Fuel Hydrocarbons and
Lubricants
PETROLEUM AND PRODUCTION
Petrolem = Petra + Oleum
Rock + Oil
Petroleum is often called crude oil, fossil fuel or oil. It
is called a fossil fuel because it was formed from the
remains of tiny sea plants and animals that died
millions of years ago. When the plants and animals
died, they sank to the bottom of the oceans.
From the Field to the Refinery
Oil drilling occurs both at sea and on land, depending on the size and
profitability of the oil deposits located.
The first step is the transport of the crude oil from its natural location to
the refinery.
Once obtained from the ground, the oil is transported by ship, truck or
pipeline to the refinery.
At the Refinery
To separate it into useful products begins.
Have complex stages and each part have several processes.
The very first step is to break up the crude oil.
Major products of oil refineries
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• Liquid petroleum gas (LPG)
• Gasoline (also known as petrol)
• Naphtha
• Kerosene and related jet aircraft fuels
• Diesel fuel
• Fuel oils
• Lubricating oils
• Asphalt and Tar
• Petroleum coke
Fractional Distillation
Fuel Hydrocarbons
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Gasoline
Diesel
Kerosene
Fuel oil
Gasoline
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Gasoline is an extremely flammable fuel source for
automobiles and other vehicles and equipment.
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A liquid, it can be colorless, pale brown or pale pink.
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Gasoline is not a single substance.
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There is no such thing as pure gasoline.
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Gasoline is produced by refining petroleum, and it
consists of a complex mixture of over 120
hydrocarbons.
Properties
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Types. In EU: Eurosuper-95, Eurosuper-98 (both leadfree). In the USA: Regular (97 RON) and Premium (95
RON)
Density=750 kg/m (from 720 kg/m to 760 kg/m at 20 ºC)
Thermal expansion coefficient=900x 10-2 K-1
Boiling and solidification points. Not well defined because
they are mixtures. (e.g. when heating a previously sub
cooled sample at constant standard pressure, some 10%
in weight of gasoline is in the vapour state at 300 K, and
some 90% when at 440 K)
Viscosity=0.5x10-2 m2 /s at 20 ºC.
Vapor pressure. 50..90 kPa at 20 ºC, typically 70 kPa at 20
ºC.
Theoretical air/fuel ratio: A=14.5 kg air by kg fuel
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Octane number (RON)=92..98. This is a measure of
autoignition resistance in a spark-ignition engine, being the
volume percentage of iso-octane in a iso-octane / n-heptane
mixture having the same anti-knocking characteristic when
tested in a variable-Compression-ratio engine
Cetane number=5..20, meaning that gasoline has a relative
large time-lag between Injection in hot air and autoignition,
although this is irrelevant in typical gasoline applications
(spark ignition)
Flash Point= - -42.70C. The flash point of a volatile material
is the lowest temperature at which it can vaporize to form
an ignitable mixture in air.
Diesel
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Diesel fuel comes in several different grades,
depending upon its intended use.
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Like gasoline, diesel fuel is not a single substance,
but a mixture of various petroleum-derived
components,
including paraffins, isoparaffins,
napthenes, olefins and aromatic hydrocarbons, each
with their own physical and chemical properties.
Properties
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Diesel types. In EU: type A for road vehicles, B for
industries (agriculture, fishing; same properties as
type A, but red-coloured for different taxation), C for
heating (not for engines; blue coloured
Density=830 kg/m3(780..860 kg/m3 at 40 ºC).
Thermal expansion coefficient=800x10-6 K-1
Boiling and freezing points. Not well defined
because they are mixtures. In general, these fuels
remain liquid down to 30 ºC (some antifreeze
additives may be added to guarantee that).
Vapour pressure=1..10 kPa at 38 ºC
Cetane number=45 (between 40..55); 60..65 for
biodiesel.
Flash point=50 ºC typical (40 ºC minimum). In the
range 310..340 K
Viscosity=3x10-6 m2/s
Kerosene
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Kerosene is a combustible hydrocarbon liquid widely
used as a fuel, in industry, and in households
Kerosene is widely used to power jet engines of
aircraft (jet fuel) and some rocket engines, but is
also commonly used as a cooking and lighting fuel
and for fire toys such as poi. In parts of Asia, where
the price of kerosene is subsidized, it fuels outboard
motors on small fishing boats.
Properties
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Density is 0.78–0.81 g/cm3
It is miscible in petroleum solvents but immiscible
in water.
The flash point of kerosene is between 37 and
65 °C (100 and 150 °F), and its auto ignition
temperature is 220 °C (428 °F)
Melting point:: 24-25 °C
Boiling point:: 175-325 °C(lit.)
Vapor pressure : 0.23 mm Hg ( 20 °C)
Fuel Oil
• Fuel oil is a fraction obtained from
petroleum distillation, either as a distillate
or a residue
• Fuel oil is any liquid petroleum product that
is burned in a furnace to generate heat.
• Fuel oil is also the heaviest commercial
fuel that is produced from crude oil.
Properties
• There are two bsic types of fuel oil: Distilate fuel
oil (lighter, thinner, more powerful, better for
cold-start) and Residual fuel oil (heavier,
thicker, more powerful, better lubrication)
• Density: 900.10 kg/m3.Varies with composition
and temperature
• Flash point is approximately around 400C
Lubricants
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Lubricants are just one of many fractions, or
components, that can be derived from raw
petroleum, which emerges from an oil well as a
yellow-to-black, flammable, liquid mixture of
thousands of hydrocarbons (organic compounds
containing only carbon and hydrogen atoms, these
occur in all fossil fuels).
Lubricating oils consist of base oils and additives.
Different lubricating oils are classified as paraffinic,
naphthenic, or aromatic.
Lubricating oils are used between two surfaces to
reduce friction and wear
The Manufacturing Process
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Sedimentation
Fractionating
Filtering and solvent extraction
Additives, inspection, and packaging
Sedimentation
The crude oil is transported from the oil well to the
refinery by pipeline or tanker ship. At the refinery,
the oil undergoes sedimentation to remove any
water and solid contaminants, such as sand and
rock, that maybe suspended in it. During this
process, the crude is pumped into large holding
tanks, where the water and oil are allowed to
separate and the contaminants settle out of the oil.
Fractionating
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Next, the crude oil is heated to about 700 degrees
Fahrenheit (371 degrees Celsius). At this temperature it
breaks down into a mixture of hot vapor and liquid that is
then pumped into the bottom of the first of two
fractionating towers. Here, the hot hydrocarbon vapors
float upward. As they cool, they condense and are
collected in different trays installed at different levels in
the tower. In this tower, normal atmospheric pressure is
maintained continuously, and about 80 percent of the
crude oil vaporizes.
The remaining 20 percent of the oil is then reheated and
pumped into a second tower, wherein vacuum pressure
lowers the residual oil's boiling point so that it can be made
to vaporize at a lower temperature. The heavier
compounds with higher boiling points, such as tar and the
inorganic compounds, remain behind for further
processing.
Filtering and solvent extraction
After further processing to remove unwanted compounds, the
lubricant that has been collected in the two fractionating
towers is passed through several ultrafine filters, which
remove remaining impurities. Aromatics, one such
contaminant, contain six-carbon rings that would affect the
lubricant's viscosity if they weren't removed in a process
called solvent extraction. Solvent extraction is possible
because aromatics are more soluble in the solvent than the
lubricant fraction is. When the lubricant is treated with the
solvent, the aromatics dissolve; later, after the solvent has
been removed, the aromatics can be recovered from it.
Additives, inspection, and packaging
Finally, the oil is mixed with additives to give it the desired
physical properties (such as the ability to withstand low
temperatures). At this point, the lubricant is subjected to a
variety of quality control tests that assess its viscosity,
specific gravity, color, flash, and fire points. Oil that meets
quality standards is then packaged for sale and distribution
The Future
The future of mineral-based lubricating oil is limited, because
the natural supplies of petroleum are both finite and nonrenewable. Experts estimate the total recoverable light to
medium petroleum reserves at 1.6 trillion barrels, of which a
third has been used. Thus, synthetic-based oils will probably
be increasingly important as natural reserves dwindle. This is
true not only for lubricating oil but also for the other products
that result from petroleum refining.
Thank You