Bellringer
MovementWhat
for a Jewish
Homeland
is Zionism?
French Captain convicted of treason
Who he
was
because
wasAlfred
a Jew Dreyfus?
What
was Blood
the slogan
Bismarck:
and Iron for Otto
Napoleon:
Order, Security,
Efficiency
Von
Bismarck?
Napoleon?
Bellringer
When a stronger nation takes over a
weakerWhat
nation.is Imperialism?
Industrialized= stronger
Need natural resources and new
What
are the economic reasons
markets
for imperialism?
It is the responsibility of the
What
does the White Man’s
Europeans to civilize the “barbaric”
mean?
nativesburden
of the colonies
Write it out:
Explain why the British sold Opium
to the Chinese and the impact of
that trade.
The New Imperialism
1800-1914
Industrial Revolution
The Industrial Revolution had strengthened Western Powers and given them
confidence. This led to aggressive expansion called The New Imperialism.
1870-1914 was the most active time of the Imperialistic activity.
Who are the Western Powers?
Britain, Spain, Germany, Italy, America, Russia, France, etc
Imperialism
Domination by one country of the political, economic or
cultural life of another country or region
What made these Western nations so much
stronger than the others?
A strong nation takes over a weak nation
They had industrialized
Motives
Three main causes:
-Economic
-Political/ Military
-Humanitarian
Economic
1. Booming industry needed natural resources and raw
materials for manufactured goods. Materials such as
Rubber, Petroleum, cotton and cocoa were needed in
vast quantities.
2. The new factories could produce large quantities of goods.
The Europeans needed new markets to sell their goods.
Political/Military
As new markets opened around the world,
steam ships were relied on to quickly transport
goods. However, the new steam powered ships needed
safe ports to get more coal and supplies. Both merchant
and military ships would access these safe harbors.
British naval
bases 2011
Humanitarianism
Some felt it was a duty to spread the blessings of Western Civilization such as
medicine, law, and Christianity.
“Take up the White Man’s Burden
Send forth the best ye breed
Go bind your sons to exile
To serve your captives’ need;
To wait in heavy harness
On fluttered folk and wild
Your new-caught, sullen peoples
Half-devil and half-child.”
-Rudyard Kipling
How do you think the natives felt about this
perception as outlined in “The White Man’s Burden”?
Social Darwinism
The social view applied to Charles Darwin’s theory of Survival of the Fittest. It
states that the strongest nations will survive while others perish. To Social
Darwinists, expansion was simply nature’s way of improving the human species,
with Europeans being superior.
**These ideas have promoted Racism**
Why did Imperialism work?
Two parts:
1) Old civilizations were declining including the largest empires:
a) The Ottomans in the Middle East
b) Mughals in India
c) Qing in China
d) West African nations
2) Western Civilizations had industrialized and had
a) Strong economies with well organized
governments
b) Medical knowledge to survive tropical
diseases
c) Superior gun power, such as the Maxim
machine gun
Imperial Control
There were 3 types of imperial control
1) Colonies
2) Protectorates
3) Spheres of influence
Colonies
Colonies were run by governors sent by the host country to control the region
directly
Colonies were costly and often required a large occupying force to ensure
absolute control over the region.
Think of the US colonies owned by
Britain in the 16th and 17th centuries.
These colonies were often occupied by
British troops to maintain order and
Enforce taxes.
Protectorates
Local rulers are left in power but they had to accept the “advice” of
the European Advisors on issues such as taxes, trade and foreign
relations.
Protectorates are less costly because they
only require a minimal military commitment,
unless there is a crisis or revolt.
Spheres of Influence
An area in which an outside power claims exclusive investment and trading
privileges. The goal is to prevent conflict with other western powers.
The Americans claimed a Sphere of
Influence over all of Latin America
with the Monroe Doctrine
What is Latin America?
-Anything South of the US
(Mexico, Central and South America)
British Imperialism
Some nations were VERY good at imperialism. Britain is an example.
Their imperialistic achievements included areas around the world
prompting the phrase:
The Sun never sets on the British Empire
Imperialism: when a STRONGER
nation takes over a weaker nation.
Remember, size doesn’t matter, its all
about industrialization
Review
The 19th century term “White Man’s Burden”
reflects the idea that
1. Asians and Africans were equal to Europeans
2. Asians and Africans would be grateful for
European help
3. imperialism was opposed by most Europeans
4. Europeans had a responsibility to improve
the lives of the colonial peoples
Review
In the past, European nations have conquered
other lands, made them into colonies, and
controlled their economies.
Which term refers to the situation described in this
statement?
1. Socialism
2. Isolationism
3. Imperialism
4. monotheism
Review
Throughout the 1800’s, an increased need for both
raw materials and new markets for manufactured
goods led various European nations to pursue
policies of
1.
2.
3.
4.
Imperialism
Socialism
Isolationism
communism
Review
Take up the White Man’s burden—
Send forth the best ye breed
Go bind your sons to exile
To serve your captives’ need;
To wait, in heavy harness,
On fluttered folk and wild—
Your new-caught, sullen peoples,
Half-devil and half-child.
--Rudyard Kipling, “The White Man’s Burden”
The phrase “White Man’s burden” in this excerpt refers to the
1. Negative attitude of Europeans toward peoples of the non-Western world
2. Advantages Europeans would gain by colonizing Africa, Asia, and Latin
America
3. Positive role of the Roman Catholic Church in Africa and Asia
4. Challenges non-Europeans faced when trading with the Europeans
African Imperialism
The Dark Land
Most of Africa was unknown to the Europeans in the 1800’s. They
had just explored the outer edges through the ports where they
traded goods for slaves.
Europeans prior to the 1800s could not
survive the tropical disease rampant in
Africa.
As European nations began to outlaw
slavery, the slave trade died down. This
prompted Europeans to begin exploring
the interior lands of Africa.
Africa
Before Imperialism Africa was a very
diverse land with hundreds of
languages and cultures. Societies
ranged from centralized government
states, to village communities, to
nomadic hunter-gatherer societies.
However, Africa was full of natural
resources and raw materials, making it
an ideal target.
North Africa
Fertile lands of the
Mediterranean region, and
the Sahara desert. Various
tribes controlled the region
East Africa
Eastern Coast and Red Sea
allowed successful trading
empire based on selling
African Slaves
West Africa
Grassy plains and forests.
Predominately a Muslim
area loosely ruled by the
Asante kingdom
South Africa
Southern Tip including the
Cape of Good Hope.
Controlled by the Zulus and
Boers
Sierra Leone, 1787
One of the first colonies in Africa was set up by the British. However, it was not
meant as a imperial location for the British. Instead, it was a destination for freed
slaves from Europe and the Americas.
What do you notice about its location?
It is on the coast. Set up prior to the 1800’s before European
exploration.
Exploring Africa
Explorers began by following
the majors African rivers: Nile,
Congo, and Niger
Livingston and Stanley
Dr. David Livingstone explored Africa for 30 years, writing about the people and
cultures he saw. He promoted the end of slavery and hoped to see the interior of
Africa opened to the world trade system.
In 1871, after many years of silence from
Livingston, Henry Stanley went in search of the
explorer. Upon finding him he greeted him with
“Dr. Livingston, I presume?”
African Scramble
Prior to the scramble there
was limited European
influence in Africa. This all
changed in 1884
Berlin Conference 1884
The Europeans powers meet to discuss the
division of Africa. No Africans were invited.
At the conference they decide:
- a European power cannot claim a part of
Africa unless they have set up a
government office.
This conference starts the rush for Africa.
European nations send officials to begin
exerting control and maintaining a
presence in certain areas.
The Scramble
In 20 years, most of Africa was under
imperial control. The exceptions:
Ethiopia and Liberia
The English and French controlled a
majority of Africa
3:256:34
Africans fight back
Some African nations fought back, but were mostly unsuccessful. Only Ethiopia
and Liberia successfully remained independent.
Ethiopia is an ancient Christian Kingdom.
King Menelik II reformed the nation in the
1800s, building roads, bridges, and
purchasing weapons from Europe.
When Italy invaded in 1896 Ethiopia was
ready and fought them off.
Zulu Resistance
As the British continued to push into South
Africa they encountered the militaristic tribe of
the Zulu.
The Zulu won some early victories but
eventually fell to the British who had superior
technology and more resources.
The Boer War 1899-1902
The English acquired Cape Colony from the
Dutch. The original Dutch settlers, the Boers,
resented British rule and moved north of the
colony. In the new settlements they found
Gold.
The British and the Boers both laid claim to
the gold, sparking a war between the two.
The British won and united the Boer
republic and Cape Colony into the Union of
South Africa with a new constitution.
This new constitution set up Apartheid- a
system of strict racial segregation.
Suez Canal
After Muhammad Ali reformed
Egypt and entered the World Trade
market, French entrepreneur Cecil
John Rhodes, built the Suez Canal.
The canal links the Mediterranean
Sea to the Red Sea. It opened in
1869
The British soon extended its
control over Egypt to control the
canal.
What is the importance of the
canal?
Review
Which is an accurate statement about the
partitioning of Africa by European imperialist
nations during the 1800’s?
1. new nations were based on old tribal boundaries
2. the cultural and ethnic diversity of the African
people was disregarded
3. the continent was divided equally among the
colonial powers
4. African unity was encouraged
Review
After 1880, European nations sought colonies in Africa
primarily because the Europeans were
1. in need of land for their surplus populations
2. competing for raw materials and markets
3. determined to bring Christianity to the Moslem world
4. interested in completing their geographic knowledge of
the world
Review
The 19th century term “White Man’s Burden”
reflects the idea that
1. Asians and Africans were equal to Europeans
2. Asians and Africans would be grateful for
European help
3. imperialism was opposed by most Europeans
4. Europeans had a responsibility to improve
the lives of the colonial peoples
Review
In the past, European nations have conquered
other lands, made them into colonies, and
controlled their economies.
Which term refers to the situation described
in this statement?
1. socialism
2. isolationism
3. imperialism
4. monotheism
Review
During the 18th and 19th centuries, increased
contact between Europe and the continents of
Africa, Asia, and South America resulted in
1. closer cultural cooperation between Europe and
these continents
2. the exploitation of the labor and resources of
these continents
3. a return to the political and economic systems of
feudal Europe
4. preservation of the rights of the indigenous
peoples
Review
During the 18th and 19th centuries, Europeans
improved roads and bridges and built
railroads in their colonies primarily to
1. provide jobs for the colonists
2. obtain raw materials needed for
industrialization
3. impress the colonists with their technological
knowledge
4. help missionaries spread Christianity
On your maps
Label the following:
-South Africa
-Suez Canal
-Red Sea
-Sahara
-Mediterranean sea
-Cape of Good Hope
Imperialism in India and China
Imperialism is when a stronger
nation takes over a weaker nation
Declining Empires
Many empires were in decline in the early 1800s, the
Muslim led empires were no exception:
1) Mughals of India
2) Ottomans of the mid-East
3) Safavids of Iran
Review= Ottoman Empire
The Muslim religion soon gained many followers, who
swept out of the middle east to create vast empires. One
of the most successful was the Ottoman Empire, which
was able to conquer the Byzantine Empire, and capitol
city of Constantinople.
Ottoman’s Decline
The Ottoman empire was controlled by power-hungry provincial
rulers, which weakened the authority of the central government.
Ottoman Empire was composed of diverse ethnicities
nationalism sparked revolts
The capital city was Istanbul, but many still called it
Constantinople. This is the time period when the
name change took place, remember that
Byzantium= Constantinople=Istanbul
Depending who is ruling, names change
*Present day Turkey*
Armenian (Christian) Massacre
The Ottoman empire allowed many minorities to live throughout the empire and
practice their own faiths. But as Nationalism grows, tolerance weakened
As the power of the empire weakens,
they are looking for someone to
The Turksblame.
accused the What
Armeniansdo
of we call these people?
These tensions triggered a massacre of the Armenians, a Christian group
concentrated in the mountains of the Ottoman Empire .
plotting with Russians against the
Ottoman Empire.
Scapegoats
Over one million were killed between
the 1890s and 1910s
Genocide
The Armenian massacre is an act of genocide, nearly 1
million perished.
Genocide has occurred in
many regions, in many time
periods, including today:
•Rwanda
•Darfur (Sudan)
•Bosnia
•Congo
•Uganda
Genocidedeliberate attempt to
destroy a
religious/ethnic group
British in India
Though the Mughals were in charge of India, the British began exerting
control in the 1600s. (Protectorate)The British started the British East
India company to oversee their trading empire in India.
The main goal of the British was to make money, but they also had a
positive side effect:
-built roads to improve transportation
-built railroads to move goods and people faster
-founded schools to promote western thought
Why would the schools in India be
promoting western thought?
They can promote western
values to the children, who
grow up believing it
Why India?
Remember the three
motives for imperialism:
-Economic (hungry)
-Political (King Kong)
-Humanitarian
Which motive
does this image
demonstrate?
British Missionaries
Missionaries tried to convert Indians away from their religions
Hinduism
Buddhism
(___________)
and ( ______________).
-Wanted to end slavery and the caste system
-Outlawed the sati- a suicide by a widow upon her
husband’s death fire.
Missionaries spread Christianity and worked
to ‘civilize’ the Indians.
Officially outlawed 1829
“Comprehending why a woman would choose to commit sati, however, requires the
removal of our western lenses. The act of self-immolation of widows on their
husband’s funeral pyre may be construed as a horrific act by the Westerner but in India
cases of sati have been documented in their culture for hundreds of years (Oldenburg
1994: 165). ” More important, the symbolic significance of sati is intricately intertwined in
the Hindu belief system.
Was it right for the British
to outlaw Sati in 1829?
Why or why not
Rebellion
Many areas of India resisted British Rule
which required direct rule, with occupying
forces of troops. (colonies)
The British built long tracks of railroads so
they could quickly move troops to trouble
areas, and move goods from the interior to
the coast for shipment.
What do we call these
railroads/ road systems?
Infrastructure
Sepoy Rebellion
Sepoy= Indian soldiers for the British
Army
In the 1950s the British took several
unpopular steps:
-Sepoys could serve anywhere,
domestically or abroad
-Widows can remarry
Sepoy Rebellion
These measures don’t seem severe until you realize:
-High caste Hindus cannot travel overseas as a part of their belief
system
-Hinduism prohibits a woman to re-marry if her husband dies
The Indians see these changes as a way to force Christian and
Western ideals onto the Hindus.
Final Insult- Sepoy Rebellion
In 1857 the British East India Trading Company gave the Sepoy troops new guns
with new ammunition. To load the gun, they had to bite off the tip of the
cartridges. However, these cartridges were sealed with animal fat, either cow
or pig. The problem?
Sacred to Hindus
Forbidden to Muslims
Rebellion 1857
Angry Sepoys rebelled and marched to Delhi, where they called for support from
fellow Indians, Muslims and Hindus;
“It is well known to all, that in this age the
people of [India], both Hindus and
Muslims, are being ruined under the
tyranny and oppression of the infidel and
treacherous English. It is therefore the duty
of all the wealthy people of India… to stake
their lives and property for the well being
of the public.”
The Sepoys brutally murdered British men, women and children.
Suppression
The British troops rallied and killed thousands of unarmed Indians.
a. Parliament abolished the East India
Trading company and established direct
rule.
b. More British troops occupied India
c. Taxes were raised to pay for occupation
Famines
The British soon convinced the Indians to grow cash crops such as Cotton and
Opium instead of food crops needed to feed the growing population. This led to a
Indians
were forced to
number of famines inThe
the 1800s
and 1900s.
grow cash crops like cotton and
Many Indians sank into poverty, with nearly 10 million perishing over the course of
British rule.
opium instead of food causing
starvation. What situation does
this resemble?
**Warning: This nextIrish Potato Famine
video is quite graphic**
The “Brightest Jewel”
India was source of pride to British Imperialists. Rule under the British was a mixed
bag, with both positives and negatives
Positives
-Law code
-Communication systems
-Improved transportation  Roads
and Railroads
-World trade
Negatives
-British reforms insulted culture
-Indians treat as inferior to British
-forced to grow cash crops which
reduced the food supply
-exploited Indian labor and resources
British World Imperialism
Review
Things to know about
Imperialism:
-motives
-forms
-white man’s burden
-examples such as British
India, Chinese spheres of
influence, Africa, etc.
-Events such as the Boer war,
Opium war, Sepoy
Rebellion, etc.
6:30-13:25 & 15:40- 17:15 & 20:5623:46
Mercantilism
The imperial powers always wanted to sell more than buy, so they could make
a profit. In other words they want to Export more than they import:
China
Remember China is Isolated because of its
geography.
-Himalayan Mountains
-Gobi Desert
-coastlines
The Ancient Chinese had used the Silk road and
the voyages of Zheng He which exposed the
Chinese to more culture.
The Chinese believed they were superior to the
other cultures (ethnocentrism) and refused to
trade any more
China was mostly isolated for Hundreds of years
China
In the 1700s China was ____________________ and
had strict trading limits with foreigners. European
merchants were only allowed in South China.
The Chinese sold silk, tea and porcelain for gold and
silver. They did not want European made goods.
This led to a favorable balance of trade for the
Chinese- they were exporting more than importing
It also led to a trade deficit for the Europeans who
were importing more than exporting from China.
Trade Deficitbuying more
than selling
Opium
The British eventually discovered they could sell Indian
grown Opium to the Chinese in exchange for tea and
money, leading to huge profits.
Opium is made from the poppy plant, which grows
abundantly in Europe. It is HIGHLY addictive.
The British had a strict ban on
opium in England, but
continued to export it to China.
Right or wrong?
Opium Wars 1839-1842
Eventually the Chinese used force, firing upon British Ships carrying Opium.
However, the British had better weapons than the Chinese and soon
defeated them.
Why did the British easily
In 1842 the Chinese were forced to sign the Nanjing treaty. The British
defeat the Chinese?
gained:
-Money
-Hong Kong
-opened trading with the
Chinese
Industrialized
-Favored nation clause
Chinese Spheres of Influence
The Western powers viewed
this defeat as a sign that China
was weak, and they began
carving out spheres of
influence
Taiping Rebellion 1850-1864
By the early 1800s China was riddled with corruption. Government officials
abused their power, the rich avoided paying taxes, and the peasants were left
to shoulder the economic burden.
The peasants revolted and were led by Hong Xiuquan,
who encouraged morality, public ownership of land and
an end to the Qing dynasty.
This became the most devastating revolt in history, and
20-30 million Chinese were killed.
Open Door Policy 1899
The Americans did not join in the race for Spheres of Influence in China.
Instead, they proposed an Open Door Policy. This policy would open trade in
China to all.
-equal trading rights for all
nations
-stop further expansion but
did not help restore Chinese
Sovereignty
Sovereigntypeople pick their
government and
rulers
Boxer Rebellion 1900
Fed up with the foreign invaders, many Chinese nationalists
fought back. They began the Boxer Rebellion to force out the
Foreign Devils.
The Boxers attacked communities where
Westerners lived and any Chinese who
had converted to Christianity. The foreign
countries recognized this as a threat and
quickly crushed the rebellion.
3:16
China Evolves
China eventually was able to create a republic and overthrow foreign control.
However, the republic was weak, and today the government is communist,
maintaining strict control
Review
Which statement best expresses the motive for 19thcentury European imperialism?
1. Living space was needed for the excess population of
Western Europe
2. European leaders believed imperialism was an
effective method of reducing the number of wars
3. European nations would benefit from some aspects of
the conquered nation’s culture
4. Imperialism would benefit the economies of the
colonial powers
Review
The borders that were established for many African
nations during the late 1800s were based primarily on
1.
2.
3.
4.
Natural geographic barriers
Easy access to natural resources
Territorial claims of colonial rulers
Cultural differences between ethnic groups
Review
In 19th-century China, the Opium War resulted in
1. The control of Hong Kong being returned to China
2. The removal of all British naval forces from china
3. An increase in European spheres of influence in
China
4. The rejection of Buddhism by the Chinese people
Review
“Compared to other peoples of the world we have the greatest (largest)
population and our civilization is four thousand years old…Today we are
the poorest and weakest nation in the world and occupy the lowest
position in international affairs. Other men are the carving knife and
serving dish, we are the fish and the meat. As a consequence…we are
being transformed everywhere into a colony of the foreign powers.”
Which events formed the basis for the ideas expressed in this early
1900’s passage?
1. Opium war and boxer Rebellion
2. Mau Mau uprising and adoption of apartheid
3. Sepoy mutiny and the slat march
4. Haitian Revolution and Cortes’ march on Mexico City
Review
During the 18th and 19th centuries, Europeans improved
roads and bridges and built railroads in their colonies
primarily to
1. Provide jobs for all children
2. obtain raw materials needed for
industrialization
3. Impress the colonists with their technological
knowledge
4. Help missionaries spread Christianity
Opium Brides
Though the Indian Nation has achieved independence from Great Britain,
many are still forced to grow the cash crop of Opium. Drug smugglers force
poor farm families to grow opium in exchange for the lives of their family
members.