Bio-Process Kinetics
Process Biotechnology
Anondho WIJANARKO
University of Indonesia
Simplified Lecture Notes
For Instructor
To Dwi Imanti
and
Adam Aulia, Musa Maulana, Isa Dzulqarnain
and Lovely Muhammad Al Muhammad
CONTENTS
 Microbial Growth
– Microbial Cell Growth
– Classical & Empirical Growth Kinetics
 Environmental Alteration Studies
– Light Illumination Effect
– Temperature Effect
 Microbial Kinetic Studies
– Non Elementer Reaction
– Microbial Growth Reaction Kinetics
Microbial Growth
Microbial Cell Growth
 Mode of Growth
– Selective assimilation of nutrients and
convert into and also include Chemical
rearrangement of protoplasmic material
characteristic of the particular organism
– Production of an increased amount of
nuclear substance and cell division
Growth Phase
Growth Phase





Induction Phase (Lag Phase)
Transient Phase (Acceleration Phase)
Exponential Phase
Stationary Phase (Declining Phase)
Death Phase
Question Sheet
 Why microbial growth have an lag phase?
 Why death phase could be occurred in microbial
growth?
 What is essential nutrient for growth of organism
especially prokaryotes?
 What is important factor for cell division?
Growth Approximation
Growth Constants
Exponential – Stationary Growth Phase
Total Biomass Production(G)
G  (Xm  Xi )
Incident growth rate, Incident mean division rate (mf)
 ln XX2  1 dX
1 
mf  
 
 t  t  X dt
 2 1
Specific growth rate, Beginning mean division rate (m)
1 dX
m  lim 
t 0 X
dt
Doubling time of population (tD); exponential growth
phase
ln 2
tD 
m
Classical Growth Kinetics
Empirical Approximation
 Monod Growth Kinetic
s
μf  μ 
Κs  s
 Tessier Growth Kinetic
mf  m  1  e
s / Ks
 Moser Growth Kinetic

mf  m  1  K s  s
 Contois Growth Kinetic
s
mf  m 
B X  s

  1
Empirical Growth Kinetics
Medium constituent Inhibition
 Andrews Growth Kinetic
s
mf  m 
2
s
Ks  s  K i
 Aiba Growth Kinetic
mf  m 
sKp
K s  s  K p  p 
Growth Kinetics
Multiple essential nutrient
 Bailey Growth Kinetic
s3
s1
s2
mf  m 


 ...
K s1  s1 K s 2  s2 K s 3  s3
Home Work
 Which kinetic approximation do you choose in case of
microbial growth of Hepatotoxin produced Oscilatoria
Agardhii NIVA CYA 97 in low temperature?
 Which empirical equation that you choose of
inoculation of microorganism in case of multiple
content limitation of nutrients, such as Mg2+, phosphate,
Nitrate and organic compound?
 Which kinetic approximation do you choose of
cultivation photosynthetic microorganism that did not
grew up in pH above 7.8?
Simple Bio-Production Kinetic
 Cellular growth rate
dX
 μ f  X
– Monod approximation dt
s
μf  μ 
Κs  s
– Yield factor

X   dX
dt 
YX / s 
 ds
s   dt 
YP / X
dX
s X
 μ
dt
Ks  s

P   dP
dt 

 dX
X   dt 
 Substrate Utilization
 Product Formation
(Beginning of Stationary Phase)
ds
μ
s X
 

dt Y X / s K s  s
dP
s X
 YP / X  m 
dt
Ks  s
Environmental
Alteration Studies
Microbial Growth Kinetic
Enviromental Condition
 Direct Effects
– Light Illumination (Energy Source)
– Temperature
– Essential nutrients content
 Indirect Effects
– Gas inlet volumetric rate
– Gas inlet content
– Liquid circulation rate
– Non essential nutrients content
Light Illumination Effect
 Oscillatoria agardhi Gomont
– (Post AF, R de Witt, LC Mur, J. Plank. Res., 7 (1985) 487-495)
Temperature effect
 Modified Arhenius Model
m  Ae
 Ea / RT

T




1 e
T
Sd
R
H d
R
Temperature Effect
Classification of Microorganism
Question Sheet
 What is happen if microorganism is at 90oC? Why?
 In case of decreasing of temperature about 20oC from
optimum temperature, what is happen in case of
microbial growth rate?
 In case of ethanol production that was S. sake have
ethanol tolerance around 10%, what do you do to make
an whisky industry?
 Why a shade microbe does not grew well in high light
illumination and commonly have not high temperature
resistance?
Temperature Effect
Cellular Consideration

Psychrophile
– Obligate



–
Facultative




Anabena cylindrica Lemmerman
Oscillatoria Agardhi Gomont
Nostoc commune Antartica
Mesophile
–
–
–

Protococcus Agardh SS 100-3
Oscillatoria redekei Van Goor
Oscillatoria sp. SS 100-5
Synechococcus leopoliensis
Anabaena variabilis IAM M3
Microcystis Aeruginosa IAM M228
Thermophile
–
–
–
Mastigocladus laminosus HTF
Synechococcus lividus OH75S
Synechcocus elongatus It 7S
Home Work
 Why optimum specific growth rate values of
psychrophile factually, lower than thermophile?
 Why GC content of microbial DNA is important
for classification of organism in terms of growth
rate dependence on temperature?
 What is DBI?
Microbial Kinetic Studies
Non Elementer Reaction
 Common reaction rate
ds
n

 k s
dt
– N = integer
– N = non integer
Non Elementer Example :
Elementer
Non Elementer
CH 3CHO  CH 4  CO

H 2  Br2  2HBr
3
d CH 3CHO 
 k  CH 3CHO  2
dt
d Br2  k1 'Br2  2  H 2 


dt
[ HBr ]  k2 'Br2 
3
Reaction Mechanism
2NO  2H 2  N2  2H 2O
k1
2 NO  N 2O2
k2
k 1
N 2O2  H 2  N 2  H 2O2
k3
H 2  H 2O2  2 H 2O
d H 2O2 
0
dt
d  N 2 O2 
0
dt
N 2O2 / H 2O2
k2  N 2O2  H 2   k3  H 2O2  H 2   0
k1  NO  k 1  N 2O2   k 2  N 2O2  H 2   0
2
H 2O2   k 2 N 2O2 
k3
2

k1
NO
 N 2 O2  

k 1  k 2 1  H 2 
2
 k1


d N 2 
NO 
k1  k 2
H2 
2


 k 2  N 2O2  H 2   k 2  
 H 2  
 NO 

dt
k 1  k 2
1  H 2 
 k 1  k 2 1  H 2  
Question Sheet
 What is mechanism path?
 What definition of intermediate species?
 What was become determining factor of reaction
rate?
Microbial Growth
Enzymatic Reaction/Kinetic consideration

Michaelis-Menten Kinetics
– Reaction mechanism
k2
ES  P  E
k1
– Kinetic equation
E  S  ES
k 1
mf 

m s
Km  s
Substrate Actvation and Inhibition
– Reaction mechanism
k2
k1
– Kinetic equation

E  S  ES
k 1
mf 
ES  S  ES2
m s
k1
E  S  ES
– Kinetic equation
ES  P  E
K m  s  s 2 / Ki
Product Activation and Inhibition
– Reaction mechanism
k 2
k3
k 1
mf  m 
k2
ES  P  E
sKp
K s  s  K p  p 
k3
ES  P  ESP
k 3
Michaelis-Menten Kinetics
 Reaction mechanism
k1
E  S  ES
 Kinetic derivation k 1
E0  E  ES 
k2
ES  P  E
ES 0  0
ES   0
d


dt ES   k1  S  E  k 1  k 2  ES 
d
dt
ES  
k1
k1
S E 
 S E0  ES 
k 1  k 2
k 1  k 2
ES   Ek0  S k
S  1 2
k1
d
dt
P  k 2  ES  
k2  E0  S
k k 
S   1 2 
 k1 

dtd Pmax  S
S  Km
Home Work
 Please exhibit kinetic derivation of substrate
activation and inhibition?
 Please exhibit kinetic derivation of product
activation and inhibition?
 What do you think about reaction kinetic if Km is
high that was indicated in bioremediation of
toluene by C. nivalis?
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3.
4.
5.
6.
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