Metabolic Pathways Linked reactions, one reaction leads to -E another Enzyme – organic catalyst (speeds chemical reaction) Ribozymes – made of RNA, not proteins, biological catalyst (RNA/protein synthesis) Substrates – reactants in reaction, act on enzymes Activation energy – energy needed to start a reaction Enzymes lower the amount of activation needed in a reaction Active site – area on enzyme that the substrate binds to. Induced fit model- enzyme complex undergoes a slight change in shape Degradative reactions – substrate broken down Synthesis reaction – substrates combine, larger product Enzymes are not used up in the reaction, available to bind to another substrate. Reactions require specific enzymes Enzymes are sometimes named for their substrates, usually end in -ase Factors that affect speed of enzyme Substrate concentration Temperature and pH – leads to denaturing Enzyme concentration Cofactors – inorganic ion (copper,zinc or iron) Coenzymes - nonprotein organic molecule Vitamins Enzyme Inhibition Inhibitor binds to enzyme Usually reversible Feedback inhibition – final product of pathway inhibits a reaction Competitive inhibition – substrate and competitor bind, only substrate produces Noncompetitive inhibition – inhibitor attaches to allosteric site, enzymes changes shape Redox reactions Permits flow of energy to all living things Oxidation – loss of electrons Reduction – gain of electrons Photosynthesis – H+’s, transferred with e’s coenzyme NADP+ - NADPH Cellular respiration – Coenzyme NAD+ - NADH (accepts 2e’s and H+) Cont’d redox reaction examples Electron Transport Chain Series of membrane-bound carriers, pass e’s from one carrier to another. Photosynthesis/thylakoid membrane Cellular respiration/cristae – inner membrane of mito. ATP Production ATP synthase complexes – carrier proteins and enzymes Chemiosmosis – production of ATP due to H+ gradient across a membrane