• IEEE 802.21 MEDIA INDEPENDENT HANDOVER
• DCN:21-05-0407-03-0000
• Title: Integration of XML and TLV
• Date Submitted: January, 9, 2006
• Presented at IEEE 802.21 session in Vancouver
• Authors or Source(s):
• Yoshihiro Ohba, Kenichi Taniuchi and Subir Das
• Abstract: This document describes two methods for converting
XML 1.0 data to TLV format. The two methods and XML 1.0
are compared in terms of number of encoded octets and
processing time for three typical query types.
21-05-0407-03-0000
IEEE 802.21 presentation release statements
• This
document has been prepared to assist the IEEE 802.21 Working Group. It
is offered as a basis for discussion and is not binding on the contributing
•
•
individual(s) or organization(s). The material in this document is subject to
change in form and content after further study. The contributor(s) reserve(s)
the right to add, amend or withdraw material contained herein.
The contributor grants a free, irrevocable license to the IEEE to incorporate
material contained in this contribution, and any modifications thereof, in the
creation of an IEEE Standards publication; to copyright in the IEEE’s name
any IEEE Standards publication even though it may include portions of this
contribution; and at the IEEE’s sole discretion to permit others to reproduce in
whole or in part the resulting IEEE Standards publication. The contributor also
acknowledges and accepts that this contribution may be made public by IEEE
802.21.
The contributor is familiar with IEEE patent policy, as outlined in Section 6.3
of
the
IEEE-SA
Standards
Board
Operations
Manual
<http://standards.ieee.org/guides/opman/sect6.html#6.3>
and
in
Understanding Patent Issues During IEEE Standards Development
http://standards.ieee.org/board/pat/guide.html>
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Information Service Properties
• Information Service representation and Information
query/exchange shall be
•
Extensible:
•
•
Flexible:
•
•
The specification shall be able to support future PHY/MAC
technology, without changing the 802.21 specification itself every
time a new PHY/MAC technology is invented
The specification shall be able to support various types of queries to
be useful for different handover mechanisms, protocols, algorithms
and policies.
Efficient:
•
The specification shall avoid unnecessary information
query/exchange and should have less information encoding overhead
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A Possible Approach
• Schema-based semantic query with binary encoding
•
Schema provides extensibility
•
Semantic query provides flexibility and query efficiency
•
Binary encoding provides encoding efficiency
How can we achieve all of above functionalities?
It is evident that only by integrating XML and TLV, we can
achieve best of each solution
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Candidate Solutions
• XML provides schema-based semantic query
• But needs to send more bits over the air if we use native XML 1.0 format
• TLV provides binary encoding
• But does not provide a standard query language for semantic query
It is evident that only by integrating XML and TLV, we can achieve best of
each solution
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How Can We integrate?
•
•
Possible approach : XML binary representation
• Convert XML data contained in query result into TLV
• Two example conversion methods
Method A: Applicable to any XML data
• Alias-based conversion
•
•
•
•
•
•
Convert XML namespace names to integers
Convert XML tag names to integers
Convert XML attribute names to integers
Convert ENTRY names to integers
•
Mappings are carried with data
Dynamic integer mapping
Method B: Applicable to a particular query language
• Semantic bundling
•
•
•
Two or more semantically -related XML tags are mapped to a single integer for further optimization
Taking advantage of the knowledge of the query language syntax
Apply Method A for other operations
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Method A
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TLV Format
for XML binary encoding
Octets:
0x1= STR
0x2= XMLVER
0x3 = DOCTYPE
0x4 = ENTDEF
0x5 = DOC
0x6 = NSDEF
0x7 = BASE
0x8 = TAGDEF
0x9 = ATRDEF
0xa = ENT
0xb = NS
0xc = TAG
0xd = ATR
0xe = STRALDEF
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Type
Length
Value
1
2
Variable
Type field values
0xf = STRAL
0x10 = YES
0x11 = NO
0x12 = BLANKNODE
0x13 = RDFTRIPLES
0x14 = VARIABLE
0x15 = RESULT
…
STR TLV
• Value field contains an octet string
Octets:
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0x1
Length
Octet String
1
2
Variable
STRALDEF TLV
• Value field: String Alias Number and Octet String
Octets:
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0xe
Length
1
2
String Alias
Octet String
Number
2
Variable
STRAL TLV
• Value field:
Octets:
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0xf
Length
1
2
String Alias
Number
2
XMLVER TLV
• Corresponds to <?xml version=“…”> tag
• Value field contains the version string
• In case of <?xml version=“1.0”>, XMLVER TLV can be omitted
Octets:
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0x2
Length
Octet String
1
2
2
DOCTYPE TLV
• Corresponds to <!DOCTYPE document_type> commentary tag
• Value field contains the document_type string
Octets:
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0x3
Length
STR TLV
1
2
2
ENTDEF TLV
• Corresponds to “<!ENTRY entry_name entry_value>”
Octets:
0x4
Length
1
2
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Entry
Number
2
STR TLV
(Entry name)
Variable
STR TLV
(Entry value)
Variable
DOC TLV
• Corresponds to the first non-commentary tag
Octets:
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0x5
Length
1
2
List of NSDEF TLVs BASE Value
(option)
(Octet String)
Variable
Variable
NSDEF TLV
• Corresponds to “xmlns:namespace_name” attribute
Octets:
0x6
Length
1
2
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NS
Number
2
STR TLV
STR TLV or ENT TLV
(NS name [Optional])
(NS value)
Variable
Variable
BASE TLV
• Corresponds to “xmln:base” attribute
Octets:
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0x7
Length
STR TLV or ENT TLV
1
2
Variable
TAGDEF TLV
• Corresponds to the non-commentary tags except for the first
one
Octets:
0x8
Length
1
2
Tag
Number
2
NS Number
2
Tag Name
(Octet String)
Variable
If there is no explicit namespece, then NS Number value is 0 (zero)
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Predefined Tag Numbers (1..999)
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
sparql= 1
head = 2
variable = 3
results = 4
result = 5
binding = 6
literal = 7
boolean = 8
TAGDEF TLV is not needed for the above tags
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TAG TLV
• Corresponds to a non-commentary tag
Octets:
0xc
Length
Tag
Number
Zero or more
ATR TLVs
1
2
2
Variable
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Zero or more TAG TLVs
or TAGDEFs or
ATRDEFs or STR TLV or
STRAL TLV [OPTIONAL]
Variable
ATRDEF TLV
• Corresponds to an attribute_name=attribute_value part in tag
Octets:
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0x9
Length
1
2
Attribute
Number
2
Attribute Name
(Octet String)
Variable
Predefined Attribute Numbers (1..999)
• name = 1
• datatype = 2
• ordered = 3
• distince = 4
ATRDEF TLV is not needed for the above attribute numbers
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ATR TLV
• Corresponds to an attribute_name=attribute_value part in tag
Octets:
0xd
Length
1
2
Attribute
Number
2
Entry
Number
2
If there is no explicit entry, then Entry Number value is 0 (zero)
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STR TLV or
STRAL TLV
Variable
ENT TLV
Octets:
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0xa
Length
1
2
Entry
Number
2
NS TLV
Octets:
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0xb
Length
1
2
NS
Number
2
Type of query used in XML
• XML-based query language, e.g., SPARQL, has three types
query:
• Construction query: used for sub-graph fetch
•
•
Selection query: used for selected bindings
•
•
RDF triples are returned
pairs of variable names and values are returned
Boolean query: Used for binary answer
•
“yes” or “no” is returned
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Example of a Construction query
• Query for obtaining IEs of a neighboring PoA
PREFIX mihbase: <http://www.mih.org/>
CONSTRUCT ?s ?p ?o
WHERE {
GRAPH ?g1{
?s ?p ?o
?x mihbase:poa ?poa.
?poa mihbase:poa-type 19 .
?poa mihbase:poa-id “aabbccddeeff” .
}
}
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Construction query result
• Query result in XML 1.0 (1198 Bytes)
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<!DOCTYPE rdf:RDF [
<!ENTITY rdf "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdfsyntax-ns#">
<!ENTITY rdfs "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdfschema#">
<!ENTITY mihbase "http://www.mih.org/basicschema#">
<!ENTITY base
"http://mediaindependentinformationserver.org/" >
]>
<rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf="&rdf;"
xmlns:rdfs="&rdfs;"
xmlns:mihbase="&mihbase;"
xml:base="&base;">
<rdf:Description rdf:about="&base;network2">
<rdf:type rdf:resource="&mihbase;Network"/>
<mihbase:mdi>
<rdf:Description>
<mihbase:data-rate>54000</mihbase:data-rate>
</rdf:Description>
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• Query result in XML binary in TLV
(680 Bytes)
[0x3][229][
[0x1][7]["rdf:RDF"]
[0x4][54][1][
[0x1][3]["rdf"]
[0x1][43]["http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntaxns#"] ]
[0x4][49][2][
[0x1][4]["rdfs"]
[0x1][37]["http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#"] ]
[0x4][47][3][
[0x1][7]["mihbase"]
[0x1][32]["http://www.mih.org/basic-schema#"] ]
[0x4][57][4][
[0x1][4]["base"]
[0x1][45]["http://mediaindependentinformationserver.or
g/"] ] ]
[0x5][61] [
[0x6][13][1][ [0x1][3]["rdf"]
[0xa][2][1] ]
[0x6][14][2][ [0x1][4]["rdfs"]
[0xa][2][2]]
[0x6][17][3][ [0x1][7]["mihbase"]
[0xa][2][3]]
[0x7][5][ [0xa][2][4]]]]
[0x8][15][1000][1]["Description"]
[0x9][9][1000][1]["about"]
</mihbase:mdi>
<mihbase:mii>
<rdf:Description>
<mihbase:poa>
<rdf:Description>
<mihbase:poa-type>19</mihbase:poa-type>
<mihbase:poa-id>aabbccddeeff</mihbase:poaid>
</rdf:Description>
</mihbase:poa>
<mihbase:neighboring-poa>
<rdf:Description>
<mihbase:poa-type>19</mihbase:poa-type>
<mihbase:poa-id>112233445566</mihbase:poaid>
</rdf:Description>
</mihbase:neighboring-poa>
<mihbase:neighboring-poa>
<rdf:Description>
<mihbase:poa-type>19</mihbase:poa-type>
<mihbase:poa-id>0123456789ab</mihbase:poaid>
</rdf:Description>
</mihbase:neighboring-poa>
</rdf:Description>
</mihbase:mii>
</rdf:Description>
</rdf:RDF>
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[0xc][310][1000][
[0xd][15][1][
[0xa][2][4]["network2"] ]
[0x8][8][1001][1]["type"]
[0x9][12][1001][1]["resource"]
[0xc][16][1001][
[0xd][11][1001][3]["Network"] ]
[0x8][7][1002][3]["mdi"]
[0xc][37][1002][
[0xc][32][1000][
[0x8][14][1003][0x1][9]["data-rate"]
[0xc][10][1003][0x1][5][“54000”] ] ]
[0x8][7][1004][3]["mii"]
[0xc][182][1004][
[0xc][177][1000][
[0x8][7][1005][3]["poa"]
[0xc][60][1000][
[0x8][12][1006][3]["poa-type"]
[0xc][7][1006][0x1][2][“19”]
[0x8][10][1007][3]["poa-id"]
[0xc][17][1007][0x1][12]["aabbccddeeff"] ]
[0x8][19][1008][3]["neighboring-poa"]
[0xc][37][1008][
[0xc][32][1000][
[0xc][7][1006][0x1][2][“19”]
[0xc][17][1007][0x1][12]["112233445566"] ] ]
[0xc][37][1008][
[0xc][32][1000][
[0xc][7][1006][0x1][2][“19”]
[0xc][17][1007][0x1][12]["0123456789ab"] ] ] ] ] ]
Example of a Selection query
• Query for obtaining neighboring PoA
PREFIX mihbase: <http://www.mih.org/>
SELECT ?poa-id
WHERE { ?mii mihbase:poa ?poa .
?poa mihbase:poa-id 123456789abc .
?mii mihbase:neighboring-poa ?neighboring-poa .
?neighboring-poa mihbase:poa-id ?poa-id .}
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Selection query result
• Query result in XML 1.0 (1596 Bytes)
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<sparql xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2005/sparqlresults#">
<head>
<variable name=”poa-id”/>
</head>
<results ordered=”false” distince=”false”>
<result>
<binding name=”poa-id”>
<literal
datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#hexBi
nary"> aabbccddeeff</literal></binding>
</result>
<result>
<binding name=”poa-id”>
<literal
datatype=”http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#hexBi
nary”>
112233445566</literal></binding>
…….(more 8 poa-ids are written here)
</rebult>
</results>
</sparql >
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• Query result in XML binary in TLV
(694 Bytes)
[0xc][694][1][
[0x6][41][0][
[0x1][38]["http://www.w3.org/2005/sparqlresults#"]]
[0xc][20][2][
[0xc][15][3][
[0x9][10][1][0]["poa-id"]]]
[0xc][621][4][
[0x9][9][3][0]["false"][0x9][9][4][0]["false"]
[0xc][97][5][
[0xc][15][6][
[0x9][10][1][0]["poa-id"]]
[0xc][76][7][
[0xe][44][1][http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#hexBin
ary]
[0x9][9][2][0][0xf][2][1]
[0x1][12]["aabbccddeeff"]]]
[0xc][52][5][
[0xc][15][6][
[0x9][10][1][0]["poa-id"]]
[0xc][29][7][
[0x9][9][2][0][0xf][2][1]
[0x1][12]["112233445566"]]]
…(more 8 poa-ids are written here)
]]
Example of a Boolean query
• Query for asking if a neighboring PoA is 802.11
PREFIX mihbase: <http://www.mih.org/>
ASK {?poa mihbase:poa-type 19 ;
?poa mihbase:poa-id “aabbccddeeff” }
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Boolean query result
• Query result in XML 1.0 (153 Bytes)
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<sparql
xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2005/06/sparqlResults">
<head></head>
<results>
<boolean>true</boolean>
</results>
</sparql>
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• Query result in XML binary in TLV (52
Bytes)
[0xc][49][1][0x6][44][1][0x1][39]["http://www.w3.org/2005
/06/sparqlResults"]
[0xc][2][2]
[0xc][14][4]
[0xc][9][8][0x1][4]["true"] ]
Comparison of the formats
1198
Construction query
680
1596
Method A
Selection query
694
153
Boolean query
52
0
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500
1000
1500
Number of encoded bytes
2000
XML 1.0
Method B
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TLV Format
for XML binary encoding
Octets:
0x1= STR
0x2= XMLVER
0x3 = DOCTYPE
0x4 = ENTDEF
0x5 = DOC
0x6 = NSDEF
0x7 = BASE
0x8 = TAGDEF
0x9 = ATRDEF
0xa = ENT
0xb = NS
0xc = TAG
0xd = ATR
0xe = STRALDEF
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Type
Length
Value
1
2
Variable
Type field values
0xf = STRAL
0x10 = YES
0x11 = NO
0x12 = BLANKNODE
0x13 = RDFTRIPLES
0x14 = VARIABLE
0x15 = RESULT
…
YES TLV
•
•
•
•
Value field: NULL
This TLV may be used for encoding result of “yes” for Boolean query of SPARQL.
When this TLV is carried, other TLVs carried in the same query result can be omitted.
Receiver which receives this TLV decodes it to an appropriate XML format for the corresponding
SPARQL Query results.
Octets:
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0x10
Length(=0)
1
2
NO TLV
•
•
•
•
Value field: NULL
This TLV may be used for encoding result of “no” for Boolean query of SPARQL.
When this TLV is carried, other TLVs carried in the same query result can be omitted.
Receiver which receives this TLV decodes it to an appropriate XML format for the corresponding
SPARQL Query results.
Octets:
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0x11
Length(=0)
1
2
BLANKNODE TLV
0x12
Octets:
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1
Length(=2) Blank Node Number
2
2
RDFTRIPLES TLV
Octets:
0x13
Length
1
2
Zero or more
NS TLV (Optional)
(Subject)
Variable
BLANKNODE TLV or
STR TLV or
STRAL TLV (Subject)
Variable
Zero or more
Zero or more
BLANKNODE TLV or
NS TLV (Optional)
NS TLV (Optional)
STR TLV or
(Predicate)
(Object)
STRAL TLV (Predicate)
Variable
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Variable
Variable
BLANKNODE TLV or
STR TLV or
STRAL TLV (Object)
Variable
VARIABLE TLV
Octets:
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0x14
Length
STR TLV
1
2
Variable
RESULT TLV
Octets:
0x15
Length
NS TLV
(OPTIONAL)
BLANKNODE TLV or
STR TLV or STRAL TLV
1
2
Variable
Variable
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Construction query result with SPARQL optimization
•
(SPARQL Query Results XML
Format) 1198 Bytes
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<!DOCTYPE rdf:RDF [
<!ENTITY rdf "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdfsyntax-ns#">
<!ENTITY rdfs "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdfschema#">
<!ENTITY mihbase "http://www.mih.org/basicschema#">
<!ENTITY base
"http://mediaindependentinformationserver.org/" >
]>
<rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf="&rdf;"
xmlns:rdfs="&rdfs;"
xmlns:mihbase="&mihbase;"
xml:base="&base;">
<rdf:Description rdf:about="&base;network2">
<rdf:type rdf:resource="&mihbase;Network"/>
<mihbase:mdi>
<rdf:Description>
<mihbase:data-rate>54000</mihbase:data-rate>
</rdf:Description>
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•
(TLV) 587Bytes
[0x6][50][1][0x1][45]["http://mediaindependentinformatio
nserver.org/"]
[0x6][37][2][0x1][32]["http://www.mih.org/basicschema#"]
[0x6][48][3][0x1][43]["http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdfsyntax-ns#"]
[0x13][43]
[0xb][2][1][0x1][8]["network2"]
[0xb][2][3][0x1][4]["type"]
[0xb][2][2][0x1][7]["Network"] ]
[0x13][30]
[0x12][2][1]
[0xb][2][2][0x1][9]["data-rate"]
[0x1][5]["54000"] ]
[0x13][32]
[0xb][2][1][0x1][8]["network2"]
[0xb][2][2][0x1][3]["mdi"]
[0x12][2][1] ]
[0x13][26]
[0x12][2][3]
[0xb][2][2][0x1][8]["poa-type"]
[0x1][2]["19"] ]
[0x13][34]
[0x12][2][3]
[0xb][2][2][0x1][6]["poa-id"]
[0x1][12]["aabbccddeeff"] ]
</mihbase:mdi>
<mihbase:mii>
<rdf:Description>
<mihbase:poa>
<rdf:Description>
<mihbase:poa-type>19</mihbase:poa-type>
<mihbase:poa-id>aabbccddeeff</mihbase:poaid>
</rdf:Description>
</mihbase:poa>
<mihbase:neighboring-poa>
<rdf:Description>
<mihbase:poa-type>19</mihbase:poa-type>
<mihbase:poa-id>112233445566</mihbase:poaid>
</rdf:Description>
</mihbase:neighboring-poa>
<mihbase:neighboring-poa>
<rdf:Description>
<mihbase:poa-type>19</mihbase:poa-type>
<mihbase:poa-id>0123456789ab</mihbase:poaid>
</rdf:Description>
</mihbase:neighboring-poa>
</rdf:Description>
</mihbase:mii>
</rdf:Description>
</rdf:RDF>
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[0x13][21]
[0x12][2][2]
[0xb][2][2][0x1][3]["poa"]
[0x12][2][3] ]
[0x13][26]
[0x12][2][4]
[0xb][2][2][0x1][8]["poa-type"]
[0x1][2]["19"] ]
[0x13][34]
[0x12][2][4]
[0xb][2][2][0x1][6]["poa-id"]
[0x1][12]["112233445566"] ]
[0x13][33]
[0x12][2][2]
[0xb][2][2][0x1][15]["neighboring-poa"]
[0x12][2][4] ]
[0x13][26]
[0x12][2][5]
[0xb][2][2][0x1][8]["poa-type"]
[0x1][2]["19"] ]
[0x13][34]
[0x12][2][5]
[0xb][2][2][0x1][6]["poa-id"]
[0x1][12]["0123456789ab"] ]
[0x13][33]
[0x12][2][2]
[0xb][2][2][0x1][15]["neighboring-poa"]
[0x12][2][5] ]
[0x13][32]
[0xb][2][1][0x1][8]["network2"]
[0xb][2][2][0x1][3]["mii"]
[0x12][2][2] ]
Selection query result with SPARQL optimization
• (SPARQL Query Results XML Format)
1596 Bytes
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<sparql xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2005/sparqlresults#">
<head>
<variable name=”poa-id”/>
</head>
<results ordered=”false” distince=”false”>
<result>
<binding name=”poa-id”>
<literal
datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#hexBi
nary"> aabbccddeeff</literal></binding>
</result>
<result>
<binding name=”poa-id”>
<literal
datatype=”http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#hexBi
nary”>
112233445566</literal></binding>
…….(more 8 poa-ids are written here)
</rebult>
</results>
</sparql >
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• (TLV) 192Bytes
[0x14][9][0x1][6]["poa-id"]
[0x15][15][0x1][12]["aabbccddeeff"]
[0x15][15][0x1][12]["112233445566"]
.....(more 8 poa-ids are written here)
Boolean query result with SPARQL optimization
• (SPARQL Query Results XML
Format) 153 Bytes
• (TLV) 3Bytes
[0x10][0]
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<sparql
xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2005/06/sparqlResults">
<head></head>
<results>
<boolean>true</boolean>
</results>
</sparql>
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Comparison of the formats
1198
Construction query
587
1596
Method B
Selection query
192
153
Boolean query
3
0
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500
1000
1500
Number of encoded bytes
2000
XML 1.0
Comparison between
Method A and Method B
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Comparison of the formats
XML 1.0
1198
680
587
Construction query
Method A
413
Method B
1596
694
Selection query
192
290
gzip
153
52
Boolean query
3
150
0
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500
1000
1500
Number of encoded bytes
2000
Two types of conversions
Direct Conversion
Binary
Data
3-Step Conversion
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Internal
Data
XML
DOM
Data conversion time measured on
PDA (CPU: ARM 206MHz, OS: Linux)
Constuction Query
Direct Conversion
Method A
Binary to XML
3Step Conversion
TBD
gunzip
TBD
N/A
TBD
15
XML to DOM
41
41
41
DOM to Internal
33
33
33
Total
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7
Binary(TLV) to Internal
Method B
TBD
TBD
89
Backup
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Data conversion time for Method A
measured on PC
Internal data: DOM (Document Object Model)
CPU: Pentium-M 1.7GHz
OS: Linux
•Construction query
Internal to XML : 1-2ms
XML to TLV: 2-3ms
•Selection query
Internal to XML : 3ms
XML to TLV: 3ms
•Boolean query
Internal to XML : 1ms
XML to TLV: 2ms
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