HS1. The Nervous System, Lecture Packet
The Nervous System
CNS (Central Nervous System) and PNS (Peripheral Nervous System)
**
3 Functions of the Nervous System
1. Sensation –
2. Integration –
3. Response –
2 Divisions of the Nervous System
CNS – Central Nervous System
a.
b.
c.
PNS – Peripheral Nervous System
a.
b.
c.
d.
Divisions of PNS
1. Autonomic Nervous System:
2. Somatic Nervous System:
Neurons = Nerve Cells
Require large amounts of oxygen and glucose
Live a long time:
No mitosis:
Neurons
Neuron =
Soma =
Dendrites =
Sensory =
Neurons
Axon:
Motor –
Synaptic Terminal –
Neurons (continued)
White matter –
Gray matter –
Sensory (afferent) neurons –
Motor (efferent) neurons –
Concept Check Questions
1. What does CNS stand for and what organs does it consist of?
2. What division of the PNS controls involuntary functions?
3. What is the cell body of a neuron?
Bonus Question (1 extra point)
What takes impulses away from the cell body? And, What is it covered with?
Nerve Transmission

Nerve messages are transmitted electrically

Neurotransmitter –
Examples:
Synapse
Synapse –
Nerves
Nerve –
Tract –
Sensory (afferent) nerves –
Motor (efferent) nerves –
Mixed nerves –
Reflex Arc – pathway through the nervous system.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Concept Check Questions
1. What is the Reflex Arc?
2. What is the name of the nerves that bring info to the brain?
Spinal Cord
17 – 18 inches long:
Pathway to and from the brain, also functions independently

Begins:

Surrounded by meninges: contains a Hollow core called the - ____________________
_______________.

Central Canal:
3 Layers –
Spinal Cord Functions
1.
2.
3.
Clinical Procedures
Lumbar Puncture –
Regional Anesthesia –
Example:
Disorders
Poliomyelitis (Polio):
Disorders Cont…..
Spinal Cord Injury –
Paraplegia –
Quadriplegia –
Disorders (cont…..)
Multiple Sclerosis –
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis –
Concept Check Questions
1. What are the layers of the spinal cord?
2. What is an example of a reflex activity?
3. What happens to the myelin around the axons in multiple sclerosis?
Spinal Nerves
31 pair –
Link CNS to neck, trunk, arms, and legs
Ganglion –
Plexus –
Disorders of Spinal Nerves
Neuritis –
Sciatica –
NeuralgiaHerpes zoster – shingles -
ANS- Autonomic Nervous System (Part of the PNS)
2 Divisions have opposite effects
Sympathetic –
a.
b.
ANS Continued……
Parasympathetic –
a.
b.
c. Why is it a bad idea to exercise after a big meal?
Disorders
Hypertension –
Can be caused by _________________________, kidney disease or ______________
_______________________ _____________________ response due to high stress level.
____________________________ causes the __________________ to work too hard and leads to
______________ disease. The increase wear and tear on the arteries caused by HTN can lead to
CVA (Cerebrovascular Accident).
Disorders
Mass Reflex Reaction –
The Brain
Is there a connection between brain size and intelligence?
a.
b.
Average wt. of male brain =
The male brains is:
The Brain Cont…..
1. Cerebrum –
2. Diencephalon –
3. Brain Stem –
4. Cerebellum –
Meninges
3 Layer Membrane
1. Dura Mater –
2. Arachnoid –
3. Pia Mater –
Meninges Cont…
Functions
1.
2.
3.
Clinical Information
Meningitis –
Common Cause:
Traumatic Injuries
Subdural Hematoma –
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

Clear, watery fluid –

Functions:

Ventricles –
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) cont….

Hydrocephalus –
o
In Infants –
o
In Adults –
o
Treatment:
Cerebrum
2 hemispheres –
4 lobes in each –
Cerebrum Cont….
Cerebral cortex –

Gyri –

Allows us to :
Functions:
1.
2.
3.
Cerebrum (cont…)
Memory and learning – ability to recall ideas

Short Term –

Long Term –

Repetition can turn short term into long term memory
Diencephalon
Connection between cerebrum and brainstem, Controls :
Thalamus (chamber):
Hypothalamus (under thalamus):
Diencephalon (Cont…)
Limbic System –
Reticular Formation –
Brain Stem
A.
3 Parts
1. Mid brain –
a.
b.
2. Pons (bridge) –
a.
b.
c.
3. Medulla Oblongata –
Contains:
a. Respiratory center –
b. Vasomotor center –
c. Cardiac center –
Cerebellum
Functions:
a.
b.
c.
Effects of alcohol:
a.
b.
c.
Imaging and the Brain
CT – Computerized tomography:
MRI – Magnetic Resonance Imaging:
Imaging and the Brain (cont…)
PET – Positron Emission Tomography:
EEG – Electroencephalograph:
Concept Check Questions
1. Which division of the ANS is for flight or flight?
2. Which division is most active when the body is at rest?
3. What is the disorder that causes body muscles to flex spasmodically and bowels and bladder empty
reflexively?
4. What region of the brain contains the thalamus & hypothalamus?
Bonus Question (2 Extra Credit)
What is the main link between the nervous and endocrine system and explain what it does:
Brain Disorders
Encephalitis –
Cause:
CVA –
Cause:
TIA –
Brain Disorders (cont..)
Parkinson’s Disease:
Alzheimer’s Disease:
Cerebral Palsy:
Tumors:
Epilepsy:


40 different types
Abnormal electrical activity in the brain
3 Types of Seizures:
1.
2.
3.
First Aid –
Brain Disorders (Cont….)
Aphasia
 Lack of language
 Types:
o Expressive:
o
Receptive:
o
Global:
Cranial Nerves
12 Cranial Nerves:
Cranial Nerve Disorders
Bell’s Palsy –
Neuralgia –
Concept Check Questions
1. What disease is a degenerative disease linked to dopamine deficiency?
2. What disease causes brain damage before or during birth?
3. Which type of seizure causes uncontrolled motor activity such as hand-clapping or lip smacking?
4. Which type is considered an absence of seizures?