The Microscopic World
Microscope Use • Stomata •
Protists
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I. Using the Microscope
1.
The Microscope (Turn to Page 807)
A.
B.
C.
D.
Demonstrate carrying of Microscope. 1
Placing of Microscope on table. 2
Prepare Microscope for use. 4
Draw a Microscope in Notes.
•
•
Label Parts
Define Parts (page 806 will help)
2
Body Tube
Revolving
Nosepiece
Stage Clips
http://shs.westport.k12.ct.us/mjvl/biology/microscope/parts.gif
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E.
Parts of the Compound Microscope
1. Ocular lens – “Eye piece” magnifies ____ X
2. Objective lens –
• Low Power = _____ X
• High Power = _____ X
3. Revolving Nosepiece – holds the objective lens
and can be rotated to change the magnification
4. Body Tube – maintains the correct distance
between the ocular lens and the objective lens
5. Coarse adjustment knob - Use to make initial
focus
6. Fine adjustment knob – Use to make final focus
7. Stage – place slide on this platform
8. Stage clips – hold slide in place
9. Light – Needed to see through the slide
10. Arm – Use to carry microscope
11. Base – Use to carry microscope
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2.
How to make a Wet Mount slide for
viewing
A.
B.
C.
D.
Obtain/Make a clean slide and cover slip
Place object to view on slide
Use a dropper to place 1 drop on object
Hold coverslip at the edge of the water at a
45° angle. Make sure water adheres along
the edge of the coverslip.
E. Lower coverslip slowly. Goal: No air
bubbles!
F. You can add or take away water during
viewing. See Page 807 #6 for an
explanation. Movie 
(How to Use a Microscope, 1989 United Learning)
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Microscope Use Lab
Objective: To learn proper use of the
microscope and to demonstrate the ability
to create working wet mount slides.
Materials:
I.
II.
•
•
•
•
•
•
Microscope
Slide and Coverslip
Dropper and Beaker of water / Iodine & Water
Scissors
Piece of Newspaper
Toothpick
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III.
Hypothesis
Part A: The Letter “e”.
Draw what a newspaper letter “e” might look like
magnified with a microscope. Make one written
observation of what you may see/learn.
____________________________
____________________________
Part B: Human Cheek Cells.
Draw what Human Cheek Cells might look like
magnified with a microscope. Make one written
observation of what you may see/learn.
_____________________________
_____________________________
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IV.
Procedure:
Part A: The Letter “e”.
•
•
•
•
•
Follow Directions for Microscope Use and Making
a Wet Mount Slide.
Your object is a letter “e” cut out of a newspaper.
View the letter under Low Power and draw/make
observations of what you see. All drawings and
observations go in the Data Section.
View the letter under High Power and draw/make
observations of what you see.
Clean slide & coverslip and go on to Part B.
Part B: Human Cheek Cells.
1.
2.
Same as above substituting cheek cells for letter
“e”.
Substitute Iodine/Water for plain water.
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V.
Data
Part A: The Letter “e”.
_____________________
_____________________
_____________________
_____________________
_____________________
_____________________
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V.
Data
Part B: The Human Cheek Cells
_____________________
_____________________
_____________________
_____________________
_____________________
_____________________
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VI.
Analyze Data and Draw Conclusions
Compare/Contrast your Hypothesis Drawings with
your Data Drawings. Compare/Contrast your
Hypothesis potential observations with your
Data observations.
Include also:
•
What surprised you the most.
•
What interested you the most.
•
What you learned that you didn’t know before.
•
What questions did this lab cause you to
wonder.
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http://sites.actx.edu/~craig_mj/Assets/micro_pictures/microscopy/lettere1.jpg
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http://kilby.sac.on.ca/faculty/gshields/11bio/images/human%20cheek%20cells.jpg
http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/Michael.Gregory/files/Bio%20101/Bio%20101%
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II. Microscopic Plant World
1.
Prepared Slides of Stems.
A. Create a Lab to view Monocot vs. Dicot
stems.
B. Include
•
Objective, Materials, Hypothesis, Procedure,
Data, Analysis and Conclusion
C. Be careful with the prepared slides!
D. Due Tomorrow, END of class.
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http://www.vcbio.science.ru.nl/public/Final-Images/PL_Final685z_051-
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2.
Wet-Mount of Stomata.
A. Create a Lab to view the Stomata of Plant
Leaves.
B. Include
•
Objective, Materials, Hypothesis, Procedure, Data,
Analysis and Conclusion
C. Follow Wet-Mount procedure.
D. DEMO: How to get good stomata!
E. Due Tomorrow, END of class.
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http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/L/leaf.gif
http://res2.agr.gc.ca/publications/ha/graphics/box31A.jpg
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III. Protists
Clockwise from top left:
1. Amobae of Entamoeba
histolytica, the cause of
amoebic dysentery in humans;
2. Trypanosoma brucei, a
flagellate protozoan causing
sleeping sickness in humans;
3. Balantidium coli, a usually
harmless ciliate parasite of the
intestine of pigs;
4&5. Symbiotic ciliates from
the rumen of cattle: one
species is completely covered
with cilia; the other is naked
except for a crown of cilia at
the anterior end of the
organisms;
6. Babesia sp., an
apicomplexan parasite in the
red blood cells of an African
lion.
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http://www.nhc.ed.ac.uk/images/collections/invertebrates/protozoa/LgParasitic.jpg
1.
General Characteristics
A. Eukaryotic – Cells have a nucleus.
•
Prokaryotic – Cells do not have a nucleus
B. Single or Multi-cellular
C. Producers and Consumers
i. Fungus-Like = Decomposer Consumers
ii. Plant-Like = Make food through Photosynthesis
 Algae
 Single Celled are called Phytoplankton
 Provide most of the food for water organisms
 Provide most of the Earth’s oxygen
 Red Algae- Most of the Earth’s seaweeds
 Green Algae- Most diverse group of plantlike
protists. Movie 
(Biology: The Science of Life: The Microscopic World, 2002 United Learning)
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http://www.fcps.k12.va.us/StratfordLandingES/Ecology/Plants/Green%20Algae/07.jpg
http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/imagsmall/spirogyra.jpg
http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/03mex/logs/summary/media/algaecollage_600.jpg
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 Diatoms
 Single celled, photosynthesizers and
make up phytoplankton
Silica in cell walls makes old diatoms
useful as an abrasive in polishes, filters,
and toothpaste.
Dinoflagellates
 2 whiplike strands (flagellum) beat to spin
them through the water.
Cause red-tides (poison toxic to humans
not to the shellfish that eat them…)
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http://www.scottcamazine.com/personal/selforganization/haeckel/images/diatoms_A_jpg.jpg
http://www.bhikku.net/archives/03/img/diatoms.JPG
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 Euglenoids
 Single celled and have characteristics of both
plants and animals.
Photosynthesize
Low-Light they become consumers
Move like animals by propelling with a
flagella.
MOVIE 
(Biology: The Science of Life: The Microscopic World, 2002 United Learning)
Knock, Knock!
Who’s There?
Euglena.
Euglena who?
Euglena
Do Questions 1-5, Page 249
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http://www.infovisual.info/02/img_en/001%20Structure%20of%20a%20euglena.jpg
iii. Animal-Like = Must consume to get food.
 Known as Protozoa
 Amoeba like
 Soft, jellylike protozoan
 Found in fresh/salt water, soil, parasites
 Highly structured single celled.
 Move with pseudopodia (false feet)
 Movie 
 Movie 
 Feed by engulfing food. Surround it,
form a food vacuole and digest the
contents into the cytoplasm.
Life in a Drop of Water. Rainbow Educational Media. 2001. unitedstreaming. 20 September 2005 <http://www.unitedstreaming.com/>
World of the Protozoa, The. United Learning. 1993. unitedstreaming. 20 September 2005 <http://www.unitedstreaming.com/>
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Flagellates
 Use flagella to move.
Giardia lamblia – Intestinal Parasite
 Humans (Streams/Lakes w/Beaver)
 Drink water and they get into you 
 Diarrhea and stomach cramps
Symbiosis – one organism lives closely
with another organism, and each organism
helps the other survive.
 Termites and flagellates
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http://www.nih.go.jp/niid/para/atlas/images/giardia-trph.jpg
http://www.biosci.ohio-state.edu/~parasite/lifecycles/giardia_lifecycle.gif
http://www.astrographics.com/GalleryPrints/Display/GP2036.j
pg
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Ciliates
Most common complex protozoa
Move by beating back and forth hundred of
tiny hairlike cilia.
Paramecium is the best known.
 Feed by using cilia to push food into the
food passageway
 2 Nuclei.
• Macronucleus – controls cell function
• Micronucleus – passes DNA on
during sexual reproduction
Movie  Feeding of Protozoa
World of the Protozoa, The. United Learning. 1993. unitedstreaming. 20 September 2005 <http://www.unitedstreaming.com/>
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http://www.op.net/~finklesk/paramecium.gif
http://www.ruhr.de/home/mcm/micro/bilder/fotos/paramecium%20caudatum2.jpg
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
Spore-forming
All are parasitites
Cannot move on their own…
Life cycles involve 2 or more hosts
Plasmodium vivax – causes malaria
http://tolweb.org/tree/ToLimages/Plasmodium_vivax.jpg
http://post.queensu.ca/~forsdyke/images/pfalcip04.gif
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iv. Reproduction of Protists
 Asexual – offspring come from just one parent
 Fission
 Amoeba and Euglena
 Sexual – requires 2 parents
 Paramecium – Conjugation
 2 paramecium join and exchange DNA
 They then divide to make 4 new organisms
 Many protists reproduce both asexually and
sexually.
 Movie 
World of the Protozoa, The. United Learning. 1993. unitedstreaming. 20 September 2005 <http://www.unitedstreaming.com/>
Do Questions 1-3, Page 254.
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Live Protist Lab:
A. Create a Lab to view:
1. Euglena
2. Amoeba
3. Paramecium
B. Include
•
Objective, Materials, Hypothesis, Procedure,
Data, Analysis and Conclusion
C. Follow Wet-Mount procedure. (ProtoSlo)
D. Due 2 Days from today, END of class.
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http://comp.uark.edu/~karbuck/microscope-boxed.gif
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