Unit 7 – Red Foxes and Bear Flags (1836-48)
I. The End of Jackson, but not Jacksonianism
A. Why was Jackson’s quote on the BUS ironic?
“I have obtained a glorious triumph… and put to death that mammoth of corruption.”
This is a strange quote coming from someone who totally embraced the spoils system and
the expansion of government.
B. What did Jackson’s opponents nickname him?
King Andrew the 1st, King Mob
C. Who was Jackson’s VP, his handpicked successor?
Van Buren
D. What were the contradictions of Martin Van Buren?
Liberty yet no discuss slavery, free enterprise except banks/tariffs, small govt. yet spoils
E. What was the name of the new opposition party of the Democrats?
WHIGS
F. Who were the Whigs and what did they support?
They supported high protective tariffs, the BUS, federal subsidies for internal improvements
like roads, canals, and railroads. They believed educated property owners best suited to run
government and they collectively hated Jackson. They did not support a laissez faire limited
government.
G. Who were the 3 leading Whigs and what issue could they not agree on?
Clay, Calhoun, Webster and the divisive issue was slavery. Clay = compromise, Calhoun =
pro, and Webster = compromise
H. Who of the three was the main spokesman of the Whigs?
Clay
I. How did Clay explain and justify his American System?
Each region would benefit each other and would bring unity to America. Roads and other
internal improvements aided all regions and states. Tariffs protected US industry and
workers. And the BUS held America together with uniform currency and a good credit rating
for America.
J. Why was Clay’s appraisal of the American System considered unrealistic and implausible?
It ignored the sectional divisions over the issue of slavery. Northern abolitionists argued that
the BUS only perpetuated slavery by allowing the south to use their slave (people) assets to
acquire good credit and get loans. The Southern proponents of slavery argued the tariff only
benefited northern industry and abolitionists.
K. How could the Whigs be summarized?
Throwback Federalists out of touch with the expanding democracy in America. They did not
agree with expanding the vote to those who were uneducated and did not own property.
II. Buckskins and Bible Thumpers
A. What does the Jacksonian period rank as?
* One of the great periods of social and cultural change
* Talented artists = Hudson River School of the Arts and paintings of landscapes
* Talented writers from Northeast and Southwest
* Transforming attitudes about the following: social relationships, health, prisons, education,
women, and slavery
* Advocates of change involved in the following reforms: communalism, vegetarianism,
temperance (no alchohol), prison, public schools, feminism, abolition
* Religious Revivals in the 2nd Great Awakening (Northeast and Old South)
- What fostered the revivals?
* changes brought about by the industrial revolution so people sought
spiritual assurance and purity, and they also sought to create perfect
society on earth. This emphasis on perfection help bring about the 2nd
Great Awakening and also utopias, religious sects, and reforms.
* the rise of DEISM also brought a focus on correct biblical teachings thus help
leading to the 2nd Great Awakening.
- When did the revivals start? As early as 1801 but mainly 1815-1860
B. What is “PERFECTIONISM”?
* Any sinner could be saved by Jesus Christ and upon salvation should pursue good works to
ensure that saving grace. The focus shifted from the afterlife to an emphasis on the
possibility of a sin free world in this life on earth. Humans were sinful but did not have to be
sinful and humans had the ability to save themselves and join together to create a perfect
world order. These perfectionists believed that Christ’s return was preceded by a 1000 year
time of perfection on earth that began with the 2nd Great Awakening.
* Examples:
1. Millerites = Christ return was imminent. Led by William Miller they climbed on
rooftops in 1843 to meet Christ as He joined them on earth. After the Great
Disappointment they became the 7th Day Adventists by 1860. They led a healthy
lifestyle and avoided certain foods. Some their members were entrepreneurs like
Kellogg (cereals) and Post (cereals).
2. Christian Scientists = Led by Mary Baker Eddy who taught spiritual healing
depended on mind over matter (faith healing).
C. What was the 2nd Great Awakening?
* a radical extension of the 1st Great Awakening
* Jacksonian preachers and laymen fanned out to convert tens of thousands of sinners
* Erie Canal Route of upstate NY a hotbed of religious fervor so area was nicknamed the
Burned Over District
* Charles Finney (NY) = a lawyer turned preacher who was an evangelical activist with
many new practices like allowing women to pray in church, camp meeting revivals for
days, informal language in sermons, and prayed for people by name. He believed in a
perfect kingdom on earth and sought reforms like abolition of slavery women’s
rights, and others.
* Joseph Smith (NY) = claimed he was visited by an angel named Moroni and the
angel showed him golden tablets which he was allowed to translate through two
mystical seer stones into the Book of Mormon. The church grew despite much
persecution starting in NY then to Ohio, Missouri, Illinois, and finally Utah. Smith was
assassinated and Brigham Young took them to settle west on the Mormon Trail
arriving in Utah.
* Impact of 2nd Great Awakening: even more toleration demanded, public schools not to
teach one specific denomination but elements of Christianity emphasized (resurrection,
faith, hope, love, and the 10 Commandments agreed upon)
III. The “ISMS”
Perfectionists not only revised traditional understandings of sin and redemption but also
sought to change the social and economic systems of the time period.
A. What is communalism?
Systems of government for autonomous (all for one purpose) local communities
B. What are examples of Communes (Communalism)?
1. Shakers = Led by Mother Ann Lee from upstate NY where the members shared property,
vegetables. Private property was considered sinful. Sex was abstained from as it was strictly
an animal instinct. God was considered both male and female and religious dances and
speaking in tongues were common in church services.
2. Transcendentalists = Largely originating from Massachusetts they stressed God in nature.
They were Deists and believed in deep meditation, individualism and non conformity,
perpetual inspiration, ecstasy, and the transcendence of reality to reach communion with
God. Famous transcendentalists were Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau.
* Fruitland’s = a transcendentalist group from Mass stressing an agrarian socialistic
community led by Alcott and Lane in 1843. It failed after a year as they were bad
farmers.
* Brook farm = a transcendentalist group from Mass led by Ripley also stressing
agrarian socialism but it too failed after countless arguments and a fire that left them
in great debt. R.W. Emerson participated but left distraught.
3. Oneida = A Bible commune led by John Humphrey Noyes in NY. They did not believe in
private property, and believed in polygamous marriages and sharing of spouses as they saw
typical marriage as a form of slavery. Their search for freedom led them to eventually reject
any social arrangements, traditions, doctrines, and family relationships. They started making
silverware and the company in some form is still around today as Onieda.
4. New Harmony = A commune led by a millionaire named Robert Owen in Indiana n 1825.
He sought to eradicate individually through education by destroying belief in God, marriage
and private property. Little work was done and eventually it failed as they ran out of food.
(28 other similar utopias/communes also failed between 1841 and 1848)
C. Whose rights did all the utopias help expand?
Women’s rights = property rights within marriage for women especially, divorce rights for
women, custody cases of children for women, and more jobs for women in textiles, teaching,
and nursing.
D. What were the newly established women’s colleges?
* Oberlin College = allowed women to attend, President was Charles Finney
* Mt. Holyoke = 1st college for women, led by Mary Lyon
* Troy Seminary = seminary for women, led by Emma Willard
(men who did not agree with women becoming educated and having a career spitefully said
if women can get educated then the next group to be educated will be cows)
E. How did women become more active in society?
* They became SOCIAL ACTIVISTS for reforms movements
* The reform movements:
1. Temperance = prohibition of alcohol in America. Started first in the state of Maine
led by Governor Neal Dow who abolished alcohol in 1851 and 6 other states followed
Maine. T.S. Arthur wrote a book called 10 Nights in a Barroom depicting the travels of
drunkard. A group of children was created called the Cold Water Army to get their
daddies to stop drinking. Rum was demonized and women were actively involved in
the reform to protect women and children.
2. Feminism = expansion of women’s rights in America. Elizabeth Cady Stanton and
Lucretia Mott were forbidden to speak at an abolitionist conference solely because
they were women. They along with other women then formulated their own
conference to address women’s rights and the abolition of slavery at the Seneca Falls
Conference in NY in 1848 where they created a Declaration of Sentiments for women
patterned after the Declaration of Independence. They decried the lack of
educational and economic opportunity for women, the lack of legal rights and marital
power, and some concluded that man has tyranny over women. Leaders of the
movement included Stanton and Mott, and many others like the Sarah and Angelina
Grimke, Lucy Stone, Amelia Bloomer, and the 2nd Great Awakening preacher Charles
Finney. Some women like Catherine Beecher opposed the feminist movement and
believed the women’s place was rightfully in the home taking care of the house and
children. Catherine Beecher was criticized for creating a “cult of domesticity.”
Women feminists rallied around other reform movements like temperance, alcohol,
education, and an end to prostitution.
3. Abolition = end of slavery in America. A moderate approach to ending slavery
included paying slave owners to release their slaves (compensation), gradual
freedom, and not total freedom, and a return of slaves to Africa (the American
Colonization Society in the 1820’s tried to return Africans to their homeland by
purchasing land in Liberia to settle them but few went). A radical approach was to
end slavery immediately with rights as any other male in America with no
compensation or return to Africa. The Quakers led the way to end slavery in early
America and then more and more abolitionist societies were formed. By 1820 slavery
did not exist in the northern states. W.L. Garrison, a radical abolitionist, created a
paper called the Liberator in 1831 devoted to end slavery immediately. Garrison was
so frustrated that he burned the US Constitution because slavery was not outlawed.
Garrison had a bounty of 5000.00 put on his head in Georgia. Women such as the
Grimke sisters helped as did Preacher Charles Finney. Former slaves like Frederick
Douglas and Sojourner Truth also wrote and toured the country to convince
Americans to abolish slavery. Douglas wrote a narrative of his life depicting his life as
a slave. The abolitionists put great pressure on the political parties (the Whigs and
Democrats) to address slavery and when they did nothing two new 3 rd parties were
formed. The Liberty Party in 1840 to free slaves and the Free Soil Party in 1844-48 to
forbid any new territory and state of America from becoming a slave state thus
seeking to invalidate the Missouri Compromise line of 36’ 30’.
4. Education = improve education in America making it more accessible and
applicable to all Americans. Horace Mann led the education reform movement and
he sought to make the content and the courses more practical and focused on
creating standard textbooks for subjects. William McGuffey created readers that
helped America become a widely literate nation. In fact the 80% literacy rate of
America during this time period was attributed largely to him. Noah Webster and his
dictionary also had an impact on improving education in America.
5. Prison = focus of this reform was to rehabilitate the criminal rather than put him or
her in jail and forget about them. Biblical teachings were incorporated into the
prisons and new models of prisons to focus on rehabilitation like Auburn Prison in NY
were created. The belief in phrenology where a person was predestined to be a
criminal by the bumps or lack of bumps on their head was beginning to be
questioned because of the focus on rehabilitation. Dorthea Dix sought to reform
prisons by separating the mentally insane and disabled from prisons with murderers,
rapists, arsonists, etc. and improve the overall care of prisoners by prisons.
F. What was another common reform of the Jacksonian time period?
The NATIVIST reform was a response to the rising number of immigrants from Ireland
and Scotland to America. Nativists wanted to stop them from coming to America to
keep America 100% pure free largely from Catholicism. Riots in Boston and Philly
broke out as the Irish protested the discrimination they faced but President Jackson
and others did little to help. NINA was common phrase or slogan many business put
in their window that meant NO IRISH NEED APPLY. A political party devoted entirely
to keeping immigrants out and sending immigrants was created called the KNOW
NOTHING PARTY (or called the Order of Star Spangled Banner). Samuel Morse the
creator of Morse code was a nativist as were many Americans.
IV. American Renaissance
A dramatic change in education and the arts in America
A. How was education growing in America?
Continue to pursue more accessibility and practicality
* Horace Mann
Mass. State Superintendent of Education, reformer of education
* William McGuffey
Readers to increase literacy in America
* Noah Webster
Speller and dictionary to help standardize American English
* Lyceum movement
Traveling lecturers to educate adults
B. How was painting developing in America?
A democratic national distinct American art
* Hudson River School of the Arts = landscape paintings, 1st art school in America
C. How was literature developing in America? Was Tocqueville’s appraisal of America wrong?
* Knickerbockers = writers from N. Y. area emphasizing the frontier and individualism
- Washington Irving = Rip van Winkle, Sleep Hollow
- James Fennimore Cooper = Last of the Mohicans, the Prairie
* Transcendentalists = inner light and nature
- Ralph Waldo Emerson = Self Reliance
- Henry David Thoreau = Walden, Civil Disobedience
* Others
- Herman Melville = Moby Dick
- Nathaniel Hawthorne = Scarlett Letter, House of Seven Gables
- Mark Twain = Huck Finn
- Edgar Allen Poe = horror and pain poems
- Emily Dickinson = poet
- Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
D. Who were some folk heroes in the Jacksonian period?
Daniel Boone, Davy Crockett
E. How can the arts in this time period be summarized?
The arts shunned civilization and sought solace and peace in nature
V. Little Magician Takes the Stage
* Martin van Buren
A. Who won the election of 1836?
Van Buren v. Harrison
170
73
B. How did the policies of Jackson impact the Presidency of van Buren?
* His frenzied attack on the BUS eroded confidence in the national economy
* His attacks, vetoes, and backhanding ate away at FEDERALISM principles
C. Was the economic stage of America set for collapse as van Buren entered the Presidency?
*Panic of 1837
many reasons for Panic = depletion of Mexican silver, and
wheat, cotton prices decrease, industry decrease
D. What did van Buren do as a result of the Panic of 1837?
* called a special session of Congress and stopped distribution of surplus to states and
created a new Independent Treasury to hold US deposits (money) like a national vault. He
also continued to attack speculators as Jackson did. (Contraction)
E. Without the BUS what did the American banking system rely on to issue money?
* rely on private and state chartered banks to issue money
F. What serious weakness in the banking system did the Panic of 1837 expose and who was largely
to blame?
* The Democratic Party was to blame. Numerous banks in Jacksonian Period were created
for the sole purpose of providing loans to members of the dominant political party at the
time which was the Democrats which was part of the spoils system The management of the
banks were packed or filled by the ruling party so they could guarantee bond sales to their
party members. This all resulted in disaster because it subjugate the “free” market to the
demands of politicians.
G. Was the following quote by van Buren accurate?
“All communities are apt to look to government for too much…especially at periods of
sudden embarrassment or distress. A system founded on private interest, enterprise, and
competition, without the aid of legislative grants or regulations by law.”
* Van Buren was directly responsible for creating bigger government and was on of many
Democrats who greatly contributed to the distress and embarrassment of the period. He
restricted free market trade and enterprise through government intervention and
regulations.
H. What issue did van Buren spend four years dodging?
Slavery
VI. Tippecanoe and Tyler Too
A. Who won the election of 1840?
Van Buren v. Harrison
60
234
B. What contributed to van Buren’s loss?
* The Panic of 1837 and his alienation of swing voters
C. Who was Harrison?
* Supported internal improvements, BUS, tariffs but few knew what he really believed. His
stance on slavery was middle of the road and he wanted to use federal money (surplus) to
purchase and free slaves.
D. What 3rd party was established in 1840 as a result of Van Buren’s and Harrison’s decision to leave
slavery alone?
* The LIBERTY PARTY
E. What happened to voter participation between 1828 and 1840?
* Doubled from 1828 to 1840 and a 60% increase from 1836 to 1840
F. What happened to Harrison not long after assuming the Presidency?
* Died from pneumonia one month into his term
G. Who became President after Harrison’s death?
* Tyler
H. What problem greeted the new President Tyler?
* The Panic of 1837 and the debt up to $11 million
I. What did Tyler do that upset both Democrats and Whigs?
* Democrats = he kept Daniel Webster as Secretary of State who the South Dems. greatly
disliked because of his support of the tariff.
* Whigs = he vetoed the tariff twice and passed the tariff on the 3 rd attempt because of the
threats of impeachment by the Whigs, he also vetoed the BUS twice infuriating Clay.
J. What was the purpose of the Tariff?
* To protect US industry but more about getting money to give to political supporters
K. What did the entire cabinet of Tyler do?
* Resign
L. Who did Tyler make as his Secretary of State after Webster resigned?
* John C. Calhoun
M. What did Webster accomplish before resigning as Secretary of State?
* Webster/Ashburton Treaty = in 1842 settled the Maine/Canadian border dispute called
the Aroostook War or Lumberjack War. The dispute was also called War of the Maps. The
land in dispute was split 50% to US and 50% to Britain and then Webster resigned.
* What other problems occurred with Britain in this period?
- Caroline Affair = a US ship named the Caroline was providing weapons and supplies
to Canadians who were rebelling against Britain and the British attacked the Caroline.
It did not result in war but tensions were high between US and Britain.
- Creole Affair = a British ship came across the Creole ship in the Atlantic that had
been taken over by slaves. The British escorted the Creole to the Bahamas where the
slaves went free. It also increased tensions between US and Britain.
VII. Empire of Liberty or Manifest Destiny?
A. What is considered the time period of Manifest Destiny?
1828-1848, Manifest Destiny (expansionism) the central issue in the 1840’s
B. What is Manifest Destiny?
It is a perspective that America will expand west to fulfill their provincial (God given) destiny
to occupy all of North America from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean. It involves a
duty to civilize and acculturate people into America. America will provide the new lands and
peoples that they occupate with democracy, capitalism, and freedoms (politically,
religiously, etc..) which will provide them with an abundance of opportunities.
C. Who coined the term?
* A Democratic Newspaper wrote an article stating the following:
It condemned individuals and nations who were hampering our (American) power,
and limiting our greatness, and checking the fulfillment of our Manifest Destiny to
over spread the continent allotted by Providence for the free development of our
yearly multiplying millions.
* Ralph Waldo Emerson = extolled the virtues of expansion
* John L. O’Sullivan = a journalist, stated, “Yes, more, more, more expansion!”
* Horace Greeley = NY Daily Tribune editor said, “Go west young man, go west.”
* President Polk = in his inaugural address warned that in the next decade the US population
would grow from 3 million to 20 million noting the great number of immigrants coming to
US so expansion is a necessity.
* Missouri Senator Benton = expand, expand, expand even if that means war.
D. Since most of the expansionist talk (Manifest Destiny) centered on Texas what did many
abolitionists conclude?
A southern conspiracy at high levels of US Govt. to expand slavery
E. What other motive did Americans have in expanding their country?
* Poor people seeking new economic opportunities
* Christians seeking to save souls
F. What did the Spanish who controlled Mexico at the time do to encourage settlers to come to
Texas?
* offer cheap land to any American who settled in Texas
G. Who led many American settlers into Mexico in 1822 after the Mexican Revolution from Spain
and what rules did the new Mexican country impose on the settlers?
* American Stephen Austin (impresario = bring settlers to an area for Mexico)
* must be Catholic, must speak Spanish, and
H. What did Mexico do in 1830?
* banned further American settlement into Texas and banned slavery in Texas
I. What did American settlers in Texas do?
* Independence movement led by Sam Houston
* Lone Star Republic
J. Who was the General and Leader of Mexico and in what battles did he defeat the Texans?
* Santa Anna
* the Alamo, and Goliad massacres of American Texans
K. What were the tactics of President and General of Texas Sam Houston?
* lure Santa Anna deep into Texan territory and wear him down
* successful at battle of San Jacinto and Texas wins its independence
L. What happened in 1836 after Santa Anna was defeated by the Texans and Texas asked to become
part of the United States?
* Jackson and van Buren deny admittance of Texas to avoid the issue of slavery
VIII. Mr. Polk’s War
THE MEXICAN AMERICAN WAR 1846-1848
A. What did Texas again do in 1842?
* Request admittance into America as at State
B. Who ran for President in 1844 and what was their position of the annexation of Texas?
* Clay (Whig) v. Polk (Democrat) (54’ 40’ or fight)
C. Who won the election of 1844 and what 3rd Party likely cost Clay the election?
* Polk won and the Liberty party likely cost Clay the election
D. What was the election of 1844 a referendum to do?
* To expand America through the Oregon Territory and Texas
E. What did Tyler do in 1844 before leaving the Presidency?
* Annex Texas
F. What did Mexico do after Texas was annexed by the United States?
* Mexico broke off diplomatic relations with US which at time was a prelude to war
G. How did President Polk deal with Mexico?
* He told Americans in California to support a revolt against the Mexican Government if
indeed a war with Mexico does occur. He encouraged the American ranchers called
Californios to rebel.
* He sent SLIDELL to buy California from Mexico for a low price which was insulting to
Mexico. Polk anticipating the denial of the Slidell proposal sent US troops to Louisiana to
ready for war and he also sent the US Navy to California to be ready to capture the ports if
war broke out.
H. How did Mexico respond to the Slidell Mission and what did Polk then do?
*Mexico rejected the Slidell proposal and were outraged.
* Polk satisfied he did all he could to avoid war sent General Zachary Taylor with a large
force of troops to Texas at the Rio Grande River.
I. What did Polk need to have happen to declare war on Mexico?
* He needed Mexico to start the war for Americans to support the war. The troops of
General Taylor were attacked by Mexico. Mexico said the border was the more northern
Nueces River while America said the border was the more southern Rio Grande River.
J. Why did the Whigs complain and what did Illinois House of Representative Lincoln do?
* The Whigs complained that Polk was only concerned with expanding the southwest border
of America and not the northwest border with the expansion of America into the Oregon
Territory.
* House of Representative Abe Lincoln from Illinois created the SPOT RESOLUTIONS to
identify the exact spot where the Mexicans attacked America but the resolution failed to
pass.
K. What were the predictions on the Mexican-American War?
* US and Mexico both thought they would win the war quickly
* Most European countries thought Mexico would defeat America
L. What were the interests of Mexico and America in the war?
* Mexico like America wanted to acquire more land specifically land in the Louisiana
Territory.
M. What did Polk do with the exiled Santa Anna?
* Polk gave him $2 million dollars to get him to get Mexico to give America California and if
he did then Polk would help restore Santa Anna in power in Mexico after the war.
N. What hopes ended a quick peace between America and Mexico?
* Santa Anna was released and he went back on his word and continued to fight America
and was determined to win making the war longer.
* The WILMONT PROVISO which stated that all territory gained from Mexico in the war
could not become a SLAVE STATE. The proviso (bill) never passed the Senate and added to
the ongoing controversy of the Mexican American War.
O. What were the war struggles of America?
* not maintain order of American volunteers initially until General Taylor got control
P. What was the war strategy of America?
* An aggressive offensive tactical strategy and America won the war with surprisingly ease.
* General Winfield Scott captured the capital Mexico City
* General Kearney captured California in the Bear Flag Revolt
Q. What were the negotiations to end the Mexican/American War of 1846-1848?
* America occupied California, Texas, and most of the southwest including Mexico City so
the US could do what they desired in the negotiation process.
* US official Nicholas Trist helped to create the Treaty of GUADALUPE HILDALGO
- the US would get Calif., Arizona, Utah, Nevada, and New Mexico
(the treaty was called the Mexican Cession where Mexico lost half its land)
- US paid $15 million dollars to Mexico in the treaty
R. What were the expansionist bookends of President Polk?
* the expansion of America in the Mexican Cession and the Oregon Territory
S. What was the impact of the Mexican/American War of 1846-1848 on Polk?
* It increased America land by one third (1/3)
* It trained many Americans in fighting which prepared them for the coming Civil War
* It killed 13,000 US soldiers with death coming mainly from disease
* It gave America more respect as a world power but America at same time lost much
respect from Latin American countries
* It intensified and inflamed the issue of SLAVERY as many more territories would become
states and debate on whether or not they would come in as free states or slaves states
created many problems for America.
* after the treaty the US bought a parcel of land for $10 million dollars in New Mexico to
build a southern transcontinental railroad and Santa Anna agreed to the sale.
IX. Westward Again
* Explorers, trappers, and now missionaries from 2nd Great Awakening fervor go west
* The Oregon Territory
- Spain, Russia, France give up their claims to the OT, only US and Britain remain
- Oregon Trail
- Willamette River Valley in OT
- Conflict with Britain (remember Polk’s campaign slogan of 54’ 40’ or fight)
- More US settlers arrive in OT than British settlers
- Treaty 1846 = US and Britain agree to 49th parallel
* Mormon Trail
- Brigham Young
- Salt Lake City
* California
- Sutter’s Mill, Sacramento 1848 gold found
- Gold rush and 49ers (gold diggers and prospectors = shop owners who better chance at
making money)
- San Francisco population explodes
* With expansion came issue of SLAVERY
Chapter 7 Study Questions
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
In your opinion, was Van Buren full of contradictions? 219
Would you have supported the Whigs? Explain 219-220
Would you have participated in the many social and cultural changes in the Jacksonian period?
Explain . 221
What is your analysis of the Millerites and the Christian Scientists? 222
Summarize the birth and growth of the Mormon religion. 223
Identify various sects of the Jacksonian period and would you have joined them? Why or Why not?
224-226
What was a radical abolitionist and would you have joined them? Name prominent abolitionists you
would have worked with or not? 227-228
What was the central theme of American writers and artists of the Jacksonian period? 228-230
In your opinion, were the Democrats responsible for the bank failures and the economic woes of
many states? Explain 231-233
Was Harrison qualified for the job as President? Explain 234
Evaluate the Presidency of Tyler and identify problems he faced based on decisions he made? 235236
What was Manifest Destiny and do you agree with it? 236-237
How did Texas get its independence and in your opinion should America make it part of America
Explain 238-239
Who would you have voted for in the election of 1844 and why? 239-240
Do you agree with the annexation of Texas by President Tyler? Explain 240
Do you agree with how Polk dealt with Mexico? Explain 240-241
Was was the Wilmot Proviso and would you have voted to pass it? Explain 242-243
Who were the Gringos and do you think they should have been punished for their actions? Explain
243
Would you have supported Polk’s efforts to get the Oregon Territory? Explain 245-246
Would you have gone west to settle? Explain 246-248
Unit 7 Review
President Jackson
Vice President van Buren
Democrats and van Buren
Opposition party = Whigs
Whig beliefs=American system
Whigs = despise King Andrew I
Whigs = throwback Feds
Whigs = some state rightists
3 leading Whigs=Clay,Cal,Web
Amer Sys problem = slavery
Jacksonian reform and change
2nd Great Awakening
- causes IR, Deism
- 1801 1st, 1815-1860
- perfect kingdom on earth
- Burned Over District
- reform and change
- toleration
Perfectionism
- Millerites
- Christian Scientists
Charles Finney
Joseph Smith=Mormons
Communalism (sects/utopias)
- Shakers
- Transcendentalists
- Fruitlands
- Brookfarm
- Oneida
- New Harmony
Changing role of women
- 2nd GA
- utopias
- education
- Oberlin
- Mt. Holyoke
- Troy
- social activitism
Reform movements
temperance reform
- Demon Rum
- AA
- Maine Laws (Dow)
- TS Arthur
- Cold Water Army
- women
Feminism reform
- decried lack of ….
- Grimke sisters
- Lucy Stone
- EC Stanton
- Lucretia Mott
- Seneca Falls 1848
- declaration sentimnts
- Amelia Bloomer
Catherine Beecher
- cult of domesticity
Domestic feminism
Abolition reform
Moderate abolition
American Colonization Society
(Liberia)
Radical Abolition
WL Garrison
Liberator
F. Douglass
S. Truth
H. Tubman
D. Walker
M. Delaney
Wendell Phillips
Rev. Lovejoy
Liberty Party
Free Soil Party
Education reform
Horace Mann
McGuffey’s readers
Noah Webster
Lyceum movement
Prison reform
Auburn, NY
(rehabilitation)
Dorthea Dix
Phrenology
Nativist reform
German/Irish immigrants
NINA
Know Nothing Party
Anti catholic
Samuel Morse
Art in America
Hudson River School of Art
Cole, Innes, Bingham
Literature in America
Knickerbockers
- Irving, Cooper
HD Thoreau
RW Emerson
N. Hawthorne
H. Melville
M. Twain
Folk heroes=Boone, Crockett
Election of 1836
Panic of 1837
Independent Treasury Bill
Banks and Democratic Party
Van Buren on slavery
Election of 1840
Harrison and Tyler
Voter participation
Tyler v. Whigs
Tylers cabinet resigns
Webster Ashburton treaty
Caroline and Creole Affairs
Manifest Destiny
- term coined
- writers, senators, President
- missionaries
- land
Texas and Spain then Mexico
Stephen Austin (impresario)
Mexican rules in Texas
Texas Independence (Lone Star)
Sam Houston
Santa Anna (Alamo, Goliad)
Defeat of Anna at San Jacinto
TX independence
Van Buren no to annexing TX
Tyler annexes TX
Election of 1844
Darkhorse candidate Polk
Henry Clay
Liberty party impact
54’ 40’ or fight, 49th parallel
Oregon territory, Oregon trail
WRV
Polk and Mexico
- Slidell mission
- Zac Taylor to Rio River
- Nueces River
- war message
Spot resolution of Lincoln
Polk and Santa Anna
Wilmot proviso
Gag rule
Taylor, Scott, Kearney
Nicholas Trist
Treaty of Guadalupe Hildago
Mexican Cession
Polk expansion = OT, Mex/Amer
Mex/Amer War = poison
Restless America
Gold and California (49ers)