Evolution, Human Migration, Rise
of Agriculture, and Civilization
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Olduvai Gorge, Kenya
Oldest human beings
Lucy “Mother of Man”
Homo Erectus
Homo Sapiens
Homo Sapiens Sapiens
Human Migrations
Homo Erectus 750000600,000
• Peking/Java Man
• Homo Sapiens 200000
• Successive Waves out of
Africa
• Cro-Magnons or
Neanderthals Europe
• Inter-breeding
• Melanesians SE Asia
• Australian Aborigines
Lucy “Mother of Man” (Ethiopia)
(Australopithecus 3.2 million BCE)
Evolutionary Progression
Homo Sapiens/Neanderthal
Inter-breeding
Flores Man (Hobbit), 2003
Distribution of Neanderthals
Tracking Human Migration
• Human Skeleton Remains
• Archeological Evidence
– Midden mounds
– Fire Pits
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Linguistic Mapping/Language Trees
Evolutionary Progression of Language
Genetic Mapping/DNA Mutations
Mapping of the Human Genome
Human Migration of Homo Sapiens
San/Bushmen Kalahari
World’s Oldest Culture 80,000BCE
The historical migration of German
Linguistic Migration of Maya
Human Migration through Genetic
Mapping
DNA Mutations
Tracking through DNA Mutations
Mapping of the Human Genome is
Complete
Human Historical Eras
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Stone Age/Paleolithic 2,000,000-12,000
Middle Stone Age/Meso 12,000-8000 BCE
New Stone Age/Neolithic 8000BCENeolithic Revolution
– Rise of Agriculture
– Domestication of Animals
– Metal Working (Copper)
• Bronze Age/Iron Age
Rise of Agriculture
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Near simultaneous emergence
Various regions/continents around world
Extinction of Big Game Animals
End of Ice Age
Agriculture discovered by accident?
Discovered by women
River Valley Systems
Large Scale Irrigation Systems
Early Agricultural Civilizations
(River Valley Civilizations)
• “Fertile Crescent” (Tigris-Euphrates)
– Summerians, Babylonians
– Emergence of City-States
– Evolve into Regional Empires
• Early Egyptian Civilization (Nile)
• Indian (Indus) River Valley
• Chinese (Yellow) River Valley
Agricultural (Neolithic) Revolution
• Sedentary (live in one place)
• Use animals for labor (Domestication)
– Secondary benefits (Meat, Dairy, Leather, Fuel)
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Food Surplus
Trade
Money, Currency, Monetized Systems
Weights and Measures
Numbers
Symbols
Writing Systems
Negatives of Agricultural Revolution
(Diamond)
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Malnutrition (monocrops)
Starvation (drought, disease)
Disease (parasites, animals, crowding)
Surplus/Class Divisions
Social Stratification
Hunter/Gather lose land and territory
Increased Birth Rates (female mortality)
Decrease in leisure time
Elite become better off, the majority worse
Starvation, Epidemics, Warfare, & Tyranny
What is a “Civilization?”
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Economic surpluses
Division of labor (social classes)
Social/Political hierarchy
Transition from family/tribal ties to state
Large scale political units: city-states/empires
Inter-regional trade
Some scholars argue for a writing system
Some scholars for a monetary system
“Civilization” does not mean “better”
The Evolution of Writing Systems
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Physical Symbol
Pictograph (hieroglyphics)
Ideograph (combining pictographs)
Writing System
Evolution from physical symbols to
abstract characters to alphabets
Pictographs
Ideographs
Sumerian Cuneiform (the first true
known writing system)
Evolution of Cuneiform
(from physical symbol to abstract)
Heritage of Early Civilizations
• Revolutionary concept of writing
– Changes the way we “think”
• Inventions
– Wheel, paper, animal husbandry
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Calendars and conceptions of time
Agriculture and Agricultural Techniques
Large-scale social organization (cities)
Numeric systems and Mathematical concepts
Religious systems (mono and polytheistic)
Writing System to Legal Systems
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Mesopotamia
First codified legal code
Social mores
Code of Hammurabi
Far from the notion of judicial equality
Warped sense of guilt/innocence