use of backbelts.
Roles and Responsibilities
Supervisors
 Ensure workers are trained.
 Ensure workers use proper lifting techniques.
 Identify operations involving lifting or material handling that may place individuals at risk for
back injuries.
 Institute appropriate engineering controls to reduce injury potential.
 Provide worker training in proper material handling methods and techniques.
 Provide workers with personal protective equipment.
Safety and Occupational Health Specialist
 Provide assistance in the evaluation of material handling tasks.
 Perform evaluations of lifting or material handling operations.
 Provide training when requested.
Individual
 Attend training.
 Use proper lifting techniques.
 Strengthen the back through regular exercise and good physical fitness.
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Chemical Hygiene Plan
Introduction
1) This Chemical Hygiene Plan (CHP) is intended to:
a) Inform laboratory employees of the potential health and safety hazards present in their
workplace.
b) Inform laboratory employees of the precautions and preventive measures that have been
established by this organization to protect employees from a workplace illness or injury.
c) Inform laboratory employees of the required safety rules and procedures established by this
organization to meet the requirements of 29 CFR 1910.1450, 29 CFR 1910.1200, and State of
Oregon OAR 437, Division 2.
d) Serve as a default CHP upon which Chemical Hygiene Officers (CHO) can follow instead of
building their own. See the section on “Responsibilities” for information on who is assigned the
CHO role for each project group. All requirements and procedures outlined in this document
are based on either regulatory requirements or prudent lab practices.
i) If the CHO wishes to follow different procedures and requirements the proposed changes
must be submitted in writing (e-mail) to the SOHS.
2) The Corvallis Location CHP will be available for review upon request to all employees. Copies of the
most up to date plan will be located in the following location:
a) Central Program Binder (maintained electronically by the SOHS).
b) Distributed via email after each annual update.
3) This CHP will be reviewed annually by the SOHS and the members of the three unit safety
committees, and updated as necessary.
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Employee Information and Training
1) All employees covered by this CHP will be provided with information and training to ensure that
they are apprised of the hazards of chemicals present in their work area. This training will be given
at the time of initial assignment and prior to new assignments involving different exposure
situations.
2) Training
a) All new employees must be familiar with the written Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) for
the laboratory processes they will be engaged in. This training should be documented (e.g., the
employee can initial and date the SOP).
b) Additional employee training will include:
i)
The methods and observations that may be used to detect the presence or release of a
hazardous chemical. These may include monitoring conducted by the employer, continuous
monitoring devices, visual appearance or odor of hazardous chemicals when being released,
etc.
ii) The physical and health hazards of chemicals in the work area.
iii) The measures employees can take to protect themselves from these hazards. Measures
should include specific procedures the employer has implemented to protect employees
from exposure to hazardous chemicals such as, SOP’s, work practices, emergency
procedures, and personal protective equipment to be used.
c) The Project Leader, or the Project Leader’s technical staff upon delegation by the Project Leader,
will conduct the training. The training sessions will consist of any combination of hands-on
training, written material, videos, formal classroom training, and oral presentation. Any
training materials or sessions must be approved by the Project Leader.
d) Refresher training will be given every five years or whenever a new hazard is introduced into the
lab environment. Refresher training may be documented by calling or emailing the SOHS, who
will make a record of it.
3) Information
a) Employees will be informed of:
i)
The contents of 1910.1450 and their appendices. A copy of the standard will be available to
employees for review from the CHO by request or at
http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=standards&p_id=10
106
ii) The availability and location of the written CHP.
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iii) The Permissible Exposure Limits (PELs) for the substances regulated by OSHA or the
Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) established by ACGIH for other hazardous chemicals where
there is no applicable OSHA standard. These limits can be found here:
http://www.cbs.state.or.us/external/osha/pdf/rules/division_4/div4z.pdf
(1) A good document to help in understanding PELs and TLVs and visualizing their
magnitude can be found here:
http://www.nesc.wvu.edu/ndwc/articles/ot/fa04/q&a.pdf
iv) Signs and symptoms associated with exposures to hazardous chemicals used in the
laboratory.
v) Location and availability of known reference material on the hazards, safe handling, storage,
and disposal of hazardous chemicals found in the laboratory including, but not limited to,
material safety data sheets received from chemical suppliers.
b) Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDSs) for the chemicals used and stored in the laboratory will be
readily assessable, either electronically or via paper copies. MSDSs for particularly harmful
chemicals should be kept in paper format.
Responsibilities:
Implementation of the CHP at the Corvallis Location is a shared responsibility. Location Coordinator,
Research Leaders, Project Leaders, Location Safety Committee and Location Occupational Safety and
Health Specialist all have roles to play. These roles are outlined generally below.
1) Location Coordinator (LC) is responsible for developing and supporting a broad-based chemical
hygiene program that will protect laboratory employees from health effects associated with
hazardous chemicals. The LC is responsible for integrating safety into all location activities and for
promoting the same attitude among all levels of employment.
2) Mission Unit Research Leader (MURL) have the responsibility to ensure that each of their
employees adheres to the CHP. The MURLs provide support and appropriate funding for their SHEM
program.
3) Project Leader (PL) (Principal and Co-Principal Investigators) shall ensure applicable parts of the
CHP and other safety precautions are incorporated in all research protocols. They monitor
procurement of new chemicals and the collection and disposal of chemical wastes; develop and
implement chemical labeling program; and review chemical inventories to determine which
chemicals are carcinogen, particularly hazardous substances or chemical of special interest.
a) By default the PL is assigned the responsibility of “CHO” for the laboratory areas under their
control and supervision. If a laboratory area is shared by several PL’s then the area will be
clearly divided and/or a single PL will be assigned, by emailing the SOHS, responsibility for the
entire area.
b) Is responsible for providing training or for scheduling time for employees to attend designated
training sessions, assuring that potential hazards of specific projects have been addressed
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before work is started, and for promoting a positive attitude among employees toward accident
prevention.
c) Is responsible for enforcing safe work practices and identifying and reporting hazardous
conditions to the Location’s Occupational Safety and Health Specialist or Research Unit’s Safety
Committee Representatives. The PL’s are responsible for implementing the CHP, reviewing the
plan annually and updating when necessary. PL’s complete incident reports to recount any
accidents, injuries or occupational illnesses that results from ARS employment.
d) Procure and maintain adequate supplies of personal protective equipment (PPE), to include
safety glasses, chemical resistant gloves, lab coats, and any other PPE as deemed necessary
through a formal hazard assessment of the task at hand. PPE must not be shared by several
individuals unless it can be adequately cleaned and sanitized between uses.
4) Employees are responsible for attending scheduled training sessions, following safety guidelines
applicable to the procedures being carried out, assuring that required safety precautions are in
place before work is started, and reporting encountered hazardous conditions.
5) Research Unit Safety Committee Representatives shall assist the Location’s management by making
recommendations regarding methods of addressing safety and health concerns. The Location’s
Safety Committee will also assist management in assessing the effectiveness of training and
abatement efforts at the Corvallis Location. The Safety Committee will also serve the functions of a
“Chemical Hygiene Committee” as described in 29 CFR 1910.1450.
6) Location’s Safety and Occupational Health Specialist shall provide advice to management on issues
involving the safety, health and environmental conditions at the Location. Additional responsibilities
include:
a) Identifying safety, health, and environmental education/training needs;
b) Providing laboratory safety training, when requested;
c) Distributing information related to safety, health, and environmental education/training;
d) Arranging for the abatement of any identified health hazards;
e) Assisting laboratory technicians in maintaining and managing chemical inventories; and
f)
Assisting in obtaining employee medical surveillance services and maintaining required records
and documentation.
Standard Operating Procedures
Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) are written safety and health guidelines required for work with
hazardous materials or equipment.
It is a Federal OSHA requirement that Project Leaders provide employees with SOPs to be followed
when work involves the use of hazardous equipment or chemicals. Each CHO should adopt and train
their employees on all standard operating procedures which pertain to the chemicals and procedures
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used in their work area. SOP’s should be written and available to describe the work to be conducted,
and the safety measures to be taken by employees. In addition outlining safety measures, well written
SOPs have the following benefits:
1)
2)
3)
4)
Enhance experiment reproducibility
Easy method for communicating procedural changes
Proper use of equipment and reagents: limits abuse and waste
Best work practices: improved worker efficiency and waste minimization
The requirement for SOP can be met by any combination of the following:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
Procedures outlined in technical literature or text books
Modifications to procedures that are noted in log books
Equipment or instrument manuals
Instructions that come with a kit or that are on a product label
General SOP’s or training materials that contain sufficient information for the worker to accomplish
the task in accordance with the best safe work practices
The SOHS or another inspector will verify that the SOP is being met through worker interview. An
employee who is engaged in a hazardous task will be asked the following questions:
1) Have the step-by-step procedures for this task been written down somewhere?
2) Show me how you would access these step-by-step instructions (must be readily available).
3) Have you made any modifications to these standard procedures, and if so, how do you
communicate this modification and any new health hazards it may create to someone trying to
reproduce the procedure?
The adequacy of your SOP’s will be based on the following criteria. This information can be in several
different documents. However, each employee in your charge must be familiar with the contents and
have access to each document:
1) Description of Experiment/Identification of Procedure - An identification or description of the
experiment, activity, or research proposal in which an employee may be exposed to hazardous
equipment or chemicals (e.g., "seed cleaning,” or "Phospholipid fatty acid analysis," or “media
preparation,” etc.). Typically the activity will be associated with one or more procedures. Often
these procedures are written, and may be described in technical journals or textbooks. The intent is
to communicate to the employee precisely which part or parts of their duties there may be
exposure to a hazardous chemical substance.
2) Identification of Hazard - An identification of each physical hazard and/or each toxicity hazard which
may be encountered due to exposure to that hazardous equipment or chemical substance. For
example, a procedure calls for use of a distillation process in the purification of benzene. In the
distillation process, explosion or fire may be a hazardous condition which may be encountered.
Explosion or fire is a physical hazard which may be associated with the hazardous chemical. Also, the
solvent, itself, may have a toxic principle (a toxicity hazard) which needs to be considered in addition
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to the possible fire or explosion hazard.
3) Protective Equipment - Note that ventilation controls (i.e. fume hood), personal protective
equipment (i.e., goggles, gloves, respirator, etc.), special handling procedures and storage
requirements are typically provided in the MSDS for a specific hazardous chemical. However, the
MSDS may not adequately communicate protective equipment information. For instance, the MSDS
may state "wear impervious rubber gloves." Since there are many kinds of "rubber" gloves, some of
which are impervious and some of which are not, supplemental information must be communicated
through the use of another source, and the location of this source must be identified (a person,
written document, publication, etc.). If information provided by the MSDS is insufficient, more
specific information must be provided in a written form in the SOP. As an example, the MSDS for
acetaldehyde indicates the use of "rubber gloves," but you determine from the glove manufacturer
guide that neoprene gloves are good but latex gloves are poor for handling acetaldehyde, then you
must specify in the SOP that neoprene gloves must be used.
4) Waste Disposal - Typically, MSDSs do not provide adequate or appropriate information about
disposal of waste. Clear directions for waste management can be obtained from the SOHS. It is
important that specific information be provided to employees in laboratories about the proper
management of chemical, biological and radioactive wastes, and these should be placed in the SOP.
5) If the chemical is a particularly hazardous substance (i.e., high acute toxicity, reproductive toxin, or
select carcinogen), there are additional regulatory requirements for employee protection. These
requirements include:
a) Establishment of a "designated area.” A designated area is a space whose boundaries are
identified for specific or exclusive use of a particularly hazardous chemical. A designated area
can be a fixed piece of equipment such as a fume hood or it may be a small room or enclosure.
The designated area must be labeled, and it's labeling must serve two purposes:
b) The designated area must have warning signs which will prohibit access by persons who do not
have special information and training which would allow safe handling of the chemical. It is
highly recommended that the warning sign contain the name(s) of persons authorized to use the
particularly hazardous chemical in question, so that the person(s) may be contacted in the event
of an emergency or if questions arise.
c) The boundaries of the designated area must be clearly demarcated (i.e., with colored tape, or by
the door to a specific small room or enclosure).
i) Use of containment devices such as fume hoods or glove boxes.
ii) Procedures for safe removal of contaminated waste.
iii) Decontamination procedures. Decontamination procedures provide specific directions for
decontamination of surfaces of benches, walls, ceilings, surfaces of fixed equipment, and
surfaces of portable equipment which may be contaminated by the particularly hazardous
substance. They provide information about the use of special protective equipment, such as
gloves, face shields, goggles, body and foot coverings which may be necessary to protect the
person(s) performing decontamination. Further, specific directions are given about handling
and disposal of contaminated waste.
d) Special Storage and Handling Procedures.
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e) Spill Clean-up Procedures
It is a discrepancy if the employee is unable to produce an adequate SOP for the task they are engaged
in. The Project Leader will need to obtain a sufficient SOP or draft their own, and then train all
employees it pertains to.
EXERCISE CAUTION: Modifications to written procedures, even seemingly benign ones (such as changing
total volume of the reaction), have caused uncontrolled reactions in the past. Proceed slowly and with
caution.
Standard Laboratory Rules and Procedures
In addition to the specific laboratory standard operating procedures, the following general requirements
are mandatory at all times:
1) Routes of emergency egress shall be clearly indicated and unobstructed;
2) All fire extinguishers shall remain functional and accessible;
3) Access to the laboratory shall be restricted to authorized personnel only;
4) Working in the lab alone is prohibited;
5) Safety glasses and a lab apron/coat are mandatory at all times in the laboratory whenever
handling chemicals and chemical containers; coworkers in close proximity must also wear safety
glasses and a lab coat.
6) Avoid all skin exposures to hazardous chemicals;
7) Other personal protective equipment shall be used as directed by the CHO;
8) Safety instruction signs, warning signs and exit signs shall be utilized and maintained in legible
condition;
9) Smoking, food, and beverages are prohibited in the laboratory at all times;
10) Good housekeeping procedures shall be conducted daily;
11) Counter tops and work benches shall be maintained clean, neat and orderly;
12) If an incidental spill occurs, clean it up immediately;
13) Maintain a spill kit that can adequately address incidental spills.
14) If a significant spill or leak occurs, the premises shall be vacated immediately or the emergency
response plan shall be instituted;
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15) Material Safety Data Sheets received shall be kept in a centralized binder that accurately reflects
the materials currently in stock;
16) No manufacturer's label shall be removed or defaced from the original container;
17) Identifying labels shall be utilized on all successive containers;
18) Breakable containers shall be transported within a compatible, unbreakable, secondary
container;
19) Equipment which is damaged or malfunctioning shall not be used, particularly chipped
glassware;
20) Electrical equipment shall be maintained in good condition;
21) Compressed gas cylinders shall be secured in an upright position;
22) Pipetting by mouth suction is strictly prohibited;
23) Procedures which are new or unfamiliar shall be referred to the CHO;
24) Carcinogens shall only be utilized only at the direction of the CHO;
25) Continuous inventory records shall be maintained on all chemicals;
26) Chemical stock shall be rotated so that the shelf-life is not exceeded;
27) Incompatible chemicals shall be segregated from each other;
28) Chemical disposal shall be in accordance with all applicable laws and regulations;
29) Flammable liquids shall be stored in a flammable storage cabinet;
30) Laboratory hoods shall be utilized for all substances with an exposure level of 50 parts per
million (ppm) or less, or unknown exposure limits or carcinogens;
31) Laboratory hoods shall maintain a capture velocity of 100 linear feet per minute at the face of
the hood;
32) Hood usage and incompatible chemicals shall be segregated;
33) Hoods shall not be utilized for storage purposes;
34) The CHO shall determine the adequacy of all lab hoods;
35) All personnel shall wash their hands prior to entering and leaving the laboratory;
36) Respirators shall be provided, maintained, used, and inspected in accordance with the
Respiratory Protection Program;
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Note: Section E of Appendix A of 1910.1450 lists additional safety recommendations from the book
"Prudent Practices for Handling Hazardous Chemicals in Laboratories," National Academy Press, 1981.
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
Corrosive agents
Electrically powered laboratory apparatus
Fires, explosions
Low temperature procedures
Pressurized and vacuum operations
Compressed gases
Chemical Storage
Decontamination
The link is here:
http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=STANDARDS&p_id=10107
Control Measures to Reduce Employee Exposure to Hazardous Chemicals
1) The following operations must be performed in Laboratory Fume Hoods:
a) Any substance with an exposure level of 50 parts per million (ppm) or less.
b) Substances with unknown exposure limits or not well studied
c) Carcinogens
2) Biological Safety Cabinets should be used in accordance with the applicable permit.
3) Respirators will be used in accordance with the respiratory protection program developed USDA
ARS-Corvallis, and with the COMM/OSHA Respiratory Protection Standard 29 CFR 1910.134.
4) Appropriate personnel protective apparel and equipment compatible with the necessary degree of
protection for substances handled will be provided and used in accordance with the COMM/OSHA
Personal Protective Equipment Standard 29 CFR 1910. 332. Project Leaders, with the assistance of
the SOHS if requested, will advise employees on the proper use of gloves, gowns, eye protection,
barrier creams, etc.
5) Employees will be instructed on the location and proper use of eye wash stations and safety
showers. Project Leaders, with the assistance of the SOHS if requested, are responsible for this
instruction.
6) Employees will be trained initially and annually on the use of fire extinguishers and other fire
protection systems. Project Leaders, with the assistance of the SOHS if requested, are responsible
for this instruction.
Employee Exposure Determination
1) ARS will provide consultation on chemical use, evaluate worker exposures, and suggest exposure
control methods. If an employee could be exposed routinely above the Permissible Exposure Limit,
monitoring will be performed.
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2) Project Leaders, with the assistance of the SOHS if requested, will make formal qualitative or
quantitative exposure determinations for very hazardous chemicals or chemicals that are used in
high amounts
3) If initial quantitative monitoring is required and reveals that an employee is exposed to levels
greater than the action level (one-half the Permissible Exposure Limit), a monitoring program will be
established. Engineering controls, administrative controls, or personal protective equipment may be
recommended to reduce employee exposures.
4) Monitoring may be stopped when exposures are reduced below the action level or as outlined in
OSHA expanded standards.
5) Employees will be notified of monitoring results in writing within 15 working days after the CHO
receives the monitoring results.
Criteria to Determine and Implement Control Measures
1) Fume Hoods
A fume hood will be used when a proposed chemical procedure exhibits any one of these
characteristics to a degree that:
a) Airborne concentrations might approach the action level (or permissible exposure limit).
b) Flammable vapors might approach one tenth of the lower explosion limit.
c) Materials of unknown toxicity are used or generated.
d) The odor produced is annoying to laboratory occupants or adjacent units.
e) Procedures that can generally be carried out safely outside the fume hood include those
involving:
i)
Water-based solutions of salts, dilute acids, bases, or other reagents.
ii) Very low volatility liquids or solids.
iii) Closed systems that do not allow significant escape to the laboratory environment.
iv) Solids that are not readily aerosolized as dust.
v) Extremely small quantities of otherwise problematic chemicals.
f)
The procedure itself must be evaluated for its potential to increase volatility or produce
aerosols.
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g) In specialized cases, fume hoods will contain exhaust treatment devices, such as water washdown for perchloric acid use, or charcoal or HEPA filters for removal of particularly toxic or
radioactive materials.
2) Safety Shields
a) Safety shields, such as the sliding sash of a fume hood, will be used working with:
b) Working with highly concentrated acids, bases, oxidizers or reducing agents, all of which have
the potential for causing sudden spattering or even explosive release of material.
c) Reactions carried out at non-ambient pressures (vacuum or high pressure).
d) Reactions that are carried out for the first time or are significantly scaled up from normal
operating conditions.
3) Other Containment Devices
a) Other containment devices, such as glove boxes or vented gas cabinets, may be required when:
b) It is necessary to provide an inert atmosphere for the chemical procedure taking place.
c) Capture of any chemical emission is desirable.
d) The standard laboratory fume hood does not provide adequate assurance that overexposure to
a hazardous chemical will not occur.
e) The presence of biological or radioactive materials may also mandate certain special
containment devices.
f)
High strength barriers coupled with remote handling devices may be necessary for safe use of
extremely shock sensitive or reactive chemicals.
g) Highly localized exhaust ventilation, such as is usually installed over atomic absorption units,
may be required for instrumentation that exhausts toxic or irritating materials to the laboratory
environment.
h) Ventilated chemical storage cabinets or rooms should be used when the chemicals in storage
may generate toxic, flammable or irritating levels of airborne contamination.
4) Personal Protective Equipment
a) Eye protection is required for:
i)
All personnel and any visitors whose eyes may be exposed to chemical or physical hazards.
ii) Goggles or face shields are necessary when working with highly reactive chemicals,
concentrated corrosives, or with vacuum or pressurized glassware systems.
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iii) Contact lenses are highly discouraged from being worn in the laboratory.
b) Lab coats or other similar clothing protectors are:
i)
Strongly encouraged for all laboratory personnel.
ii) Required when working with select carcinogens, reproductive toxins, substances which have
a high degree of acute toxicity, strong acids and bases, and any substance on the OSHA PEL
list carrying a "skin" notation.
c) Gloves made of appropriate material are required:
i)
To protect the hands and arms from thermal burns, cuts, or chemical exposure that may
result in absorption through the skin or reaction on the surface of the skin.
ii) When working with particularly hazardous substances where possible transfer from hand to
mouth must be avoided.
iii) For work involving pure or concentrated solutions of select carcinogens, reproductive toxins,
substances which have a high degree of acute toxicity, strong acids and bases, and any
substance on the OSHA PEL list carrying a "skin" notation.
5) Project Leaders shall designate areas, activities, and tasks which require specific types of personal
protective equipment as described above.
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Maintenance of Fume Hoods and Other Protective Equipment
Protective equipment must be maintained in working order. If the protective equipment fails to
operate, when checked, then request a repair from the Facility Manager. Biological Safety Cabinets
must be maintained in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations and may require a
specially licensed/certified vendor to come in and address any maintenance issues.
1) Fume hoods will be inspected every year by the SOHS. The adequacy of face velocity will be
determined by anemometer and/or balometer. Reports of hood inspections will be available for
employee review by request. Stickers detailing last inspection and maximum safe sash height will be
placed on the fume hood itself.
2) Biological Safety Cabinets: Will be inspected and maintained in accordance with the permit. It is the
PL’s responsibility to arrange a routine inspection of the Biological Safety Cabinets with an outside
vendor.
3) Safety showers: The CHO will assign a technician to flush safety showers once a month. Flushes
must be documented on the attached tag.
4) Eyewash Stations: The CHO will assign a technician to flush eyewash stations once a week. Flushes
must be documented on the attached tag. Consistency and frequency of flushes will be checked
annually by the SOHS.
5) Storage cabinets and spill kits: Will be inspected annually by the SOHS.
6) PPE: Must be inspected before each use by the employee. Will be inspected annually by the SOHS.
Chemical Labeling, Procurement, Distribution, and Storage
1) Labeling:
a) Unlabeled containers are strictly prohibited. Generic and vague labels are prohibited for all but
the most commonly known chemicals (bleach, ethanol, etc.). Examples of vague labels I’ve seen
around are:
i) “Tissue Preservative Stock”
ii) “Seed Coat”
iii) “Solvent”
b) All chemical and sample containers must be labeled with enough information to determine
whose it is, what it is, and what the immediate hazards are (for anyone handling it). This applies
to all containers whether the contents are hazardous or not (without proper labeling there is no
way to tell).
Exception: Less stringent labeling is allowable if all of the following conditions are met
(1) The container must be temporary use only and cannot be stored for more than a week.
(2) Someone in addition to yourself must know what the contents of the containers are.
(3) The containers are stored in an area that is exclusively used by your research group.
c) All containers must have the following information:
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i) The initials or last name of the Project Leader or the name of the research project.
ii) The initials of whoever ordered it or whoever created/mixed/gathered its contents.
iii) The date of when it was opened. Estimate for older chemicals if needed.
d) Any containers that don’t have a manufacturer’s label (e.g. sample containers, buffer solutions,
mixtures) must have the following additional information:
i) The common name identifying what it is and its contents. The less well-known Examples:
(1) “Tris Buffer 8.0 pH”
(2) “1 part bleach 9 parts water”, “10% bleach”, “1:10 bleach”, “100 mL bleach”.
(3) “15% nitric acid, <1% phenol, in water”
e) The formulation of complex chemical mixtures that are not found in general literature must be
kept in a centralized and well marked binder if you wish to label the container with your
shorthand name for the mixture (i.e. “seed scarifying solution”).
f)
The primary hazards of the chemical. To meet this requirement you have a choice of the
following systems:
i) Signal words to include “Non-Hazardous”, “Corrosive”, “Toxic”, “Flammable”, “Reacts with
Water”, “Oxidizer”, “Alkaline”, “Plant Pathogen”, etc.
ii) Color coding, using stickers or markers, in accordance with the NFPA color codes (i.e. red for
“flammables,” blue for “toxins”, and yellow for “reactives.” If “reactive,” it should be
specified what the material reacts with.
iii) Filling out and placing a NFPA diamond sticker to the container.
iv) Making a copy of the manufacturer’s label and placing it on the container.
2) Inventory:
a) A thorough inventory of laboratory chemicals must be performed and maintained for each
laboratory. Chemical inventories should be updated when new chemicals are procured, and
when chemical stocks are consumed or old containers of chemicals are removed from the
laboratory. Inventory control is an essential aspect of a proper, workable chemical management
system in the laboratory. Chemical inventories need to be submitted to the Administrative
Support Office by the last Friday of January of each year. The chemical inventory will then be
forwarded to the Corvallis Fire Department.
b) It is important for the Project Leader to exert control over access, storage, and use of hazardous
chemicals in the laboratory environment. This is because hazardous chemical exposures to
employees and hazardous waste management problems present a direct liability to those in
charge of the laboratory environment.
c) Inventory control has a number of advantages, some of which include:
i)
The ability to determine if MSDSs and other hazard information is available for each
hazardous chemical used in the lab
ii) The ability to determine if chemical substances are present which require special controls or
surveillance (e.g., if ethers are stored, they should be disposed of on a regular basis)
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iii) The ability to determine which chemicals are necessary to laboratory operation and which
are not, reducing inventories of unneeded chemicals
iv) The ability to control theft and abuse of laboratory chemicals
d) A storage system established, including periodic inspection of stored chemical substances. This
allows:
i)
A determination of storage space needs for specific kinds of chemicals (e.g., flammable
solvents) to be ascertained and used in planning
ii) A means of managing incompatible chemical substances to be established
iii) A means of monitoring of highly hazardous substances and/or controlled substances to be
established
e) A waste management system established, including records of chemical spills/releases and
records of disposal practices. This allows:
i)
Protection of employees and Project Leaders against liabilities associated with waste
management regulations
ii) Responsible protection of the waste handling personnel and the environment.
f)
Department of Homeland Security (DHS) Chemical Inventory:
i)
On November 20, 2007 the US Department of Homeland Security (DHS) issued regulations
as part of its anti-terrorism mission to identify, assess, and ensure effective security in
facilities where any of over 300 chemicals of interest (COI) are used, stored, or distributed.
ii) ARS-Corvallis employees that work with chemicals are responsible for verifying their
chemical inventories have been checked for DHS chemicals of interest. The COI include pure
reagents, their mixtures and solutions, commercial products, and agricultural chemicals;
these must be reported.
(1) Report that they do not have chemicals of interest; or
(2) Report the quantity of COI in their inventory. Updates are required within 30 days of
changes in quantities of COI (e.g., acquired, used or disposed of, etc.).
3) Procurement:
a) No container shall be accepted without an adequate identifying label (identity of chemical,
hazard warnings, manufacturer's name and address).
b) It is strongly recommended that a person or persons be designated as responsible for
acceptance or rejection of hazardous chemical substances brought into the laboratory. This
designated person ensures that the chemical container is properly labeled, and does not permit
the substance to be brought into the laboratory if improperly labeled.
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c) No container of hazardous chemical waste may be transported into a laboratory from any other
laboratory or room on- or off-campus. The person(s) responsible for acceptance or rejection of
hazardous chemical substances must not permit any container of hazardous chemical waste to
enter the laboratory.
d) All chemicals in which peroxides form should be stored, handled, and utilized according to the
manufacturer’s instructions. The expiration date should be clearly marked on the container prior
to first opening. Chemicals that form peroxides on aging should only be purchased in quantities
that can be used within the shelf life, and not kept beyond that shelf life.
4) Distribution:
a) When chemicals are hand carried, the container should be placed in an outside container or
acid-carrying bucket to protect against breakage and spillage (a secondary container). Freightonly elevators should be used, wherever possible and another individual should help open doors
for you.
5) Laboratory Storage:
a) It is strongly recommended that persons designated as responsible for accepting hazardous
chemicals into the laboratory are also designated as responsible to ensure proper storage of
hazardous chemicals. This responsibility is both for initial and for ongoing chemical storage.
b) Hazardous chemicals should be segregated in a well-identified area and whenever practical,
chemicals should be stored in vented cabinets. Chemical storage on bench tops is inadvisable.
c) Highly hazardous chemicals should be stored in secondary containers that are chemical-resistant
and unbreakable.
d) Stored chemicals should be examined periodically (at least semi-annually) for deterioration and
container integrity. Deteriorated containers should be replaced to prevent uncontrolled
chemical releases/spills.
e) The amount of chemicals permitted for storage should be as small as practical.
f)
Exposure of chemicals to heat or direct sunlight should be avoided.
g) Less-toxic chemicals should be substituted for highly toxic chemicals wherever possible.
h) Fume hoods are not intended for the storage of chemicals. Newer fume hoods with two-speed
fans are designed to provide adequate air velocity for storage of small amounts of chemicals.
Chemicals stored in fume hoods should be kept to a minimum and should not block baffle
exhaust slots or alter airflow patterns. Fume hoods used to store these small amounts of
chemicals should be operated 24 hours a day, 7 days a week.
i)
Fume hood sash should be closed when not in use.
j)
Flammable liquids should be stored in ventilated flammable storage cabinets.
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k) Containers of hazardous chemicals or hazardous chemical wastes should not be stored on floors,
especially in areas in which traffic may result in breakage or spillage of the container.
l)
We have adopted and enforce the additional guidelines as published by the Safety Division for
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory: http://www.lbl.gov/ehs/chsp/html/storage.shtml
Prior Approval for Specific Laboratory Operations
Certain laboratory procedures that present a serious chemical hazard require written Standard
Operating Procedures (SOPs). The CHO must review and approve the SOP before work can begin. For
this facility these procedures include:
1) Work with select carcinogens
2) Work with reproductive hazards
3) Work with neurotoxins
4) Work with unknown chemicals
5) Work using new procedures
6) Work with excessively large quantities of hazardous chemicals
Medical Consultation and Examination
See P&P regarding Occupational Medical Surveillance Program.
Additional Protection for Work with Select Carcinogens, Reproductive Toxins, and Chemicals
with High Acute Toxicity
1) When any select carcinogens, reproductive toxins and chemicals with high acute toxicity are used,
the following provisions will be employed where appropriate:
a) Establishment of a designated area.
b) Use of containment devices such as fume hoods or glove boxes.
c) Procedures for safe removal of contaminated waste.
d) Decontamination procedures.
2) Note: According to the standard, a "select carcinogen" means any substance which meets one of
the following criteria:
a) The substance is regulated by OSHA as a carcinogen.
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b) The substance is listed under the category, "known to be carcinogens," in the Annual Report on
Carcinogens, published by the National Toxicology Program (NTP - latest edition).
c) The substance is listed under Group I ("carcinogenic to humans") by the International Agency for
Research on Cancer Monographs (IARC-latest edition).
d) The substance is listed in either Group 2A or 2B by IARC, or under the category, "reasonably
anticipated to be carcinogens" by NTP].
Recordkeeping
The CHO shall be responsible for maintaining all relevant records in accordance with the following:
1) Training records shall be maintained for 5 years from the date of the training. Training records are
maintained in a centralized binder within the immediate work area.
2) Monitoring records shall be maintained for 30 years from the monitoring date. Exposure
monitoring records are maintained by the CHO; and
3) Medical surveillance records shall be maintained for the duration of employment plus 30 years.
Medical records are maintained by the CHO
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Confined Space Program
Introduction
The purpose of this program is to inform interested persons, including employees, that USDA-ARSCorvallis Corvallis is complying with the OSHA Confined Space Standard, Title 29 Code of Federal
Regulations 1910.146. We have determined that this workplace needs written procedures for the
evaluation of confined spaces, and where permit-required spaces are identified, we have developed and
implemented a permit-required confined space entry program. This program applies to all work
operations at USDA-ARS-Corvallis Corvallis where employees must enter a permit-required confined
space as part of their job duties.
The Safety and Occupational Health Specialist (SOHS) is the person having overall responsibility for the
Permit-Required Confined Space Program. The SOHS will review and update the program, as necessary.
Copies of the written program may be obtained from the SOHS
Under this program, we identify permit-required spaces in USDA-ARS-Corvallis Corvallis, and provide
training for our employees according to their responsibilities in the permit space. These employees
receive instructions for safe entry into our specific type of confined spaces, including testing and
monitoring, appropriate personal protective equipment, rescue procedures, and attendant
responsibilities.
This program is designed to ensure that safe work practices are utilized during all activities regarding the
permit space to prevent personal injuries and illnesses that could occur.
If, after reading this program, you find that improvements can be made, please contact the SOHS. We
encourage all suggestions because we are committed to creating a safe workplace for all our employees
and a safe and effective permit-required confined space entry program is an important component of
our overall safety plan. We strive for clear understanding, safe work practices, and involvement in the
program from every level of the organization.
Hazard Evaluation for Permit Spaces
To determine if there are permit-required confined spaces in USDA-ARS-Corvallis Corvallis, the SOHS,
with assistance from the Facility Manager, has conducted a hazard evaluation of our workplace. This
evaluation has provided us with the information necessary to identify the existence and location of
permit-required confined spaces in our workplace that must be covered by the Permit-Required
Confined Space Entry Program. This written hazard evaluation is kept in Appendix A of this document.
Preventing Unauthorized Entry
To provide a safe work environment and to prevent exposed employees from accidentally entering a
permit space, we have implemented the following procedures to inform all employees of the existence,
location, and danger posed by permit spaces in USDA-ARS-Corvallis Corvallis. To inform employees of
the existence of a permit space, we use industry standard warning signs. To ensure that unauthorized
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employees do not enter and work in permit spaces, we have sealed and locked or otherwise restricted
general public access to the permitted space.
Safe Permit Space Entry Procedures
Hazards will be eliminated by Lock Out / Tag Out (LO/TO) before entry is allowed. If hazards cannot be
controlled via LO/TO then the confined space cannot be entered by USDA-ARS-Corvallis employees.
This Location does not maintain the equipment or training necessary to enter a permit required
confined space. As a result, USDA-ARS-Corvallis employees are prohibited from entry into a permit
required confined space. USDA-ARS-Corvallis employees may still enter non-permit required confined
spaces and will be trained appropriately.
Training Program
Every employee at USDA-ARS-Corvallis Corvallis who faces the risk of confined space entry is provided
with training so that each designated employee acquires the understanding, knowledge and skills
necessary for the safe performance of the duties assigned to them. The SOHS conducts our confined
space training. All training related materials, documents, and signed certificates are kept in electronic
format on the SOHS's computer.
Inventory of Confined Spaces
Fire Vault outside of HCRU
Description: In the front of the HCRU building is a fire vault. This fire vault was mandated by Corvallis
City who, at the time, also mandated that it was below grade. The fire pit at Forage Seed and NCGR is
above grade and not in a confined space. The vault is about 8 feet deep and about 75 sqft.
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Hazards: The vault is leaking (ground water intrusion) because it is below grade. The water is excessive
enough that during the winter two sump pumps are required to keep the vault from overflowing - even
so it is unable to fully control the water. Once the water reaches the tamper valve the fire alarm
engages which has been a source of false alarms in the past. There is electrical conduit and high
pressure water lines (main that feeds the entire complex) which are energy sources that cannot be
feasibly locked out.
Classification: Due to the hazards involved this fire vault is classified as a Permit-Required Confined
Space. USDA-ARS-Corvallis employees are prohibited from entering it.
Controls: The walls are lined with concrete so there is no engulfment hazard. There is a sign on it saying
“permit required” and the area is covered and locked. There is a fixed ladder leading down to the floor
of the vault.
The location has a contract with Carter’s Fire Sprinklers to handle entry for an annual inspection. Part of
the contract is the requirement air monitoring prior to entry and tripod/harness assembly for entry.
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Condensate Pit HCRU
Description: The pit is located in the steam boiler room of the old HCRU section. It descends 3 feet and
is wedged between the steam boiler and the wall and has a metal cover (pictured).
.
Hazards: There is hot pipes and electrical conduit (insulated wire) running around and into it. The
steam is under some pressure and even when the boiler is de-energized the temperature reduces from
over 200 to 180 in a day time.
Classification: This pit does not meet the requirement for “confined space” because there is no physical
way to enter it above waist line.
Controls: Controls for the condensate pit are best addressed in another program.
Elevator Pits at HCRU and NFSPRC
Description: There is about a 5 foot deep pit between the first floor of HCRU and NFSPRC. The elevator
put is large enough to enter. Joe and Tom need to enter the elevator pit around once a year because
someone dropped something down into it through the crack at the threshold.
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Hazards: The system can be locked out electrically but there is still high pressure hydraulic fluid holding
up the elevator. A failure to maintain hydraulic fluid pressure may cause the elevator to lower. Half
elevator accidents due to maintenance are caused by a failure to adequately de-energize the elevator.
This is best addressed by our lock-out/tag-out program. Falls account for nearly another half and there
is definitely a fall hazard when the doors are open to the pit which is best addressed in a fall protection
program.
Classification: OSHA has issued a letter of interpretation (1994) stating that most elevator pits meet the
requirement of a confined space. If it is not locked out it is a Permit-required confined space. If it is
locked out then it can be classified as a non-permit confined space. We will adopt this interpretation.
Controls: The electrical power for the elevator can be easily locked out. USDA-ARS-Corvallis
employees are prohibited from entering the elevator without first locking it out. At that point the
elevator is held up by hydraulic fluid. A catastrophic release of hydraulic fluid would cause the elevator
to descend so quickly that the emergency brakes would stop it – though there would be the hazard of
high pressure liquid. A slow release hydraulic of hydraulic fluid would be slow enough that an entrant
will be able to lie down and be protected under the elevator stops until help arrives. Service (other than
retrieving dropped items is provided by a licensed maintainer (contracted with the State of Oregon) – as
required by Oregon state law.
Acid Neutralization Pits at HCRU and NFSPRC
Description: The pit accepts two inlet drain pipes that carry waste from the labs and one outlet pipe
that goes to city sewer. The pits, which were required by the city of Corvallis, typically contain
limestone to neutralize and effluent before discharge into the city’s system. However, the city did not
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require any limestone and due to clogging issues has been omitted from the pit for decades. The pit
more or less acts as a sedimentation tank, which needs to be vacuumed out @ once every 10 months.
.
Hazards: The pit contains effluent from the labs and may contain toxic chemicals. There may be some
small exposure to toxic/corrosive vapors if such a chemical was recently poured down the sink while the
cover is being lifted. The pit acts as a settling tank and therefore the solid cake at the bottom of the
tank may also be somewhat toxic. The access to the pit is next to a gas line.
Classification: This pit may not meet the requirement for “confined space” because there is no physical
way to enter it above waist line. However, due to the chemical hazards present in the effluent access to
it is restricted as if it was a permit controlled confined space.
Controls: The walls are lined with concrete so there is no engulfment hazard. There is a sign on it saying
“permit required” and the cover is very difficult to remove. USDA-ARS-Corvallis employees are only in
charge of removing the cover. A contractor is hired to pump the sludge out. Both activities do not
involve entry but do involve work around the pit and its associated hazards.
Note: Due to the way the facility is designed there are no potential confined spaces identified at NCGR.
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Drug and Alcohol Statement
The USDA has made a commitment to a drug and alcohol free work place. The Agency’s Drug-Free
Workplace Policy is here: http://www.dm.usda.gov/shmd/dfwp.htm. The USDA-ARS-Corvallis in
Corvallis fully adopts and enforces this Agency policy.
Supervisors who become aware of an employee’s intoxication or misconduct resulting from the use of
alcohol or drugs reserve the full right to discipline employees in accordance with P&P 461.5 Misconduct,
Discipline, and Adverse Action: http://www.afm.ars.usda.gov/ppweb/PDF/461-05.pdf
An excerpt from this policy is as follows:
“It is ARS policy to offer rehabilitative assistance to those employees whose use of alcohol or drugs or
other personal problems interfere with their conduct. Guidelines for this program are contained in
DIRECTIVE 235.4. Supervisors who become aware of misconduct resulting from the use of alcohol,
drugs, or other personal problems, must consult with the EAP Coordinator, in addition to their
responsibility for reporting the misconduct under Section I above.
An employee will be held accountable for misconduct resulting from use of alcohol or drugs; however,
willingness to participate in a rehabilitation program will be considered in determining appropriate
action. If the employee refuses to accept ARS' offer of rehabilitative assistance and/or there is
inadequate or no improvement in conduct, disciplinary actions should be initiated as warranted. Such
actions will be based solely on the grounds of the misconduct.”
Federal employees who are in need of rehabilitative assistance should be referred to the USDA REE
Employee Assistance Program. Information about this program can be found here:
http://www.afm.ars.usda.gov/hrd/worklife/EAP_Overview.htm
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Environmental Management System
Scope
This document supersedes the following previous plans and programs, which have all been
incorporated into this location’s Environmental Management System.



Sustainability Program
Pollution Prevention Plan
Energy and Waste Management Plan
General Requirements
ARS Corvallis has established and will maintain an Environmental Management System. ARS
Corvallis EMS provides for continuous improvement of its environmental performance using a
plan, do, check, and act model. The EMS documents organizational structure, planning activities,
responsibilities, practices, procedures, processes and resources for developing, implementing,
achieving, reviewing and maintaining environmental programs at the Corvallis Location.
Environmental Management System Policy
ARS Corvallis maintains and has posted a Safety, Health, and Environmental Management
(SHEM) policy that incorporate EMS elements. This document has been signed by the Location
Coordinator and is reviewed annually.
Environmental Aspects / Impacts Registry
ARS CORVALLIS’ ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS:
The Location’s environmental aspects are its activities/services, products or facilities that interact
with the environment. ARS is committed to identifying and reasonably minimizing negative
impacts to the environmental from its environmental aspects. The activities and facilities that
impact the environment in this Environmental Management System (EMS) are those in which
ARS can reasonably control and over which it can be expected to influence.
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The identification of ARS environmental aspects (activities, products, facilities and pollution
control devices) and their impact on the environment is an ongoing process. This process
includes the identification of new or remodeled facilities and changing ARS activities and their
impacts on the environment.
ARS Corvallis’ Environmental Impacts:
Environmental impacts are direct, indirect or potential changes to the environment from ARS
activities, products, facilities or pollution control devices. These environmental impacts can be
either positive or negative.
The identification of environmental impacts is an ongoing process. This process includes the
identification of new or remodeled facilities, or changing ARS activities.
ARS Environmental Aspect / Environmental Impact Registry:
The ARS Environmental Aspect / Environmental Impact Registry is a summary of the positive
and negative impacts ARS environmental aspects (activities, products, facilities and pollution
control devices) have or may have on the environment. It allows ARS to compare which
facilities or activities have or may have the most negative or most positive environmental
impacts. The worksheets are the foundation for ARS to set priorities for EMS objectives and
targets and the allocation of limited resources to prevent pollution, comply with regulations,
reduce environmental impacts, and promote sustainability.
Legal and Other Requirements
This is ARS Corvallis’ established and maintained procedure to identify, provide access to, and
evaluate environmental laws, regulations, and internal organizational requirements applicable to
the Environmental Management System.
Compliance with the legal requirements is important to USDA ARS. The Location is dedicated
to the identification and communication of applicable environmental laws, regulations, and other
requirements. New or revised legal requirements shall be communicated to Location personnel.
Several resources are available for information about environmental laws or regulations. The
Location’s SHEM Specialist continuously uses these resources to monitor changes and new
relevant environmental laws and regulations.
To accomplish this task the SHEM Specialist maintains applicable bookmarks to the websites of
relevant regulating/advising organizations. Other sources of information include
teleconferences, e-mail bulletins, and periodicals.
Objectives, Goals and Targets
Objectives are environmental goals that the Location will set annually. Where practicable these
objectives will be measurable.
Environmental targets are detailed tasks that need to be accomplished in order to achieve
environmental objectives/goals.
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The environmental objectives and targets shall be consistent with the environmental policy,
including the commitments to continual improvement, pollution prevention, and compliance to
environmental laws and regulations. When establishing and reviewing its environmental
objectives and targets, ARS Corvallis shall consider:



Environmental concerns of ARS personnel and other interested parties
Significant environmental aspects and their environmental impacts, and
Technological, financial, operational, legal and other ARS requirements.
Environmental objectives and targets are initiated by evaluating the environmental aspects and
environmental impact worksheets. Environmental objectives and targets are then recorded on the
OSH Report.
The ARS SHEM Committee will establish and maintain a program to achieve its environmental
objectives and targets.
ARS Corvallis’ Environmental Management Programs
The Corvallis Location is maintaining the environmental management program through
employee participation in the SHEM Committee.
The Location SHEM Committee will work with Research Units to achieve EMS environmental
objectives and targets. Roles and responsibilities can change at each relevant activity for
environmental programs over time.
The Location’s SHEM Specialist inspects Units, performs sampling, develops policies, provides
safety consultations, investigates complaints and accidents, reviews safety plans, responds to
chemical spills, and provides evaluations and monitoring services.
Implementation and Operations
D.3
Communication
D.2 Training
Awareness and
Competence
D.1 Structure and
Responsibility
D.4 Document
D.
D.5
Operational
Control
D.6 Emergency
Preparedness and
Response
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Structure and Responsibility
Membership in the Location’s SHEM Committee is a collateral duty assignment and is not grade
controlling or a primary duty. Roles and responsibilities include:
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Developing, implementing, coordinating, and overseeing the environmental management
program by ensuring the Location protects human health and environmental needs and
meets or exceeds Federal, state, local laws, regulations, codes, guidelines, and ARS
policy. Implementing a sustainable pollution prevention program that will reduce the
generation of waste and conserve resources.
Conducting environmental management inspections. Identifying potential environmental
issues relating to policy, planning, purchasing, and operating decisions. Measuring the
effectiveness of existing programs. Preparing reports of findings and recommending
solutions to location management. Following up to ensure appropriate action has been
taken.
Organizing, participating, and/or chairing the Location’s SHEM Committee. Preparing
committee meeting minutes and reporting findings and recommendations.
Developing, arranging, and/or conducting environmental related training for SHEM
Committee members and awareness orientation for employees.
Identifying and prioritize annual environmental management goals and objectives to
include budget requirements in conjunction with the budget officer or Research Leader.
Communicating and reporting environmental related matters both internally
(management officials) and externally (regulatory agencies, public, etc.). Collecting data
and assist in the preparation of Location reports.
The Location provides resources essential to the implementation and control of the
environmental management system. Resources include human resources and specialized skills,
technology, and financial resources.
The Corvallis Location has appointed the SHEM Specialist as the Location’s EMS Coordinator.
The EMS Coordinator is responsible for:
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Ensuring EMS requirements are reasonably documented, implemented, maintained and
communicated;
Reporting on the performance of the EMS to Location Coordinator and Area Office;
Working with others to continuously improve the EMS.
Training, Awareness and Competence
ARS Corvallis will identify training needs for all personnel whose work may create a significant
impact upon the environment and to ensure that those training needs have been met.
Training will be required based on the relevant environmental responsibilities to ensure that an
appropriate knowledge base is established to perform tasks in an efficient and competent manner.
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Additional training will be required to maintain current knowledge for changing requirements
and conditions.
Awareness - ARS employees need to be aware of:
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The importance of following environmental policies, procedures, and requirements of the
EMS.
The significant environmental impacts, actual or potential environmental impacts of their
work activities and the environmental benefits of improved personal performance.
Their roles and responsibilities in achieving conformance with the environmental policy
and procedures and with the requirements of the environmental management system,
including emergency preparedness and response requirements.
The potential consequences of not following specified operating procedures.
All Location employees must complete the USDA AgLearn Environmental Management
Systems (EMS) Training Course: Awareness (see http://www.aglearn.usda.gov/ ).
Competence - Personnel performing tasks that can cause significant environmental impacts shall
be competent on the basis of appropriate education, training and/or experience.
Research Leaders will ensure that the training needs of their employees are identified. Research
Leaders will provide the necessary resources and planning to meet those needs and ensure that
competence is achieved.
Triggers for employee training may include, but are not limited to:
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Changes in equipment
Regulatory requirements
Changes in job descriptions
Changes in procedures
New employee
Accidents
Feedback from audits or reviews
The Location Coordinator, SHEM Committee and Research Leaders will review and revise the
training program as needed, to ensure that the training needs of ARS employees are accurately
identified, effectively met and that competency is achieved and maintained.
Documentation and tracking of training records for each employee will be organized and
maintained by Research Unit’s and SHEM Specialist.
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Communication
ARS Corvallis will establish and maintain procedures for EMS internal and external
communication. The Location establishes procedures for internal and external communication on
environmental activities to:
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Demonstrate ARS commitment to complying with environmental regulations and to
implement pollution prevention measures.
Raise awareness of ARS environmental policies, objectives and targets, and pollution
prevention, EMS, and sustainability programs.
Inform internal and external stakeholders about ARS Environmental Management
System.
Internal Communication
Internal communication occurs between the several levels and functions of ARS. Location’s
SHEM Committee is responsible for communicating environmental policies, roles and
responsibilities, and procedures to Location employees. Research Leaders are responsible for
communicating environmental objectives, targets, and performance to employees within each
research area, as well as training ARS employees.
External Communication
The Location will document receiving, initiating, and responding to individuals, groups,
companies or government agencies regarding EMS. Only the AO or RL is permitted to deal with
communications (e.g., local community concerns, FOIA requests, regulatory agency requests,
etc.) (e.g., local community concerns, FOIA requests, regulatory agency requests, etc.) with
external parties.
ARS uses a variety of mechanisms for external communication:
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Teleconferences
Newsletter and Articles
Regulatory Reports
Outreach activities and services
Agricultural Research Magazine
Operational Control
USDA ARS will identify operations and activities associated with significant environmental
aspects in line with its policy, objectives and targets. The Location will plan these activities,
including maintenance, in order to ensure that they are carried out under specified conditions by:
Establishing and maintaining documented procedures to cover situations where their absence
could lead to deviations from the EMS;
Determining which operations should be covered by documented procedures; and
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Determining how those operations should be controlled.
Emergency Preparedness and Response
The Location will identify the potential for accidents and emergency situations so as to establish
and maintain procedures to respond to such situations, and to prevent and mitigate the
environmental impacts that may be associated with them.
Occupant Emergency Plans have been developed to ensure an appropriate response to abnormal
operating conditions, accidents and emergencies. These plans comply with applicable regulatory
requirements by minimizing and mitigating environmental impacts that may be associated with
incidents. The ARS Occupant Emergency plan includes instructions for various types of
emergencies and how to respond to hazardous weather, fire, bomb threats, suspicious packages,
electrical power failure, accidents/illnesses, chemical spill and clean-up, pandemic flu and other
types of emergencies.
The purpose of the plan is to minimize the local effects of disaster or other emergency situations
upon the community through the appropriate deployment and use of available personnel,
facilities and equipment. The plan sets forth the functional roles, responsibilities, and necessary
actions of key ARS personnel. The Location’s Plan is maintained, reviewed and revised by
Research Leaders and SHEM Specialist annually.
Document Control
Records and documents come in a variety of forms. Records will be stored in accordance with
the Records Disposition Schedule or other regulatory requirements. Pertinent e-mail traffic will
not be deleted and will be backed-up regularly and checked routinely for loss of data. Pertinent
phone or in-person conversations will be summarized, date-stamped, and annotated in Outlook
under contacts.
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Checking and Corrective Action
E.2 Nonconfromance &
Corrective and
Preventive
Action
E.3 Records
E. Checking
And
Corrective
Action
E.1 Monitoring
& Measurement
E.4
Environmental
Management
System Audit
Annual Review
Annually (November), the ARS Corvallis SHEM Committee will review, establish, and or revise
the following elements/documents:
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Self-Declaration of Conformance
Written Environmental Management System Plan (this document)
Environmental Objectives and Targets
SHEM Policy Statement
Environmental Aspects and Impacts Registry
EMS metrics
Once reviewed by the SHEM Committee the documents will be sent via e-mail to the Location
Coordinator (research leaders and location administrative officer CC’ed) for final review and
signature.
The final package will be scanned in and forwarded to the Area office via their SHEM
Sharepoint site before Dec 15th
Nonconformance & Corrective / Preventive Action
ARS Corvallis will establish and maintain procedures for defining responsibility and authority
for handling and investigating nonconformance, taking action to mitigate any impacts caused and
for initiating and completing corrective and preventive action. It is ARS goal to treat the causes
of problems and not to treat only the symptoms.
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It is the responsibility of all ARS employees involved with the implementation of the EMS to
utilize the “Nonconformance and Corrective and Preventive Action” procedures to report any
EMS problems or improvement opportunities.
The SHEM Specialist is responsible for the management of the corrective and preventive action
system for the Location. Once notification is received, the SHEM Specialist will investigate each
significant corrective/preventive action reported. It is not required to act immediately to each
service/response request. The SHEM Specialist will ensure the allocation of resources is
appropriate to the magnitude of the problems (improvement opportunities) and commensurate
with the environmental impacts encountered.
The SHEM Specialist will work with the SHEM Committee to determine the cause of the
problem or improvement opportunity. Once identified, recommendations will be made.
Using the results of the investigation, the SHEM Specialist and Research Leader will determine
if the problem or improvement opportunity requires corrective or preventive action. If it is
determined that action is needed, then the Research Leader will have the responsibility for
ensuring effective development and implementation for that corrective or preventive action plan.
Once the action plan is implemented, the Research Leader has the responsibility to verify that the
proposed action was taken and to assess the effectiveness of that action. If the action is
determined ineffective, then the action plan is to be reviewed, and changes should be made in
order to increase chances of successfully resolving the original problem. If the action plan is
effective, then the service/response is closed.
Environmental Management System Audit
ARS Corvallis maintains a program and procedure for audits, in order to:
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Determine whether or not the environmental management system conforms to planned
arrangements for environmental management and has been properly implemented and
maintained.
Provide information on the results of audits to Location Coordinator and Area Office.
The SHEM Specialist will complete, using input from the SHEM Committee, the Location’s
Self-Declaration and Scorecard and submit completed documentation to the Pacific West Area
Safety Health and Environmental Manager by December 15th of each year. Activities with
higher importance or more impacts on the environment and activities that have had nonconformance problems in past audits will be priorities in the scheduling of audits.
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Ergonomics Program
Introduction
Ergonomics is the study of work-motion. It is a multidisciplinary science consisting of anthropometry,
biomechanics, physiology, engineering, psychology, industrial hygiene, and safety.
Second only to the common cold, ergonomic problems are the main reason for employees being absent
from work. If not identified early and treated the majority of ergonomic problems become chronic. No
matter the amount of money an individual may spend to correct damage tissues he or she usually has to
live the remainder of their life in some form of pain or disability. In order to help prevent or reduce the
potential for ergonomic injuries this ARS location has developed and installed the following ergonomic
program.
Location Ergonomic Plan
The major responsibility for the success of the ergonomic program lies with the individual. Each of us is
different in shape, size, age, sex, etc. Our jobs vary in function and in the manner we perform these
tasks. Therefore, each individual will be responsible to evaluate their work site for possible ergonomic
problems and bring these concerns to the attention of their supervisor.
You may want to evaluate your job on a quarterly basis and/or break each of your tasks down to
individual ergonomic concerns. It is advised that if you review your work tasks on an individual basis
and discover an ergonomic problem that these results be included in your standard operating
procedures (SOP's) for that task.
General Ergonomic Information
Ergonomic problems usually occur at joint areas, i.e. wrist, knees, and vertebrae of the back. The reason
for the problems fall into several general categories: lack of physical fitness, over-load to the joint,
repetitive motion, and improper operation or design of equipment.
Lack of physical fitness: Each of us has our own way to stay physically fit i.e. bowling, golf, square
dancing, jogging, etc. It is easy to let a couple days and weeks slide by without being involved in a
physical activity. To assist the employee in reducing possible stress or strain problems it is
recommended that they perform several warm-up exercises at the beginning of the work day and to
also take several stretch breaks when performing repetitive motion tasks.
Not all exercises are advisable for all employees and the individual should check with their physician if
they have any concerns before starting any exercise program.
Over-load to the joint: Most over-load problems occur to the back because the worker lifts or carries
more weight than they are capable of managing. These types of injuries are almost totally controlled by
the individual.
Repetitive motion: The most common injuries occurring under the area of repetitive motion is the
carpal tunnel syndrome (usually occurring during repetitive computer usage) and tennis or golfer's
elbow. Since these problems are a combination of task and individual anatomy it is imperative that staff
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classifying their work tasks as being in this category request additional assistance in evaluating their
concerns.
Wrist supports and other engineering items found in safety and specialty manuals may not be the best
answer for reducing the problem facing the individual. These items are recommended as a support for
an individual who has already been injured and not as a method for preventing a problem.
Many times rearranging a work area or altering the time each task is performed can reduce the potential
for an injury to occur.
Improper operation or design of equipment: These problems occur when a piece of equipment is
designed in a manner that it requires the individual to over-reach or be placed in a position causing
strain to various locations of the body. Design problems should be referred for further evaluation.
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Hazard Communication
Purpose
To protect non-laboratory employees from hazardous chemicals in the workplace; to ensure employees
and employers are adequately informed about hazardous chemicals in the workplace and how to
protect themselves; and to prevent employee work-related injuries and illnesses from exposures to
hazardous chemicals.
Background Information
The Hazard Communication and Training Act requires employers to inform workers about hazardous
chemicals in their work areas and to provide training in safety procedures. The Location Coordinator has
designated the Safety and Occupational Health Specialist (SOHS) to administer a program to comply with
this law.
Hazardous Chemicals Index
The SOHS maintains a list of the hazardous chemicals or substances in the workplace. Each
management unit is responsible for providing the SOHS with a copy of each material safety data sheet
that they receive from manufacturers.
Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)
Management units may request material safety data sheets for hazardous materials from the SOHS at
any time.
MSDS’s for highly toxic, highly flammable, or chemicals stored in bulk should be kept in a paper copy.
MSDS’s for less hazardous chemicals may be stored electronically as long as all affected individuals
(those who work with the chemical or in near proximity to the chemical) have ready access to a
computer where the electronic MSDS is stored. Electronic copies must be saved to the hard drive,
indexed, and placed on a computer with an uninterruptible power supply (UPS) to maintain availability
during a power outage.
Supervisor Responsibilities
Each supervisor is required to train each employee on the presence and safe handling of hazardous
chemicals in the employee's workplace. This training shall be provided at the time of the employee's
initial assignment and whenever a new hazardous chemical is introduced into the workplace. This
training should include at least the following:
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The physical and health hazards of the chemicals.
The methods that may be used to detect the presence or release of the hazardous chemicals.
The measures employees can take to protect themselves from these hazards.
The details of the hazard communication program, labeling requirements, and how employees
can obtain and use the chemical hazard information.
The SOHS recommends that the supervisor keeps a record of the training. The SOHS has developed
training outlines and may be contacted for assistance.
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Non-Routine Hazardous Tasks
When Location employees are required to perform a hazardous non-routine task involving a chemical
substance, the supervisor should inform each affected employee of:
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specific chemical hazards;
protective safety measures that can be taken;
measures taken by the university to lessen the hazard (such as ventilation, respirators, required
presence of fellow workers); and
established emergency procedures.
Examples of non-routine tasks are work in confined places, work with asbestos, and work with PCBs.
Container Labeling
Supervisor Responsibilities
Supervisors must verify that all containers in their area of responsibility are properly labeled. If a proper
label is not provided, the supervisor should contact the SOHS for labels and instructions. Supervisors
must ensure that all secondary containers are labeled with either an extra copy of the original
manufacturer's label or with other labels that contain at least the name of the chemical and the
appropriate hazard warning.
Employee Responsibilities
Employees are responsible for clearly labeling all chemicals and chemical products that are in their
original container, including the content, appropriate hazard warning, and name and address of the
manufacturer. The SOHS is available to provide assistance in labeling.
Contractor Requirements & Responsibilities
All contractors are required to submit to the SOHS a hazardous chemical list and material safety data
sheets for those chemicals that fall within the scope of the Hazard Communication rules. This list should
be submitted five (5) working days before introduction of the chemical to the worksite. This gives the
SOHS time to provide safety information to Location employees and other contractor employees who
will be involved with the chemical.
Management Unit Responsibilities
Management units are responsible for removing, if possible, all hazardous chemicals that contract
employees may be exposed during their work. If requested, employing departments are responsible for
supplying contractors with a chemical list and/or material safety data sheets prior to the beginning of
any job. This information must include all hazardous chemicals that contract employees will be exposed
to while at the job site and protective measures they may take to lessen the possibility of exposure. The
management units employing the contractors are responsible for notify the contractors of their right to
the hazardous chemical safety information.
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Hearing Conservation Program
I. Introduction
The purpose of this document is to provide guidance and delineate responsibilities for implementation
of the USDA-ARS-Corvallis Corvallis’ hearing conservation program.
Noise, or unwanted sound, is one of the most pervasive occupational health problems. Sound consists
of pressure changes in a medium (usually air), caused by vibration or turbulence. These pressure
changes produce waves emanating away from the turbulent or vibrating source. Exposure to high levels
of noise causes hearing loss and may cause other harmful health effects as well. The extent of damage
depends primarily on the intensity of the noise and the duration of the exposure. Noise-induced hearing
loss can be temporary or permanent. Temporary hearing loss results from short-term exposures to
noise, with normal hearing returning after a period of rest. Generally, prolonged exposure to high noise
levels over a period of time gradually causes permanent damage.
II. Program Requirements
Some research areas at this location contain high intensity noise sources capable of damaging the
hearing of exposed personnel. Effects of noise-related hearing damage are irreversible and may not be
noticed by an individual for many years.
Hearing damage due to noise exposure is dependent upon both the loudness and duration of exposure.
Based on current knowledge, continuous sound levels exceeding 85 dBA and impact noises exceeding
130 dBA are considered hazardous levels (see CFR 29 1910.95 and Appendix A of this program).
Implementation of this Hearing Conservation Program requires accomplishment of six action elements:
1. Identify, assess, and designate hazardous noise sources.
2. Determine extent and disposition of personnel exposed.
3. Engineer methods to abate noise.
4. Educate and advise personnel concerning hearing conservation.
5. Monitor hearing test results using trained audiometric technicians.
6. Require use of hearing protective device in work environments as required.
III. Responsibilities
A. SOHS: The SOHS is responsible for program administration and will be supported by the CDSO,
SHEM Committee, Administrative Officer, Program Assistant, or other representatives as needed. The
SOHS will provide technical guidance and training for the Hearing Conservation Program at Corvallis.
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1. Training will be given all employees who are exposed to noise at or above an 8-hour time-weighted
average of 85 decibels.
a. Training will be conducted annually.
b. Training will include:
i. the effects of noise on hearing
ii. the purpose of hearing protectors, the advantages, disadvantages, and attenuation of various types,
and instructions on selection, fitting, use, and care
iii. the purpose of audiometric testing, and an explanation of the test procedure
2. Document those employees participating in the Hearing Conservation Program based on exposure to
noise levels (see Appendix B).
3. Ensure individuals identified for the Hearing Conservation Program receive the audiometric testing
annually.
4. Coordinate dosimeter or sound level survey testing of all work areas where noise hazards potentially
exists but cannot be determined by professional judgment (see Appendix C).
B. Scientists/Project Leaders:
1. Project leaders shall manage and coordinate the Hearing Conservation Program within their
responsibility. They will aggressively try to reduce the exposure to hazardous noise of those employees
assigned to their research group. They will identify and monitor personnel exposed to excessive noise.
Noise surveys may be scheduled through the SOHS if needed.
2. Hazardous noise areas will be designated and warning signs posted on all equipment that requires
the wearing of hearing protective devices.
3. Ensure that proper selection of hearing protectors is made, and the proper protectors are available
and worn by those employees exposed to hazardous noise levels.
C. Employees:
Employees are responsible for:
1. Wearing adequate hearing protectors whenever working in an area where noise reaches a hazardous
level as outlined in Appendix A.
2. Obtaining the appropriate audiometric testing as a participant of the Hearing Conservation Program.
3. Proper cleaning, storing, and use of hearing protectors.
IV. Hearing Protectors
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A. Hearing protectors: Hearing protectors must be available to all employees exposed to 8-hour TWA
(time-weighted average) noise levels of 85 dBA or above. This requirement will ensure that employees
have access to protectors before they experience a loss in hearing. Hearing protectors must be worn by:
1. Employees for any period exceeding 6 months from the time they are first exposed to 8-hour TWA
noise levels of 85 dBA or above until they receive their baseline audiograms in situations where baseline
audiograms are delayed.
2. Employees who have incurred standard threshold shifts in hearing ability.
3. Employees exposed over the permissible exposure limit of 90 dBA over an 8-hour time-weighted
average.
B. Selection: Employees should decide, with the help of a person who is trained in fitting hearing
protectors, which size and type of protector is most suitable for their working environment. The SOHS is
a resource for advice on type and fitting of hearing protectors. The protector selected should be
comfortable to wear and offer sufficient attenuation to prevent hearing loss.
C. Attenuation: Hearing protectors must adequately reduce the severity of the noise level for each
employee’s work environment. The employer must reevaluate the suitability of the employee’s present
protector whenever there is a change in working conditions that may cause the hearing protector being
used to be inadequate. If workplace noise levels increase, employees must be given more effective
protectors.
1. The protector must reduce employee exposures to at least 90 dBA and to 85 dBA when a standard
threshold shift already has occurred in the worker’s hearing.
2. Employees must be shown how to use and care for their protectors and must be supervised on the
job to ensure that they continue to wear them correctly.
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Hazardous Waste Disposal
General
Hazardous waste generated at the Location must be disposed of through a system managed by the
Safety and Occupational Health Specialist (SOHS).
The designation "hazardous" refers to any substance that is
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corrosive
flammable
reactive
toxic
It does not refer to material that is only radioactive or biohazardous.
Hazardous waste disposal is funded by Location management units.
Management units are encouraged to employ waste reduction procedures to limit collective costs.
If there are questions or unusual circumstances, please contact the SOHS for assistance.
Waste Determination
Prior to disposal of any chemical waste, the Location must perform an official hazardous waste
determination to see if the waste is hazardous. The SOHS performs that service for the Location
community.
A short list of non-hazardous chemicals can be found in this manual; all others should be considered
hazardous until the determination has been made.
Hazardous waste is incinerated, at off-site locations, whenever possible. Management units are
encouraged to employ waste reduction procedures to limit costs. Use these guidelines to prepare and
request disposal of hazardous chemical waste.
Containers
Collect each waste in a NON-LEAKING container; match size to amount of waste. Use containers
chemicals were received in
Liquid containers must be less than 5 gallons and 45 pounds (about 3-4 gallons of typical halogenated
solvent).
Reusable solvent waste containers are available from the SOHS.
All containers must have non-leaking, tight fitting lids that are not cracked, broken, or chemically
damaged.
Paper or cardboard containers should be put into sealed plastic bags.
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Containers should be labeled as soon as waste is put into them, and must be capped at all times when
not actively adding waste.
Labels
Chemicals in original non-leaking containers with manufacturer's label will be accepted as is.
All other wastes require a hazardous waste label, available from the SOHS, completed and attached to
each waste container.
Do not cover existing labels or markings.
Solvent labels should be put onto string tags attached to containers. Tags are available from the SOHS.
Fill out the LOWER part of the orange label with:
Your name, building, room number, and department.
Identification of contents, including total weight or volume and percent ranges for all constituents.
Packing
 Get boxes for the waste before pickup
 Do NOT pack materials in boxes.
 Waste containers will be examined, and the SOHS will then pack waste in boxes according to
compatibility.
 Boxes should be sealable and sturdy enough to transport the material.
 Boxes exceeding 45 pounds or 18 inches on a side cannot be safely handled by one person, and
will not be picked up.
Pickup
 To request waste pickup, contact the SOHS
 YOU are responsible for proper containers, labels, and transport boxes.
 Do NOT package waste in boxes.

All containers must be less than 45 pounds.
Miscellaneous Wastes
Lead acid batteries can be dropped off at Battery Exchange. You cannot drop off batteries that are
encased, for example ones that are in APS battery backups.
Consumer batteries can be dropped off at Allied Waste, they have a bin to drop consumer batteries into.
They post a sign that restricts what types of batteries they will accept - so you may have to remove
some batteries and dispose of them as hazardous waste.
Paint – Oregon has a take-back program. You can drop your paint off at Habitat for Humanity on 9th
street. Free of charge, no questions asked. There are other places you can take the paint. If it is
questionable about whether or not something qualifies as “paint” (i.e. primer, coatings, etc.) just bring it
and they can make the determination of whether to accept it or not.
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Hazardous Waste Reduction
General
Cost to dispose of hazardous chemical waste may exceed the original purchase cost
The Safety and Occupational Health Specialist (SOHS) encourages generators to reduce waste whenever
possible
Specific Reduction Ideas
Unknowns
 Difficult to handle and very expensive to dispose
 Prevent by keeping good records and labeling.
 Responsible departments must make a good faith effort to identify the material.
 Responsible departments may be asked to pay for the cost of identification or classification
required for disposal of unknowns.
Flammable organic solvents
 Combined by the SOHS and reused for off-site fuel or solvent recovery
 Small volumes will be collected.
 Mixing organic solvents with other chemicals will make them unsuitable for heat recovery; costs
will increase.
 "Other chemicals" include halogenated solvents, acutely toxic flammables, acids, bases, heavy
metals, oxidizers, and pesticides.
Halogenated solvents
 Separate from other liquids for solvent recovery.
 Flammable organic solvents mixed with halogenated solvents should be treated as halogenated
waste solvent.
Chemical recycling
 Appropriate if material is in unopened containers or partially used original containers and of
high quality.
 Be careful not to obliterate labels or any parts of labels.
 Materials are made available to interested parties at OSU or other management units.
 Research chemicals should not be given or sold to the general public or offered as surplus
property.
 Commercial chemical products may be surplused if reasonable cautions are followed; contact
the SOHS for details.
Neutralization
 Performed on wastes which are hazardous ONLY because of corrosive properties (acids, bases).
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Neutralized solution should have a final pH value between 6 and 9.
Corrosive wastes outside those pH limits should not be discharged through the sewer system.
The SOHS may be able to provide generators with appropriate neutralization materials.
Purchasing
 Buy chemicals in an amount that matches anticipated needs
 Check with your neighbors or the master chemical inventory for the management unit before
placing your purchase. It is likely that you can get what you need from another research group
 Substantial portion of chemical waste at the Location are unused chemicals in original
containers
 Savings from purchasing chemicals in larger sizes offset by disposal costs for unused portions
 Be cognizant of the chemical shelf life when buying
 It's not always possible to determine future needs, but think about it when ordering.
Change Procedures
 Modify procedures which use hazardous substances to lessen the hazard or amount of waste
products
 A less hazardous material can be substituted and perform as well
 Example:
o Substitute the commercial oxidizing compound NOCHROMIX in place of chromic acid in
making an oxidizing acid cleaning solution
o Resulting mixture is still hazardous because of its corrosive properties, but is not toxic.
o It can be neutralized
Reactive substances--those that react with water or air or are inherently unstable--are especially
troublesome disposal items.
Disposal costs for picric acid can be as much as ten times the original purchase price.
Minimize purchases, change procedures, use entire stocks, and regularly monitor inventory of such
compounds
Non-hazardous Waste
Collect solids in disposable, non-leaking containers, labeled with contents, clearly marked as nonhazardous
The SOHS will accept any well identified non-hazardous waste and take care of it
It can alternatively be placed in the garbage collection system.
Small volumes of solutions containing only non- hazardous, water miscible liquid materials can be
disposed through the sewer system
Remember that "hazardous" includes flammable liquids even if they are water soluble
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If questions arise as to a specific chemical's hazard status, contact the SOHS
The items listed below are considered NON hazardous
NON-Hazardous Organic Chemicals
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Acetates: Ca, K, Na, K, Mg, NH4, Ca
Naturally occurring amino acids and salts
Citric acid and salts of Na, K, Mg, NH4, Ca
Lactic acid and salts of Na, K, Mg, NH4, Ca
Sugars and sugar alcohols
Starch
NON-Hazardous Inorganic Chemicals
Bicarbonates: Na, K
Borates: Na, K, Mg, Ca
Bromides: Na, K, Ammonium
Carbonates: Na, K, Mg, Ca, Ammonium
Chlorides: Na, K, Mg, Ca, Ammonium
Iodides: Na, K, Ca
Oxides: B, Mg, Ca, Al, Si, Fe, Zn
Phosphates: Na, K, Mg, Ca, Ammonium
Silicates: Na, K, Mg, Ca
Sulfates: Na, K, Mg, Ca, Ammonium
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Lockout - Tagout Program
Purpose
Control of Hazardous energy is the purpose of the Lockout- Tagout (LOTO) Program. This program
establishes the requirements for isolation of both kinetic and potential electrical, chemical, thermal,
hydraulic and pneumatic and gravitational energy prior to equipment repair, adjustment or removal.
Reference: OSHA Standard 29 CFR 1910. 147, the control of hazardous energy.
Definitions
Authorized (Qualified) Employees are the only ones certified to lock and tagout equipment or machinery.
Whether an employee is considered to be qualified will depend upon various circumstances in the
workplace. It is likely for an individual to be considered "qualified" with regard to certain equipment in
the workplace, but "unqualified" as to other equipment. An employee who is undergoing on-the-job
training and who, in the course of such training, has demonstrated an ability to perform duties safely at
his or her level of training and who is under the direct supervision of a qualified person, is considered to
be "qualified" for the performance of those duties.
The Location Safety and Occupational Health Specialist (SOHS), Aaron Williams, will be responsible for
maintaining the list of authorized employees. The safety officer will nominate authorized employees.
New authorized employees must be approved by the Maintenance Manager, Tom Garbacik. New
authorized employees will be designated based on operational need and on their demonstrated ability
to properly follow LOTO procedures.
The Maintenance Manager will be the sole supplier of LOTO equipment. The current standard for
padlocks used at the Location is red-coated “Best” locks. Authorized employees must request supplies
and replacements from the Maintenance Manager by submitting an AD-700 to them.
The ONLY Authorized Employees at the Corvallis Location are listed in Attachment A.
Affected Employees are those employees who operate machinery or equipment upon which lockout or
tagging out is required under this program. Training of these individuals will be less stringent in that it
will include the purpose and use of the lockout procedures.
Other Employees are identified as those that do not fall into the authorized, affected or qualified
employee category. Essentially, it will include all other employees. These employees will be provided
instruction in what the program is and not to touch any machine or equipment when they see that it has
been locked or tagged out.
Training
Authorized Employees Training
All Authorized Employees will be trained to use the LOTO Procedures. The training will be conducted by
the SOHS. Retraining shall be held at least annually. The training will consist of the following:
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Review of General Procedures
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Review of Specific Procedures for machinery, equipment and processes
Location and use of Lockout / Tagout equipment
Procedures when questions arise
Affected Employee Training
 Only trained and authorized employees will repair, replace or adjust machinery, equipment or
processes
 Affected employees may not remove locks, locking devices or tags from machinery, equipment
or circuits.
 Purpose and use of the lockout procedures.
Other Employee Training
 Only trained and authorized employees will repair, replace or adjust machinery or equipment.
 Other Employees may not apply or remove Locks, locking devices or tags from machinery,
equipment or circuits
 Affected and “other” employee training will be accomplished with an annual email reminder
describing the function of the lockout device and imploring employees not to disturb, bypass, or
remove locks or tags.
Preparation for Lock and Tag Out Procedures
A Lockout - Tagout survey has been conducted to locate and identify all energy sources to verify which
switches or valves supply energy to machinery and equipment. A list of all equipment with hazardous
energy, their energy sources, and the procedures to control those energy sources may be found in
Appendix B. As repairs and/or renovations of existing electrical systems are made, standardized lockout
controls will be implemented. Note: Tagout should always accompany Lockout. Tagout ALONE is only
to be used when lockout is not feasible.
The Facility Manager should be informed if an energy source will be locked out for non-routine
maintenance, if the lockout may affect contractors or facility systems, or if the lock will be left on
overnight or longer.
Routine Maintenance & Machine Adjustments
Lock and Tag Out procedures are not required if equipment must be operating for proper adjustment.
This rare exception may be used only by trained and authorized Employees when specific procedures
have been developed to safely avoid hazards with proper training. All consideration shall be made to
prevent the need for an employee to break the plane of a normally guarded area of the equipment by
use of tools and other devices.
Locks, Hasps and Tags
All authorized employees should maintain the equipment necessary to adequately perform lockout
procedures. All locks will be keyed differently and may not be shared. In some cases, more than one
lock, hasp and tag are needed to completely de-energize equipment and machinery. All locks and hasps
shall be uniquely identifiable to a specific employee.
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Equipment that does not Require Written Procedures
Location personnel will not be required to draft written standard operating procedure for the energy
control of a hazardous energy source when all of the following criteria are met:
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The machine has a single energy source that completely de-energizes the equipment to be
worked on.
The machine can be locked out with a single lockout device.
There is no potential for the machine to store or re-accumulate energy during the shutdown
period.
There are no hazards posed to other employees.
The piece of equipment has an accessible manual (or other written guidelines) that covers
energy control procedures with sufficient detail and these procedures are followed.
SOP: General Lock and Tag Out Procedures
Before working on, repairing, adjusting or replacing machinery and equipment, the following procedures
will be utilized to place the machinery and equipment in a neutral or zero mechanical state.
Preparation for Shutdown.
Before authorized or affected employees turn off a machine or piece of equipment, the authorized
employee will have knowledge of the type and magnitude of the energy, the hazards of the energy to be
controlled, and the means to control the energy.
Notify all affected employees that the machinery, equipment or process will be out of service. If the
affected employee is not present then leave a highly visible note near or on the point of operation.
Machine or Equipment Shutdown.
The machine or equipment will be turned or shut down using the specific procedures for that specific
machine. An orderly shutdown will be utilized to avoid any additional or increased hazards to employees
as a result of equipment de-energization.
If the machinery, equipment or process is in operation, follow normal stopping procedures (depress stop
button, open toggle switch, etc.).
Move switch or panel arms to "Off" or "Open" positions and close all valves or other energy isolating
devices so that the energy source(s) is disconnected or isolated from the machinery or equipment.
Electric circuits that are to be locked out should be checked with a multi-meter to verify that they are
live. This will reinforce that the proper circuit was disconnected after the lockout is applied and the
circuit is checked again (see below).
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Machine or Equipment Isolation.
All energy control devices that are needed to control the energy to the machine or equipment will be
physically located and operated in such a manner as to isolate the machine or equipment from the
energy source.
Tagout and Lockout Device Application.
Tagout should always accompany lockout.
Lockout devices will be affixed in a manner that will hold the energy isolating devices from the "safe" or
"off" position.
Tagout devices will be affixed to energy isolating devices by authorized employees. It will be affixed in
such a manner that will clearly state that the operation or the movement of energy isolating devices
from the "safe" or "off" positions is prohibited.
The tagout devices will be attached to the same point the lock is attached. If the tag cannot be affixed at
that point, the tag will be located as close as possible to the device in a position that will be immediately
obvious to anyone attempting to operate the device.
The tagout must include, at a minimum, the following information:
Date the device was locked out.
Name of the authorized employee who locked it out.
Description of why the equipment was locked out.
Lock and tag out all energy devices by use of hasps, chains and valve covers with an assigned individual
locks.
Tagout Device Application without Lockout.
Tagout, by itself, should only be used when locking out the device is not possible by other means.
Tagout devices will be affixed to energy isolating devices by authorized employees. If possible they will
be affixed in a manner that will hold the energy isolating devices from the "safe" or "off" position. They
will be affixed in such a manner that will clearly state that the operation or the movement of energy
isolating devices from the "safe" or "off" positions is prohibited.
The tagout devices will be attached to the same point a lock would be attached. If the tag cannot be
affixed at that point, or if that point does not exist, the tag will be located as close as possible to the
device in a position that will be immediately obvious to anyone attempting to operate the device.
The tagout must include, at a minimum, the following information:
Date the device was tagged out.
Name of the authorized employee who tagged it out.
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Description of why the equipment was tagged out.
Stored Energy
Following the application of the lockout or tagout devices to the energy isolating devices, all potential or
residual energy will be relieved, disconnected, restrained, and otherwise rendered safe.
Where the re-accumulation of stored energy to a hazardous energy level is possible, verification of
isolation will be continued until the maintenance or servicing is complete.
Release stored energy (capacitors, springs, elevated members, rotating fly wheels, and
hydraulic/air/gas/steam systems) must be relieved or restrained by grounding, repositioning, blocking
and/or bleeding the system.
Verification of Isolation
Prior to starting work on machines or equipment that have been locked or tagged out, the authorized
employees will verify that isolation or de-energization of the machine or equipment have been
accomplished.
If you have just locked out an electrical circuit as part of your lock out procedure then check it with a
multimeter to verify there is no voltage.
After assuring that no Employee will be placed in danger, test all lock and tag outs by following the
normal start up procedures (depress start button, etc.).
Caution: After the test, place controls in neutral position.
Extended Lockout - Tagout
Should the shift change before the machinery or equipment can be restored to service, the lock and tag
out must remain. If the task is reassigned to the next shift, those Employees must lock and tag out
before the previous shift may remove their lock and tag.
The Facility Manager should be informed if an energy source will be locked out for an extended period
of time.
SOP: Release from LOCKOUT/TAGOUT
Before lockout or tagout devices are removed and the energy restored to the machine or equipment,
the following actions will be taken:
1. The work area will be thoroughly inspected to ensure that nonessential items have been removed and
that machine or equipment components are operational.
2. The work are will be checked to ensure that all employees have been safely positioned or removed.
Before the lockout or tagout devices are removed, the affected employees will be notified that the
lockout or tagout devices are being removed.
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3. The removal of some forms of blocking may require reenergization of the machine before all lockout
or tagout devices are removed.
4. Each lockout or tagout device will be removed from each energy isolating device by the employee
who applied the device.
SOP: LOTO Procedure for Electrical Plug-Type Equipment
This procedure covers all Electrical Plug-Type Equipment such as Battery Chargers, some Product Pumps,
Office Equipment, Powered Hand Tools, Powered Bench Tools, Lathes, Fans, etc.
When working on, repairing, or adjusting the above equipment, the following procedures must be
utilized to prevent accidental or sudden startup:
1. Unplug Electrical Equipment from wall socket or in-line socket.
2. Attach "Do Not Operate" Tag and Plug Box & Lock on end of power cord.
An exception is granted to not lock & tag the plug is the cord & plug remain in the exclusive control of
the Employee working on, adjusting or inspecting the equipment.
3. Test Equipment to assure power source has been removed by depressing the "Start" or On" Switch.
4. Perform required operations.
5. Replace all guards removed.
6. Remove Lock & Plug Box and Tag.
7. Inspect power cord and socket before plugging equipment into power source. Any defects must be
repaired before placing the equipment back in service.
NOTE: Occasionally used equipment may be unplugged from power source when not in use.
SOP: LOTO Procedure for Compressors
This procedure covers all compressors that store compressed air.
When working on, repairing, or adjusting the above equipment, the following procedures must be
utilized to prevent accidental or sudden startup:
If applicable, close the isolation valve to isolate the compressor from its air system.
Adjust the tank pressure regulator to its minimum to ensure the compressor doesn’t charge while the
next operations are conducted.
If equipped with a switch turn the compressor OFF.
Remove the energy source from the compressor.
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If it is PTO driven then stop and shut down the tractor, disengage the PTO, and decouple the PTO shaft
from the driving mechanism on the compressor.
If it is an electric compressor then unplug the compressor from the wall.
If the compressor is liquid or gas fuel driven then shut off all feed valves and adjust the choke to cut off
air flow. Bleed off excess pressure if you are able to do so safely. Remove the coupling if safe to do so.
Attach "Do Not Operate" Tag to the compressor at its point of operation. Lock it out to prevent
operation by any sufficient means (e.g. chains, valve covers, cord-caps).
An exception is granted to not lock & tag the compressor remains in the exclusive control of the
Employee working on, adjusting or inspecting the equipment.
Release stored pressure in the tank by opening the drain valve on the bottom of the tank. Protect your
hearing by wearing ear muffs and keep your hands away from the exiting air flow.
Bleed excess pressure in the line connecting the compressor to the load.
Test Equipment to assure power source has been removed by depressing the "Start" or On" Switch.
Perform required operations.
Remove Lock and Tag.
Inspect the compressor before re-energizing it. Any defects must be repaired before placing the
equipment back in service. Confirm that all valves and in their proper start-up orientation restarting the
equipment.
SOP: LOTO Procedures Involving More Than One Employee
In the preceding SOPs, if more than one Employee is assigned to a task requiring a lock and tag out, each
must also place his or her own lock and tag on the energy isolating device(s).
Contractors
Contractors, working on company property and equipment must use this Lockout - Tagout procedure
while servicing or maintaining equipment, machinery or processes.
Annual Review and Reauthorization
This program is administered by the Location SOHS. This program must be reviewed and reauthorized
yearly; or more frequently should the need arise.
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Attachment A.
The Authorized Employees at the Corvallis, Oregon Location are:
1. LSS: Tom Garbacik, Joe Sears, Paul Charron, Dennis Vandeveer, Debbie Maggiulli
2. Hop Yard (authorized to lock out the Hop picker for cleaning only): John Henning
Page 151 of 182
MSDS Management
Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS’s) are documents provided by manufacturers describing the physical
and health hazards of hazardous chemicals and trade name products.
Chemical information and Material Safety Data Sheets must be available for all chemicals (solids, liquids,
and gases) as required by the Occupational Safety and Health Administrations (OSHA) Laboratory Safety
Standard and the Hazard Communication Standard. The MSDS sheets must be accessible to all
employees at all times to achieve compliance with these regulations.
Access to MSDS’s can be provided as paper copies, electronic, or via the internet. The OSHA regulations
do not require a paper copy:
[29 CFR 1910.1200(g)(8) "Electronic access, microfiche, and other alternatives to maintaining paper
copies of the material safety data sheets are permitted as long as no barriers to immediate employee
access in each workplace are created by such options."]
It is USDA-ARS-Corvallis policy to keep paper copies, in the immediate work area, of MSDS’s for reagents
that:
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Have NFPA health, fire, or reactivity hazard ratings of 3 or greater and are stored or used in
quantities greater than 50 mL.
Have a NFPA health, fire, or reactivity of 2 or greater and are stored or used in quantaties
greater than one gallon.
Hazardous materials (typically older, smaller vials) that are poorly labeled.
In addition to required paper copies, supervisors are strongly urged to print out all MSDS sheets for their
chemicals from the manufacturer that produced them and keep them in a clearly marked three ring
binder in the work area on a bookshelf where they will be visible to all employees. MSDS’s for
hazardous materials that are no longer being used or stored must be removed from the binder.
Typically the paper copy of the MSDS will accompany the shipment of chemicals from the vender. It is
your responsibility to retain this copy and file it accordingly.
MSDS’s can usually be accessed through the vender’s website. The product ID or number is usually
required. Links to common laboratory reagent venders are listed below:
Sigma-Aldrich site contains >85,000 MSDS sheets. Use this site for Sigma/Aldrich/Fluka/Supelco/SAFC
products. You will need the product ID number. http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-center/msdssearch.html
Mallinckrodt-Baker chemical company database. Use this site for Mallinckrodt & JT Baker products.
http://www.mallbaker.com/Americas/catalog/default.asp?searchfor=msds
Fisher Scientific Company site. Use this site for Fisher & ACROS products.
http://www.fishersci.com/wps/portal/CMSTATIC?pagename=msds
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Alfa Aesar site. Use this site for Alfa Aesar products. http://www.alfa.com/webapps/ec120w.pgm
MSDS’s for chemicals used for facility and equipment maintenance can often be found on the
manufacturer’s or distributor’s website.
MSDS for simple mixtures and common chemicals, such as hydrochloric acid or ethanol, can be obtained
from any vender. However, the concentrations and components of the mixture listed on the label and
on the MSDS must be equal. For example, a MSDS for 30% HCl cannot be used for concentrated 65%
HCl.
"Employees" include maintenance and cleaning staff also, so they have to be familiar with the method
of getting the MSDS on-line, and they must have ready access to the hardware that permits that access.
Additionally, provisions are needed for dealing with long-term interruptions to power, the network, or
the server which would make electronic versions unavailable.
Having MSDS websites bookmarked is acceptable as long as all employees in the workplace know where
to find the MSDS and are trained on the use of computers to access MSDS’s. If a supervisor chooses to
use electronic access, then the SOHS recommends the MSDS website link be posted on the computer or
in another conspicuous location.
Accidents involving chemicals will require an MSDS be provided to emergency response personnel and
to the attending physician so proper treatment can be administered. The "rule of thumb" is that any
person working with a chemical should be able to produce an MSDS within five minutes.
The SOHS recommends maintaining these binders continually. If, for example, someone goes to the
emergency room with a chemical in their eyes, they need not waste time looking for the exact MSDS
sheet, just take the entire binder. SOHS will provide MSDS’s to the emergency rooms on request
however this wastes precious time and is problematic. For example, sometimes the victim will only
know the trade name of the product, or sometimes they know the primary chemical name but not the
concentration, etc., all of which would be on the MSDS provided by the manufacturer in the binder.
Therefore, it is a prudent practice to maintain an MSDS for the exact chemical from the manufacturer.
Page 153 of 182
Personal Protective Equipment
Introduction
Many injuries can be avoided by wearing the proper apparel and personal protective equipment (PPE)
when engaged in certain tasks.
The list below covers the general, default, PPE and apparel requirements for specific situations.
The supervisor is invited to modify the requirements for a specific task (e.g. “using a leaf grinder”) but
should do so in writing; preferably incorporated into a written standard operating procedure.
General Workplace Apparel Requirements
The following footwear is prohibited in any work area, to include offices:
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Sandals and open toed shoes.
Shoes without adequate tread and tend to slip.
Shoes with a heel or sole that is greater than 2 inches in height.
Apparel choices must be appropriate to the weather conditions and the type of work being done.
General Apparel Requirements for Working around Hazardous Equipment
Safety glasses or equivalent must be worn whenever there is a risk of sparks, flying projectiles, dust
particles. Prescription eye wear is not sufficient. Safety glasses that can be worn over normal
eyeglasses are available. Prescription safety glasses are available through several local eyewear vendors
but must be purchased at employee expense. Contact the SOHS for more information.
Hearing protection devices, either ear plugs or ear muffs, are required whenever working around
hazardous noise producing equipment. Contact the SOHS for a determination on whether a piece of
equipment requires hearing protection devices.
Personal effects must be removed to minimize the chance of being pulled into moving equipment,
contacting an ignition source (flame), or contacting an electrical source.
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Loose clothing is prohibited.
Long hair must be tied back.
Jewelry, to include rings, earrings, and wrist watches, must be removed.
ID badges must be temporarily removed.
General Apparel Requirements for Handling Hazardous Chemicals
The following requirements apply FOR EVERYONE NEARBY whenever hazardous chemicals are being
used or handled in the area or laboratory:
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Pants and long sleeved shirts. This requirement may be met by wearing a lab coat over shorts
and short sleeved shirts.
Safety glasses. Chemically resistant goggles that fully encompass the eyes must be worn by
everyone within the reasonable splash range whenever the hazardous material is liquid.
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Closed toed shoes. Sneakers or other shoes with woven tops are insufficient when there is a risk
of chemical spilling onto the shoe.
Personal effects must be removed to minimize the chance of being trapping corrosive/irritating
chemicals underneath, touching an ignition source (Bunsen burner) or contacting an electrical
source (electrophoresis).
Loose clothing is prohibited.
Long hair must be tied back.
Jewelry, to include rings and wrist watches, must be removed if possible.
Skin, eyes, and respiratory tract should always be protected from possible exposure by use of
appropriate laboratory clothing, goggles/ face shields and respirators.
Contact lenses are highly discouraged when handling hazardous chemicals. There is evidence
that chemical gases and liquids can concentrate in and under the lenses; increasing the damage.
Furthermore, a chemical splash in the eye will cause the eye to involuntarily spasm, making it
very difficult to remove the lenses to properly irrigate the eyes. If you CHOOSE to wear contact
lenses please be aware of these following guidelines:
Instruct your supervisor and coworkers that you wear contact lenses and how to remove them
so that they could help you do so in an emergency.
Do not wait to remove the lenses before beginning eye wash station irrigation. Start washing
first and remove the lenses when able.
Your eyes may come in contact with a chemical without you knowing it. Remove your contact
lenses at the first signs of redness or irritation.
Contact lenses are not protective eyewear. You are expected to wear eye protection as
specified in the rest of this document.
Chemical resistant gloves must be worn when handling open containers of hazardous chemicals.
The gloves must be of adequate material and thickness to resist degradation or permeation.
Consult this document or contact the SOHS for assistance in choosing an appropriate glove
material.
To prevent spreading contamination, laboratory coats and gloves must be removed before
leaving the laboratory.
If laboratory coats are contaminated with hazardous chemicals, they should be removed
immediately, and properly laundered, or disposed of as hazardous chemical waste.
If laboratory clothing is cleaned by a linen service contractor, contractor employees must be informed if
contamination of laboratory clothing presents a danger to cleaning service employees.
General Apparel Requirements for Field Work
Hot Weather:
Safety glasses or goggles must be worn during field jobs where airborne dust or plant material could
enter the eyes. Employee provided sunglasses are acceptable alternatives but must provide side
protection and be approved by the employee’s supervisor first.
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All clothing choices should be light and breathable to manage heat load. Sunhats or other large brim
hats are not required but are highly encouraged.
Sunscreen is not required but is highly encouraged. Please be aware that sunscreen decreases the
body’s ability to exhaust heat and therefore increases heat load.
Cold Weather: Wear appropriate winter and/or rain-proof gear for extended periods of field work.
Additional Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Requirements:
Properly sized work gloves whenever working with material wherever there is a risk of splinters, cuts,
and/or fragments.
Heat resistant clothing and gloves are required when retrieving items from hot equipment (e.g.
autoclaves). Cold resistant clothing and gloves is required when working with liquid nitrogen.
Properly sized shoes with hardened toes (e.g. steel toed boots) are required whenever handling and/or
transporting, mechanically or otherwise, objects heavy enough to damage the foot.
Hard hats must be worn whenever overhead work is being performed or in areas where it is reasonable
to expect elevated stored materials could fall.
Reflective vests or belts must be worn when working around moving equipment during dark hours or
inclement weather.
Respirators or dust masks are required whenever airborne dust or contaminates could present a health
risk to the employee’s respiratory system. The SOHS is required to be informed of all work conditions
that might require a respirator so that he may determine the level of respiratory protection needed.
Additional personal protective equipment requirements, such as chemical resistant gloves, can be
obtained from Standard Operating Procedures, Material Safety Data Sheets, or by requesting assistance
from the SOHS.
Who is Responsible for Purchasing PPE:
Unless otherwise stated the employer is required to purchase and provide all protective mentioned in
this document. Contact the SOHS to resolve disputes regarding whether PPE is required or not and who
is required to purchase it. The following are several, non-intuitive, exceptions:
The employee is required to purchase safety shoes, to include steel-toed boots and work shoes with
non-slip tread.
The employee is required to purchase prescription safety glasses. If the employee opts not to the
supervisor is required to purchase safety glasses that fit over the employee’s regular eye-glasses.
Employees are required to pay for everyday clothing, such as long-sleeve shirts, long pants, street shoes,
and normal work boots. This applies even when this document requires the employee to use of this type
of clothing.
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The employer is not required to pay for ordinary clothing, skin creams, or other items used solely for the
protection from weather, such as
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winter coats, jackets, gloves, and parkas.
rubber boots, hats, and raincoats.
ordinary sunglasses.
sunscreen.
Employers must pay for replacement PPE, except when the employee has lost or intentionally damaged
the PPE.
The employee is responsible for safeguarding and maintaining personal protective equipment.
Lost or damaged PPE is not an excuse to continue work without it. The employee must either pay for
the replacement, be removed from the task requiring it, or provided replacement PPE free of charge by
the employer (with accompanying disciplinary actions if needed).
The supervisor reserves the right to take disciplinary action or lower performance ratings if they are
required to replace PPE that was lost, stolen, or damaged through an employee’s negligent behavior.
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Radiation Protection Program
Introduction
Any worker who works with radioisotopes, radioactive material containing equipment, and/or works in
an area where radioisotopes or open radioactive sources are being stored or used is subject to special
rules and restrictions as outlined by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) and the USDA Radiation
Safety Service (RSS).
Exception: Employees who work in a general area of a fully encapsulated radioactive source, such as an
Electron Capture Detector in a Gas Chromatograph, are exempt from the requirements below but must
still be made aware of the radiological hazards, however minimal, present in their workplace.
Requirements
All new radiation workers must view the ARS Radiation Safety Program video that can be accessed via
this hyperlink: http://www.afm.ars.usda.gov/shem/videos.htm
In order to work under an existing permit the new employee must apply and approved as an
“Authorized User” under that permit by the USDA RSS. To do so each new employee must fill out an RS10. This form is available on the RSS website here: http://www.dm.usda.gov/ohsec/rsd/forms.htm
Depending on the nature of the work and the past experience of the new employee some additional
training, to include formal classroom training, may be required before USDA RSS approves the new
employee as an Authorized User. Ask the SOHS for help in coordinating additional training.
Each worker must be familiar with the written Standard Operating Procedures for the Radiation work.
The Thermo-Luminescent Device (TLD) program must be explained to the new employee and they will
be allowed, with supervisor approval, to opt into this monitoring program. An RSS-70 for the new
employee must be completed for enrollment. This form is available on the RSS website here:
http://www.dm.usda.gov/ohsec/rsd/forms.htm
If the permit was previously inspected/audited by the NRC, USDA RSS, or the SOHS then the new
employee must be familiar with the inspection results and how any discrepancies were corrected.
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Respiratory Protection Program
Introduction:
The purpose of this policy is to provide Agriculture Research Service (ARS), Corvallis employees a
Respiratory Protection Program aimed at reducing employee exposures to excessive levels of dusts,
fumes, mists, gases, vapors, pollens, radionuclide, etc.
The policy applies to all ARS Corvallis Location employees who perform duties in work locations with
potential inhalation hazards. The policy also applies to all OSU employees or visiting researchers who
work on federal facilities or under federal supervision. Only authorized, trained personnel will be
permitted to use respirators. Where feasible, exposures to contaminants will be eliminated or reduced
by engineering controls (e.g., general and local ventilation, enclosure and isolation, substitution, etc.).
When engineering controls are being instituted or when not capable of reducing exposures to
acceptable levels, the use of personal respiratory protective equipment becomes necessary.
As part of the Location’s continuing effort to reduce exposure and risk to employees, the Location has
implemented the Respiratory Protection Program to provide information on aspects of the use of
respiratory protection equipment and educate employees on rules which apply. The written program is
designed to comply with the requirements of the Federal Occupational Safety and Health
Administration’s (OSHA) Respiratory Protection Standard, 29 CFR 1910.134 and Section 36 of the ARS
230 Safety Health and Environmental Management Manual.
The SOHS is the designated Respiratory Protection Program Administrator. The written Respiratory
Protection Program is posted online and in the Location’s Safety, Health and Environmental
Management Manual. All location employees may have access to this manual. To obtain copies of the
program or training, contact the Respiratory Protection Program Administrator at (541) 738-4003.
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A. SUMMARY:
This program establishes policy and responsibilities to govern the ARS Corvallis Respiratory
Protection Program.
B. BACKGROUND:
A Respiratory Protection Program is required by the Occupational Safety and Health
Administration (OSHA). The specific program requirements are stated in 29 CFR 1910.134,
Corvallis OAR 437-002, and ARS Corvallis Location’s 230 Manual.
C. APPLICABILITY AND SCOPE:
This program applies to all Agriculture Research Service (ARS), Corvallis personnel who
perform duties in work locations with potential inhalation hazards. Only authorized, trained
personnel will be permitted to use a respirator.
D. POLICY:
The program is implemented to provide ARS Corvallis Location employees a Respiratory Protection
Program aimed at reducing employee exposures to excessive levels of dusts, fumes, mists, gases,
vapors, pollens, radionuclide, etc. Where feasible, exposures to contaminants will be eliminated or
reduced by engineering controls (e.g., general and local ventilation, enclosure and isolation, and
substitution). When engineering controls are being instituted or when not capable of reducing
exposures to acceptable levels, the use of personal respiratory protective equipment becomes
necessary.
As part of the Location’s continuing effort to reduce exposure and risk to employees, the Location
has implemented the Respiratory Protection Program to provide information on aspects of the use
of respiratory protection equipment. This written program is designed to comply with the
requirements of the federal Occupational Safety and Health Administration’s (OSHA) Respiratory
Protection Standard, 29 CFR 1910.134.
E. RESPONSIBILITIES:
1. Location Coordinators will:
Ensure Research Leaders under their direction comply with the Respiratory Protection
Program providing employees the necessary protection from inhalation hazards.
2.
Research Leaders will:
Exercise primary responsibility for the Respiratory Protection for their Research Unit,
and provide support and appropriate funding for their program (i.e., medical
questionnaire evaluation, examination, chemical monitoring, personal protective
equipment, engineering controls, etc.).
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3. Supervisors will:
a. Conduct hazard assessments to determine if personal protective equipment is needed.
Make sure proper respirators and cartridges are used, based on the employee's job
hazard assessment. For assistance, contact the SOHS or Collateral Duty Safety
Officer (CDSO).
b. Provide Respiratory Program Administrator a list of those persons selected to work in
a respiratory hazardous area. Provide updates when applicable. Ensure applicable
employees under their supervision receive training, fit testing and medical evaluations
c. Ensure employees use and maintain respirators when necessary. Ensure the
availability of appropriate respirators and accessories.
d. Monitor work areas and operations to identify respirator hazards. Report
unauthorized respirator users to the Respiratory Program Administrator.
e. Take effective measures to prevent staff and others from entry into areas identified as
one in which atmospheric contamination or airborne hazards exist without proper
respiratory protection, and where engineering controls are not feasible (i.e., fields
where pesticides have recently been sprayed, etc.)
f. Work with SOHS or CDSO to reduce hazards and the need for personal protective
equipment
g. Complete appropriate training
h. Maintain applicable records.
4. Employees will:
a. Observe all practices and procedures contained in the Location’s Respiratory
Protection Program
b. Be responsible for wearing and maintaining respirators. Ensure correct respirator and
cartridge combinations are used for specific jobs or tasks
c. Participate in training programs and the Occupational Medical Surveillance Program
or respiratory medical clearance process
d. Request additional hazard assessment when processes or procedures change which
might affect exposure levels or the need for respiratory protection. Report hazardous
or unsafe conditions to supervisor
e. Report to supervisor or Respirator Program Administrator any changes in physical
condition that could affect respirator fit (i.e., facial injuries, considerable weight loss
or gain, etc.)
f. Observe all other safety practices.
5. Safety and Occupational Health Specialist will:
a. Manage the Respiratory Protection Program for the Corvallis Location (Program
Administrator)
b. Provide hazard assessment consultation to applicable supervisors
c. Maintain current list of work areas and procedures performed where respiratory
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d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
protection is required or requested
Conduct air sampling/monitoring when necessary
Coordinate medical clearance or evaluation
Conduct fit testing annually
Provide training of affected employees in the need for, and the proper use and care of
respirators
Maintain applicable records
Evaluate effectiveness of program.
6. Collateral Duty Safety Officer will perform the tasks of the SOHS when able or request
assistance from the SOHS when needed.
F. PROGRAM ELEMENTS:
1. The Respiratory Protection Program consists of the following elements:
a. Procedures for procuring and selecting respirators for use in the workplace
b. Medical evaluations of employees required to use respirators
c. Fit testing procedures for tight-fitting respirators
d. Procedures for proper use of respirators
e. Procedures and schedules for cleaning, disinfecting, storing, inspecting, repairing, discarding
and otherwise maintaining respirators
f.
Training of employees in the respiratory hazards to which they are potentially exposed
g. Training of employees in the proper use of respirators, including putting on and removing
them, any limitations on their use, and their maintenance
h. Procedures for regularly evaluating the effectiveness of the program.
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G. VOLUNTARY USE:
What is meant by "voluntary" use of respirator equipment? Voluntary use is when an employee
chooses to wear a respirator, even though the use of a respirator is not required by the Location or
by any OSHA standard.
1. Respirators are an effective method of protection against designated hazards when properly
selected and worn. Respirator use is encouraged, even when exposures are below the exposure
limit, to provide an additional level of comfort and protection for workers. However, before any
respirator is issued for any use, an evaluation shall be performed by the Program Administrator
to determine its necessity and appropriateness. It is also this Location’s policy that any
respirator approved for use shall be provided by the Location and no employee shall bring
his/her own respirator to the jobsite. If a respirator is used improperly or not kept clean, the
respirator itself can become a hazard to the worker. Any employee voluntarily using a
respirator, other than a filtering facepiece (true dust masks), must be determined to be
medically fit for and prior to its use. If respirators are provided for employee’s voluntary use
certain precautions need to be taken to ensure that the respirator itself does not present a
hazard. Employees should do the following:
a. Read and heed all instructions provided by the manufacturer on use, maintenance, cleaning
and care, and warnings regarding the respirators limitations
b. Choose respirators certified for use to protect against the contaminant of concern. The
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) of the U.S. Department of
Health and Human Services certifies respirators. A label or statement of certification should
appear on the respirator or respirator packaging. It will tell you what the respirator is
designed for and how much it will protect you
c. Do not wear your respirator into atmospheres containing contaminants for which your
respirator is not designed to protect against. For example, a respirator designed to filter
dust particles will not protect you against gases, vapors, or very small solid particles of
fumes or smoke
d. Keep track of your respirator so that you do not mistakenly use someone else’s respirator.
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H. PURCHASE / SELECTION OF RESPIRATORS:
1. Respirator Purchase
The SOHS or CDSO must be contacted prior to purchasing a respirator. The SOHS or CDSO will
perform a hazard assessment to determine what level of respiratory protection, if any, is
needed. The purchase of appropriate respirators, to include replacement parts, will be the
responsibility of the applicable Research Unit. Replacement parts must be purchased from the
original manufacturer for a respirator to maintain its NIOSH approval.
2. Respirator options are selected by the SOHS or CDSO. Only respirators certified by the National
Institute for Occupational Safety Health (NIOSH) will be chosen. The selection will be based on
the physical and chemical properties of the air contaminant, the concentration level likely to be
encountered by the employee and other factors such as oxygen concentration. Potential
inhalation hazards must be assessed before the correct respirator can be selected. The SOHS or
CDSO will assist Research Units in the evaluation and measurement of job hazards and
ultimately recommend the type of respirator to be used. Supervisors shall ensure that proper
respirators and cartridges are used, based on the employee’s job hazard assessment.
Respirator selection will also be based on the following criteria:
a. Respirators for Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health (IDLH) Atmospheres:

A full facepiece pressure demand self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) certified by
NIOSH for a minimum service life of thirty minutes, or

A combination full facepiece pressure demand supplied-air respirator (SAR) with
auxiliary self-contained air supply.
b. Respirators for atmospheres that are not IDLH. For protection against gases and vapors:

An atmosphere-supplying respirator (supplies the respirator with breathing air from a
source independent of the ambient atmosphere, and included supplied-air respirators
and self-contained breathing apparatus), or

An air-purifying respirator, provided that:
- The respirator is equipped with and end-of-service-life indicator (ESLI) certified by
NIOSH for the contaminant, or
- If there is no ESLI appropriate for conditions in the workplace a canister and cartridge
change schedule will be implemented, based on objective information or data, that will
ensure canisters and cartridges are changed before the end of their service life.
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Air purifying respirators (employing filters or cartridges to remove gases, mists, and/or
particles from air) must NOT be used in:

Atmospheres that are oxygen deficient (< 19.5% oxygen)

Atmospheres immediately dangerous to life or health (IDLH)

Atmospheres with contaminants that cannot be removed by the respirator cartridge

Atmospheres that contain a contaminant whose concentration exceeds the assigned
protection factor (rating) of the respirator.

Atmospheres that contain a contaminant which has poor warning properties.

Atmospheres that contain an unknown contaminant
c. Respirators for atmospheres that are not IDLH. For protection against particulates:

An atmosphere-supplying respirator; or

An air-purifying respirator equipped with a filter certified by NIOSH under 30
CFR Part 11 as a high efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter, or an air-purifying respirator
equipped with a filter with a filter certified for particulates by NIOSH under 42 CFR Part
84; or

For contaminants consisting primarily of particles with mass median aerodynamic
diameters (MMAD) of at least 2 micrometers, an air-purifying respirator equipped with
any filter certified for particulates by NIOSH.

Cloth/paper dust mask respirators used voluntarily are limited to use with nuisance
dusts only. A cloth/paper dust mask will not filter gases, fumes or very small particles.
d. Emergency situations often require the highest level of respiratory protection. Atmospheres
which have not been characterized (monitored) should be treated as though they are IDLH.
Supplied-air respirators such as the self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) or air-line
respirator may be used in these atmospheres. However, emergency situations and IDLH
entry must be handled on a case-by-case basis by the SOHS, CDSO, or emergency
responders (e.g., Corvallis Fire Department, OSU EH&S Environmental Services, etc.). This
will ensure that appropriate hazard assessments and mandatory training and fit testing have
been performed.
1. An employee is required to review all standard operating procedures for any given task
where potential air quality problems may exist and he/she must be qualified to wear
appropriate respirator if one is necessary. The following is a list of example tasks with
recommended respirator use:
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Task
Pesticide Applicator
Exposure
Potential overexposure to toxic
pesticides (e.g., Lindane). When applying
in confined areas (i.e., greenhouse) with
limited ventilations.
Respirator
(Follow Instructions on
Pesticide Label)
Cartridge
Organic Vapor/Acid
Gas/HEPA filter
Full-Face Air Purifying
Respirator
Fumigating in poorly ventilated area
(e.g., phosphine at 3 parts per million)
Supplied air with
continuous Flow
Full-Face Supplied Air
Respirator
I.
Laboratory Worker
Working with hazardous chemicals (i.e.,
carcinogen, mutagens, teratogens,
etc.(e.g., > 7.5 ppm formaldehyde))
outside a properly functioning fumehood
Full-Face Air Purifying
Respirator
Cartridge or canister
specifically approved
for protection against
formaldehyde.
Laboratory Worker
Working with hazardous powdered
chemicals (i.e. acrylamide) inside a
properly functioning fumehood
Non-Required – Voluntary Use
Dust Mask
N-95 or General Dust
Filter
Seed (non-treated) Separator
Nuisance Dust below exposure limit
Non-Required – Voluntary Use
Dust Mask
N-95 or General Dust
Filter
Cleaning Work Areas
Unknown particulate matter
Non-Required – Voluntary Use
Dust Mask
N-95 or General Dust
Filter
MEDICAL EVALUATION:
1. Respirator use may place a physiological burden on employees that vary with the type of
respirator worn, the job and workplace conditions in which the respirator is used, and the
medical status of the employee. Therefore, employees requiring the use of a respirator will be
medically evaluated prior to being fit tested or required to use a respirator.
a. The medical evaluation will be conducted by an Occupational Health Provider utilizing
their medical clearance form.
b. Medical clearance is only required initially and every five years. Individuals may
request, at no charge, more frequent medical clearances if justified by significant
changes to overall health.
Follow-up medical examinations may be required for employees whose initial medical clearance
questionnaire indicates possibly problematic health issues. The follow-up medical examination
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shall include any medical tests, consultations or diagnostic procedures the examiner deems
necessary to make a final determination. Pulmonary function tests are only required if the
examiner deems them necessary.
Supplemental information must be provided to the examiner before making a recommendation
concerning an employee’s ability to use a respirator. This information must include, among
other things, the type and weight of the respirator to be used by the employee.
A written recommendation regarding the employee’s ability to use the selected respirator will
be obtained from the medical provider. This recommendation must contain the following
information:

Any limitations on respirator use related to the medical condition of the employee, or
relating to the workplace conditions in which the respirator will be used, including whether
or not the employee is medically able to use the respirator;

The need, if any, for follow-up medical evaluations; and

A statement that the medical provider has provided the employee with a copy of their
written recommendation.
If a subsequent medical evaluation, of an employee required to wear a powered air purifying
respirator (PAPR), determines that the employee is medically able to use a negative pressure
respirator, then the Location is no longer required to provide a PAPR.
2. Additional medical evaluations will be provided to the employee if:
a. An employee reports medical signs or symptoms that are related to ability to use a
respirator;
b. A medical provider, supervisor or the respirator program administrator informs the Location
that the employee needs to be reevaluated;
c. Information from the respiratory protection program, including observations made during
fit testing and program evaluation, indicates a need for employee reevaluation; or
d. A change occurs in workplace conditions (e.g., physical work effort, protective clothing and
temperature) that may result in a substantial increase in the physiological burden placed on
an employee.
3. Funding Respiratory Medical Questionnaire Evaluation or examination:
Research Units are responsible for the cost of the questionnaire evaluations. If a questionnaire
evaluation indicates the employee needs an examination by the physician before being
approved to wear a respirator, the Research Unit will be responsible for the cost of the
examination through the Locations Occupational Medical Surveillance Program (OMSP).
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Although not recommended, the Research Unit may require researchers to pay for their
respirators and medical clearance out of their individual accounts, provided it is employer
money that is being spent. Some employees may choose to participate in the Location’s OMSP
which includes the respiratory protection evaluation, while others may refuse to participate in
the OMSP and complete the OSHA Respiratory Medical Questionnaire. All respirator users must
be medically cleared before they are fit tested and authorized to wear respirators.
J.
FIT TESTING:
Before any employee may be required to use any respirator with a negative or positive pressure
tight-fitting facepiece, the employee must be fit tested with the same make, model, style and size of
respirator that will be used.
1. For employees using a tight-fitting facepiece respirator, an appropriate qualitative fit test (QLFT)
or quantitative fit test (QNFT) must be passed. Employees using tight-fitting facepiece
respirators must be fit tested:
a. Prior to initial use of the respirator,
b. Whenever a different respirator facepiece (size, style, model or make) is used, and
c. At least annually thereafter
2. Additional fit tests must be conducted whenever:
a. The employee reports changes in his/her physical condition that could effect respirator fit,
or
b. The employer, medical provider, supervisor or program administrator makes visual
observations of changes in the employee’s physical condition that could affect respirator fit.
Such conditions include, but are not limited to, facial scarring, dental changes, cosmetic
surgery or an obvious change in body weight
3. The fit test shall be administered using an OHSA accepted QLFT or QNFT protocol contained in
Appendix A. of 29 CFR 1910.134. QLFT may only be used to fit test negative pressure airpurifying respirators that must achieve a fit factor of 100 or less [APF≤10]. If the fit factor
measured during a QNFT is equal to or greater than 100 for tight-fitting half facepieces, or equal
to or greater than 500 [APF≤50] for tight-fitting full facepieces, the QNFT has been passed with
that respirator.
Fit testing of tight-fitting atmosphere-supplying respirators and tight-fitting powered airpurifying respirators shall be accomplished by performing quantitative or qualitative fit testing in the
negative pressure mode, regardless of the mode of operation (negative or positive pressure) that is used
for respiratory protection.
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4. The following requirements apply to fit testing atmosphere-supplying and powered air-purifying
respirators:
a. Qualitative fit testing of these respirators shall be accomplished by temporarily converting
the respirator user’s actual facepiece into a negative pressure respirator with appropriate
filters, or by using an identical negative pressure air-purifying respirator facepiece with the
same sealing surfaces as surrogate for the atmosphere-supplying or powered air-purifying
respirator facepiece
b. Quantitative fit testing of these respirators shall be accomplished by modifying the
facepiece to allow sampling inside the facepiece in the breathing zone of the user, midway
between the nose and mouth. This requirement shall be accomplished by installing a
permanent sampling probe onto a surrogate facepiece, or by using a sampling adapter
designed to temporarily provide a means of sampling air from inside the facepiece.
c. Any modifications to the respirator facepiece for fit testing shall be completely removed,
and the facepiece restored to NIOSH approved configuration, before that facepiece can be
used in the workplace.
K. USE OF RESPIRATORS:
The following procedures will be followed to ensure proper use and continued employee protection
by the respiratory equipment:
1. Facepiece Seal Protection. Respirators with tight-fitting facepieces are not permitted to be worn
by employees who have:
a. Facial hair that comes between the sealing surface of the facepiece and the face or that
interferes with valve function; or
b. Any condition that interferes with the face-to-facepiece seal or valve function.
2. Continuing Respirator Effectiveness. Employees will leave the respirator use area:
a. To wash their faces and respirator facepieces as necessary to prevent eye or skin irritation
associated with respirator use; or
b. If they detect vapor or gas breakthrough, changes in breathing resistance or leakage of the
facepiece; or
c. To replace the respirator or the filter, cartridge or canister elements.
3. All employees using a tight-fitting respirator will perform a user seal check to ensure that an
adequate seal is achieved each time the respirator is put on. Either the positive and negative
pressure checks listed below or the respirator manufacturer’s recommended user seal check
method shall be used. User seal checks are not substitutes for qualitative or quantitative fit
tests:
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a. Facepiece Positive Pressure Checks: Close off the exhalation valve and exhale gently into the
facepiece. The face fit is considered satisfactory if a slight positive pressure can be built up
inside the facepiece without any evidence of outward leakage of air at the seal. For most
respirators this method of leak testing requires the wearer to first remove the exhalation
valve cover before closing off the exhalation valve and then carefully replacing it after the
test.
b. Facepiece Negative Pressure Check: Close off the inlet opening of the canister or cartridge(s)
by covering with the palm of the hand(s) or by replacing the filter seal(s), inhale gently so
that the facepiece collapses slightly, and hold the breath for ten seconds. The design of the
inlet opening of some cartridges cannot be effectively covered with the palm of the hand.
The test can be performed by covering the inlet opening of the cartridge with a thin latex or
nitrile glove. If the facepiece remains in its slightly collapsed condition and no inward
leakage of air is detected, the tightness of the respirator is considered satisfactory.
L. MAINTENANCE AND CARE OF RESPIRATORS:
Employees will be provided with a respirator that is clean, sanitary and in good order. Disposable
respirators cannot be disinfected, and are therefore assigned to only one person. Disposable
respirators must be discarded if they are soiled, physically damaged, or reach the end of their
service life.
1. The respirator must be cleaned and disinfected by using the below procedures or by those of
the manufacturer, provided that such procedures are of equivalent effectiveness:
a. Remove filters, cartridges, or canisters. Disassemble facepieces by removing speaking
diaphragms, demand and pressure-demand valve assemblies, hoses, or any components
recommended by the manufacturer. Discard or repair any defective parts.
b. Wash components in warm (43 ºC [110 ºF] maximum) water with a mild detergent or with a
cleaner recommended by the manufacturer. A stiff bristle (not wire) brush may be used to
facilitate the removal of dirt.
c. Rinse components thoroughly in clean, warm (43 ºC [110 ºF] maximum), preferably running
water. Drain.
d. When the cleaner used does not contain a disinfecting agent, respirator components should
be immersed for two minutes in one of the following:

Hypochlorite solution (50 ppm of chlorine) made by adding approximately one milliliter
of laundry bleach to one liter of water at 43 ºC (110 ºF); or,

Aqueous solution of iodine (50 ppm iodine) made by adding approximately 0.8 milliliters
of tincture of iodine (6-8 grams ammonium and/or potassium iodide/100 cc of 45%
alcohol) to one liter of water at 43 ºC (110 ºF); or,
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
Other commercially available cleansers of equivalent disinfectant quality when used as
directed, if their use is recommended or approved by the manufacturer.
e. Rinse components thoroughly in clean, warm (43 ºC [110 ºF] maximum), preferably running
water. Drain. The importance of thorough rinsing cannot be overemphasized. Detergents
or disinfectants that dry on facepieces may result in dermatitis. In addition, some
disinfectants may cause deterioration of rubber or corrosion of metal parts if not completely
removed.
f.
Components should be hand-dried with a clean lint-free cloth or air-dried. Do not hand to
dry.
2. Once the respirator is clean, rinsed and dried:
a. Reassemble facepiece, replacing filters, cartridges, and canisters where necessary.
b. Test the respirator to ensure all components work properly.
c. Store the respirators in a sealable container in a clean and dry place out of direct sunlight,
extreme temperatures and away from harmful chemicals. Label container with respirator
users name or develop a system to ensure respirator users do not use another person’s
respirator.
d. Store the cartridges in a separate sealable container or bag to prevent contaminating the
respirator.
3. Before putting a respirator on, the user shall inspect the respirator for defects and cleanliness.
This shall be done every time a respirator is put on. The respirator shall also be inspected after
taking it off prior to putting it in storage. Respirator inspection shall include a check of the
tightness of connections and the condition of the facepiece, headbands, valves, connecting
tubes and canisters. Rubber or elastomer parts shall be inspected for pliability and signs of
deterioration. Inspections shall also include any manufacturer’s recommendations.
The employee shall report any instance of a defective or ineffective respirator to the Program
Administrator immediately. Respirators that fail an inspection or are otherwise found to be
defective will be removed from service and discarded or referred to the manufacturer for repair.
No local repairs of respirators are authorized at the Location.
M. TRAINING AND INFORMATION:
All employees required to wear respiratory protection equipment will receive training that will be
comprehensive, understandable and recur annually and more often if necessary.
1. At a minimum the training will ensure the employee can demonstrate knowledge of the
following:
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a. Why the respirator is necessary and how improper fit, usage or maintenance can comprise
the protective effect of the respirator
b. The limitations and capabilities of the respirator
c. Factors that may inhibit proper respirator fit
d. How to use the respirator effectively in emergency situations, including situations in which
the respirator malfunctions
e. How to inspect, put on and remove, use and check the seals of the respirator
f.
The procedures for maintenance and storage of the respirator
g.
How to recognize medical signs and symptoms that may limit or prevent the effective use of
respirators; and
h. The general requirements of OSHA 29 CFR 1910.134, Respiratory Protection Standard.
2. Retraining shall be administered annually, and when the following situations occur:
a. Changes in the workplace or the type of respirator render previous training obsolete
b. Inadequacies in the staff’s knowledge or use of the respirator indicate the staff or has not
retained the requisite understanding or skill; or
c. Any other situation arises in which retraining appears necessary to ensure safe respirator
use.
3. Employees who supervise respirator users must complete respiratory protection training to
ensure supervisor are aware of the Location’s Respiratory Protection Program requirements.
However, it is not necessary for the supervisor to be fit-tested unless he/she will also wear a
respirator in the workplace.
N. PROGRAM EVALUATION:
On a continuing basis, evaluations of the workplace will be conducted to ensure that the written
respiratory protection program is being properly implemented, and to consult employees to ensure
that they are using the respirator properly.
1. The following factors will be assessed and any problems identified will be corrected:
a. Respirator fit (including the ability to use the respirator without interfering with effective
workplace performance)
b. Appropriate respirator selection for the hazards to which the employee is exposed
c. Proper respirator use under the workplace conditions the employee encounters; and
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d. Proper respirator maintenance.
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Sharps Disposal Plan
Introduction:
In a lab, sharps are many objects that are obvious, such as needles, razor blades, and scalpel blades.
Other items are not so obvious but can still cause puncture injuries when handled: disposable pipettes,
broken Petri dishes, any glass or brittle plastic waste. All sharps are capable of causing harm and must
be handled appropriately.
Glass Sharps
Uncontaminated broken glass or glass consumables with sharp edges (such as microscope slides) should
be carefully collected and placed in the broken glass receptacle in the lab. When the glass receptacle is
full the top should be taped up and the entire container thrown into the regular trash. Never reuse a
glass receptacle. Waste that has microbiological contamination should be collected in a separate
container that is puncture resistant, well marked, and can be safely closed. This waste should be
autoclaved and, once cooled, can be dumped into the main glass receptacle or closed (and taped) up
and placed directly into the downstairs dumpster.
Plastic Sharps:
Plastic sharps include pipette tips, broken plastic petri dishes, or other brittle plastic material with sharp
edges. The risk of puncturing yourself is less than with other types of sharps. Injury is still possible,
however, especially for the custodial staff who may not be aware of the pipette tips when they grab
garbage bags for disposal. To avoid this risk you must collect plastic waste and pipette tips in a separate
waste container that is puncture resistant, well marked, and can be safely closed. Examples include
empty and rinsed chemical containers and plastic pipette tip containers. Once full this container can be
securely closed, placed in a plastic bag, and then placed directly into the downstairs dumpster. If there
is microbiological contamination on the plastic sharps then this container and its contents must be
autoclaved before disposal. Carefully place the collection container with a loosened lid in the autoclave
and immediately start a cycle. Be aware that the plastic will melt during the autoclave cycle. Once
cooled, the bag containing the waste can be placed directly into the downstairs dumpster.
Metal Sharps:
The disposal of needles, razor blades, scalpel blades, is regulated by the state of Oregon. Sharps
disposal containers allowed by Oregon regulations are commercially available red, leak-proof, rigid,
puncture-resistant containers and must have the universal biohazard symbol. They must be disposed of
by incineration (whether contaminated or non-contaminated). Once the sharps container is “full” (i.e.
the sharps level reaches the manufacturers fill line) you must notify the Safety personnel to pick the
container up for proper disposal. Obtaining replacement containers is the responsibility of the research
group.
Syringes:
In accordance with regulation from the state of Oregon syringes, regardless of whether they have a
needle attached to them or not, are required to be disposed of in the same way as metal sharps. Never
attempt to remove a needle to reuse a syringe!
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Chemical Contamination:
If there is chemical contamination on any of the sharp materials then they should be segregated from
non-contaminated materials to avoid cross contamination. Do not autoclave materials with chemical
contamination! Notify the Safety personnel for disposal of sharps with chemical contamination,
preferentially before the work starts and before the waste is generated!
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Warning Signs and Hazard Labels
The purpose of this document is to describe the types of labeling for hazardous materials and the
common warning signs that you might encounter in your workplace. This is a “cheat-sheet” you can use
to quickly identify the hazards of the materials you work with.
NFPA 704 Symbol:
The NFPA 704 sticker allows the handler to quickly, at a glance, gauge the hazard level of a particular
material. The “diamond” is divided into four categories: Fire Hazard, Health Hazard, Reactivity, and
Specific Hazard. In each of the top three categories there is a number from 0 to 4; 0 meaning there is no
risk or very little risk and 4 meaning that the material is VERY DANGEROUS and mishandling or
exposure to even a small amount of this material could be FATAL. You must report possession of any
level “4” materials (in any category) to the Safety and Occupational Health Specialist!
Materials with a “2” can typically be handled safely using prudent lab practices. The use of materials with
a “3” or greater should be carefully thought out in order to prevent accidents or exposures.
The “Specific Hazard” gives some limited information regarding the material class and can be used to
improve material storage procedures. In general, there should be storage areas dedicated to acids,
oxidizers, and alkalis in order to keep them separate from each other.
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Global Harmonized System (GHS): Below are symbols you should see on the containers for recently
purchased materials. The GHS is the internationally accepted standard for hazard labeling on materials
and will replace older symbols on newer manufacture labels. Below is an explanation of each symbol:
Flammables: Flammable materials are easily ignited and cause a HOT and
QUICKLY SPREADING fire. A fire originating from a flammable material
would be difficult to control, burns very hot, and would spread quickly.
Extensive property damage and personal injury would be the likely result.
Therefore it is extremely important to prevent flammable liquid (and
vapors!) from contacting an ignition source – e.g. hot plates, electrical
equipment (even radio or thermostats in refrigerators), Bunsen burners,
heated inoculation loops, ovens, autoclaves, etc.
Flammable materials should be stored in small quantities and in an
approved locker and container.
Oxidizers: These materials generate OXYGEN when reacted or heated. For
this reason they can cause ordinary materials to combust (catch on fire)
violently or even explode under certain conditions. They typically react
(upon mixing) with flammable materials very exothermically which leads to
the ignition of a very aggressive fire. They can cause a fire to spread much
quicker and burn much hotter than it ordinarily would.
Oxidizers should be segregated from strong acids/bases and from
flammables.
Severe Acute Toxicity: These materials are capable of causing damage to
organs, impairment, or even death if absorbed through the skin, inhaled, or
ingested. These materials should only be used in a fume hood and every
precaution should be taken to prevent skin contact. Work with these
materials should be preceded with a hazard assessment; a formal,
documented step-wise review of how the material will be safely handled.
Corrosives: Corrosives are attack tissue and materials on contact –
generally causing IRREVERSIBLE damage. Some are able to diffuse through
the skin and attack underlying tissue, even bone! Lab coats, gloves, and
safety goggles are critical requirements for working with corrosives. Safety
showers and eyewash stations should be close by.
Corrosives should be stored away from flammables and oxidizers and
should NEVER BE MIXED with other materials without a careful review of
the reaction outcome.
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Gases Under Pressure: Materials in this category are typically compressed
gas cylinders, such as CO2 or N2 gas tanks used with analytical equipment.
Because of the immense pressures involved there is a significant risk of a
CATASTROPHIC release of the compressed gas. That release could cause
the tank to be propelled across a room with great force or the gas could
displace the oxygen in a room (possibly leading to asphyxiation).
Compressed gas cylinders should be secured to a wall (via a chain or strap),
capped when not in use, and placed either outside or in large rooms with
good ventilation.
Irritant: These materials can cause “irritation” to the skin, eyes, and
respiratory tract. Depending on the material the irritation could be mild or
severe and could last from a matter of hours to several weeks or longer.
Though less hazardous than “Severe Acute Toxicity” materials, exposure to
these materials may cause major discomfort or may even require
hospitalization to recover and pain relief. They should be handled
prudently to prevent inhalation, skin contact, or inadvertent ingestion.
Special Category Hazard: You will need to read the material label or the
MSDS to determine the precise hazard. Some possibilities include:
Carcinogen: A carcinogen is capable of promoting cancer growth.
Exposure to material does not guarantee that you will develop cancer;
rather, it increases your RISK of developing cancer in your life time.
Respiratory Sensitizer: An over-exposure to this material will cause
changes to the biology of your respiratory system which will cause you to
experience asthma-like symptoms when exposed to a trigger. The trigger
could be subsequent exposure to the material or could be normal
pollutants in the environment (odors, perfumes, pollen, dust, vehicle
exhaust, etc.)
Reproductive Toxicity: May cause damage to an unborn fetus, sexual
organs, or gametes. Men and women of reproductive age should be
informed and take special precautions when handling this material.
Target Organ Toxicity: This material attacks a specific organ (e.g. liver) or a
number of specific organs. The damage is cumulative and certain
combinations of materials may act synergistically to multiply the damage
(e.g. alcohol and aspirin).
Mutagencity: Materials capable of causing damage to DNA – possibly
leading to damage to the normal function of the body, including irreversible
damage to the reproductive system.
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Environmental toxicity: There is evidence that demonstrates that this
material is toxic to animals and plant. It is likely to be toxic to humans as
well (see other symbols).
Special care should be taken to avoid releasing this material into the
environment. For example, environmental toxins should not be poured
down the drain without prior approval from the safety officer.
Explosives: Self-explanatory. When heated or roughly handled these
materials can EXPLODE causing property damage and personal injury from
the force of the blast and any ensuing fire. Materials in this category can
also EXPLODE if mixed with INCOMPATIBLE materials, i.e. materials that
this material reacts with violently.
You must report the possession of any EXPLOSIVE material to the Safety
Officer!
Other signs and labels encountered around the Location:
Danger – Pesticides: This sign is intended to inform someone not to enter
a greenhouse or field because pesticides were recently applied. Until the
responsible pesticide applicator removes the sign you may only enter the
area under very restricted conditions – contact your supervisor for more
information about these restrictions.
If a smaller version of this sign has been posted to individual potted plants
then that means that the individual potted plant has been treated and may
have pesticide residue. Contact with that plant is prohibited until the sign
is removed.
Tagged Equipment: The maintenance personnel occasionally need to “tag
out” a device because it isn’t functioning correctly and may be dangerous
to operate. They may use a tag similar to what is shown on the left.
Regardless of what notification method is used you must follow its
instructions. Operating equipment that has been locked out could cause
property damage or personal injury to yourself or others.
Radioactive Materials: Some research groups use radioactive materials in
their research. This includes radioisotopes or equipment that contains a
radioactive source. These materials have very low activity and are stored in
a manner that eliminates radiation exposure to those around it. We are
required by the NRC to post these signs even though there is negligible risk
to you unless you are actively handling the materials. Access to rooms
containing radioactive materials are restricted (and locked). You must
receive training and registration from the USDA Radiation Safety Division
before you may use radioactive material for your research.
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Worker Protection Standard
Introduction
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has required that all agricultural workers who work
in greenhouses or in fields where pesticides could be applied must be informed of the dangers of
pesticides and how to protect themselves.
This regulation, called the “Worker Protection Standard (WPS)”, requires awareness training
even if the worker will not enter the applied area until after the restricted entry time.
OSU student employees can receive WPS training through Greenhouse Operations at Oregon
State. See this webpage for more information: http://agsci.oregonstate.edu/greenhouse/policies/wps
This training excludes agricultural workers who are licensed pesticide handlers and receive their
pesticide training through other venues.
Training Requirements:
The supervisor is required to ensure that any new employee working with and/or around pesticides is
given the following WPS training:
1. A walkthrough the work area. To include the location and familiarization with:
a. The central location of pesticide application information.
b. The WPS Safety Poster.
c. How to obtain emergency medical treatment can be obtained.
d. Emergency protective equipment that is on hand.
e. How the dates, times, type, and treatment areas for pesticide applications are documented
and posted.
f.
How treated areas are posted with warning signs.
g. Additional methods of notifying nearby workers of pesticide applications
h. How to interpret and follow Restricted-Entry Intervals (REI).
i.
Where hand washing facilities are.
2. A discussion of the health effects and routes of entry for pesticides commonly used in the area.
3. A discussion of how watering, pesticide applications, and other service requests are communicated
to the Greenhouse Manager.
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Training Materials:
Documenting that this training was given and what training materials are used is critical to meeting
the EPA’s requirement.
New Federal employees, if they onboarded through the Location Administrative Office, were
handed an EPA publication entitled “Protect Yourself from Pesticides”. The SOHS will go through this
publication during the employee’s first day when they come into the administrative office for
onboarding. Having the new employee read through this publication or going through it together meets
the requirement for awareness training.
The folks at Washington State University Extension created a great film that also meets the EPA’s
requirement for awareness training. This is the same video shown by OSU’s greenhouse operations and
we have received permission from the copyright holders to post it on our intranet. Please, do not make
copies.
The SOHS has a copy of this video available for loan. The video can also be accessed electronically
on the intranet. One option is to click on the links below:
a. HCRU Link: –
i. Part 1: \\HCRL4\Everyone\Safety_SHEM\WPS_Video\VIDEO_TS\VTS_01_1.WMV
ii. Part 2: \\HCRL4\Everyone\Safety_SHEM\WPS_Video\VIDEO_TS\VTS_01_2.WMV
b. FSCRU Link –
i. Part 1: \\Data3\everyon3\safety\videos\video_ts\VTS_01_1.vob
ii. Part 2: \\Data3\everyon3\safety\videos\video_ts\VTS_01_2.vob
c. NCGR Link –
i. Part 1: Y:\NCGR\SAFETY\Safety_Videos\Lab_Safety_Video\Video_TS\VTS_01_1.WMV
ii. Part 2:
Y:\NCGR\SAFETY\Safety_Videos\Lab_Safety_Video\Video_TS\VTS_01_2.WMV
Windows users: Another option is to go “Start -> Run” on your computer and type in “wmplayer
[ADDRESS OF VIDEO]” such as seen here:
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If the file has a different file extension than what Windows Media Player (WMP) recognizes you may get
this warning. By clicking “Yes” you are telling WMP to play it anyways, which it should be able to:
The default media player for Macintosh users should also be able to open this content.
Contact the SOHS if you are still having trouble accessing the videos.
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