Chapter 21 Notes Bull Run The South They won the battle BUT Inflated confidence Soldiers deserted Preparations slackened The Union Lost the battle BUT Dispelled illusions for short war Northerners buckled down Eventually waged for Emancipation New York Irish Regiment celebrating Mass Both armies experienced religious revivals during the war. This photograph shows members of a largely Irish regiment from New York celebrating Mass at the beginning of the war. Notice the presence of some female visitors in the left Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. foreground. (Library of Congress) Peninsula Campaign / Seven Days’ Battle A Northern failure Although the South lost 20,000 men compared to the North’s 10,000 men If McClellan would have succeeded it would have restored union as is [Slavery intact] The loss actually ensures a war until slavery is destroyed Can’t destroy the government without paying a price Lincoln drafts the Emancipation Proclamation Six Components of the Northern Military Plan 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Slowly suffocate South by blockading its coasts Liberate the slaves and undermine economic foundations of the Old South Cut Confederacy in ½ by seizing control of Mississippi River backbone Chop Confederacy in pieces by sending troops through Georgia and the Carolinas Decapitate by capturing capital at Richmond Try everywhere to engage enemy's main strength and to grind it into submission War at Sea The blockade didn’t start out great but eventually extended by degrees Britain quick to comply since it was their chief offensive weapon Didn’t want that coming back to slap them in the face in later wars Merrimack (wooden ship with iron sides vs. Monitor (an actual iron ship) Fought to a standstill Spells doom for the wooden warships globally Lincoln at Sharpsburg, October 1862 Very much the commander-in-chief, President Lincoln visited Union forces on the battlefield on several occasions and was deeply involved in every aspect of the war's execution. Although his only military experience before taking office consisted of brief service in the Black Hawk War, Lincoln's abilities as a military strategist far exceeded that of most of his generals. Here he stands behind Union lines at Antietam with Allan Pinkerton, the detective who provided the Union army with intelligence information, and General John McClernand, who often accompanied the president in his travels. (Library of Congress) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 2nd Battle of Bull run August 29-30 1862 After victory Lee thrusts into Maryland Hoping to gain foreign intervention Seducing Border States Found Lee’s military plans Antietam September 17, 1962 Most decisive Battle in Civil War (12 hrs) Bloodiest SINGLE day of the war Stopped interference from Britain and France Emancipation springboard Lincoln wouldn’t do it until they had a military victory It would look like they were incapable of conquering the South and that they needed slaves to murder their masters to win. Antietam In the photograph of Antietam, dead rebel gunners lie next to the wreckage of their battery. (Library of Congress) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Confederate Dead at the Dunker Church by Mathew Brady An exhibition of photographs from the Battle of Antietam, taken by Mathew Brady, opened in October of 1862 in New York City. Although few knew it, Brady's vision was very poor, and this photograph of Confederate dead was actually made by his assistants, Alexander Gardner and James F. Gibson. (Library of Congress) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Antietam by James Hope A painting of the Antietam battlefield by James Hope, a Union soldier of the Second Vermont Infantry, shows three brigades of Union troops advancing under Confederate fire. The building in the painting, a Dunker church, was the scene of furious fighting. (Antietam National Battlefield, Sharpsburg, Maryland) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Antietam dead, Confederates lined for burial This photograph of corpses awaiting burial was one of ninety-five taken by Mathew Brady and his assistants of the Antietam battlefield, the bloodiest single day of the war. It was the first time Americans had seen war depicted so realistically. When Brady's photographs went on display in New York in 1862, throngs of people waited in line to see them. (Library of Congress) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Freedom to the Slave, 1863 This engraving celebrating the Emancipation Proclamation first appeared in 1863. While it places a white Union soldier in the center, it also portrays the important role of African American troops and emphasizes the importance of education and literacy. (The Library Company of Philadelphia) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. The Emancipation Proclamation “The character of the war will be changed. It will be one of subjugation…The [old] South is to be destroyed and replaced by new propositions and ideas.” Declared slaves in those of the Confederate states still in rebellion “forever free” Loyal border states were not affected nor specific conquered areas in the South (total: 800,000) The proclamation was “an act of justice” and calling for the “considerate judgment of mankind and the gracious favor of Almighty God.” A stronger proclamation than emancipation Consequences… Thousands of slaves flocked to the invading union Thus crippling already rundown plantations of their workforce Lincoln’s immediate goal was not only to liberate the slaves but also to strengthen the moral cause of the union at home and abroad. Legally achieved by action of the individual states and by their ratification of the 13th Amendment in 1865…8 months after the war had ended. Changed the nature of the war because it effectively removed any chance of a negotiated settlement. Both sides knew it would be a fight to the finish Consequences…Continued Opposition mounted in the north Many soldiers deserted Crucial congressional elections in 1862 went heavily against the administration Caused outcry from the South Aristocrats of Europe quick to point out only applies to rebel slaveholders Old World working class more determined to support the North and oppose any intervention The North has a stronger moral cause while the moral position of the South was correspondingly diminished Fredericksburg, Virginia A.E. Burnside launched a rash frontal attack on Lee’s strong position on December 13, 1862 More than 10,000 Union soldiers were killed or wounded in “Burnside’s Slaughter Pen.” War dead, Fredericksburg Many soldiers entered the Civil War expecting excitement and colorful pageantry, but the realities of war were harsh and ugly. This photograph by Union cameraman Andrew J. Russell shows a line of southern soldiers who were killed while defending a position at Fredericksburg, Virginia. Even after Union soldiers had breached the wall, the Confederates fought on, using their rifles as clubs until they were all mowed down. Scenes like this became so common that veterans reported that they became numb to the shock of death. (Library of Congress) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Wounded at Fredericksburg In this photograph, taken outside an army hospital in Fredericksburg, Virginia, one of the many women who served as nurses during the Civil War sits with some of her wounded charges. Medical facilities and treatment for the wounded were woefully inadequate; most of those who were not killed outright by the primitive surgical practices of the day either died from their wounds or from secondary infections. (Library of Congress) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Chancellorsville, Virginia “Fighting Joe” Hooker takes command Lee sends “Stonewall” Jackson to attack the Union flank Victory probably Lee’s most brilliant But at a cost Stonewall killed by own men by accident Lee loses “right hand man” First Day at Gettysburg by James Walker During the summer of 1863, Confederate General Robert E. Lee proposed a daring invasion into Pennsylvania in hopes that it might force the Union to end the war. It proved to be a turning point, but not the one Lee anticipated. At Gettysburg, a series of battles like the one shown here--this one on the first day of the fighting--cost Lee more than half of his entire army and forced him to retreat back into Virginia. President Lincoln hoped that the Union army would pursue the fleeing Confederates and destroy the remnants of Lee's force, but he was disappointed when he learned that Lee had escaped. "Our Army held the war in the hollow of their hand," Lincoln complained, "and they would not close it." (West Point Museum, United States Military Academy, West Point, New York) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Gettysburg July 1-3, 1863 Pennsylvania ~ 170,000 union men in combat with lee’s 76,000 men Lee sees it as another chance to win over influence from Europe The bloodiest battle of the war 23,000 Union Soldiers 28,000 Confederate soldiers On July 3 at 3:00 P.M., Confederate general George Pickett led his disastrous charge on Cemetery Ridge. The attack failed and Lee retreated into Virginia. General Meade, recognizing that his men were exhausted, refused to follow Lee's troops, and the Civil War continued for two more long and bloody years. Meade was criticized as overcautious for failing to pursue Lee, but military historians tend to exonerate him. Consequences… Broke the heart of the Confederate cause Lincoln refused to let the peace delegation through the lines From now on the Southern cause was doomed In November 1863 Lincoln returned to dedicate the cemetery giving his Gettysburg Address Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address "Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth, upon this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal." He concluded, "government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth." "The world will little note, nor long remember, what we say here, but can never forget what they did here." Lincoln's ten sentences are the most famous speech in American history and, it has been argued, recast the principles of American government. A Harvest of Death, Gettysburg, July 1863 (Library of Congress) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Injured Confederate Soldiers Captured at Gettysburg, 1863 by Mathew Brady At the end of the three-day Battle of Gettysburg, Lee's army had suffered over 25,000 casualties. These uninjured Confederate captives, who refused to face the camera and stare off in different directions, may have spent the rest of the war in northern prison camps. (Library of Congress) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Sharpshooter's Last Sleep, Devils Den This is a Civil War photograph of a sharpshooter at Devil's Den on the Gettysburg battlefield. (Library of Congress) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.