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ABOUT THE PROJECT
Introduction
This project report is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for MCA.The course
include a topic “Airline tickets” .This project work is a golden opportunity for us to apply the
theoretically learnt concepts for system Analysis and Designing of a system practically. Soigne
Technologies helped me a lot to work on project and how we can apply theoretical concept practically
to work on project.
The Project Title “Airline tickets” is a web based applications which involve to manage
tickets information, how many tickets on our site. .By using this, No one has to waste time to stand in
a queue to book Ticket. This Airline tickets will have all the necessary parts in order to handle the
ticket system. Customer are able to search for tickets that he/she looking in our database on the basis
of tickets date, origin . If they like to book tickets then he/she have to register for an account. Upon
registering a user can book tickets and get a confirmed Ticket to watch in theater. This system also
provide facility to customer to book tickets or International . Any user can visit this system whether
they are registered user or guest. But to book ticket first they have to login our account. To become a
member of Airline tickets it provide signup facility. To book Ticket first they have to login our
account, after that he/she can book ticket. This system also provides fare rules and terms and condition
of this system. Customer can easily use this system and book ticket. To get ticket customer have to
take printout of the ticket page.
Functions that is available for customers:
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
Registration for an account

Login/Logout

Select city

Search for tickets(Domestic or International )

Book Ticket

Take Ticket
Functions that is available to Admin:

Add New tickets Information

Delete/Update tickets Information

Search particular tickets Information

Search Customer Information
Main Modules of the Project
1.
Login Module
2.
Search tickets Module
3.
Book tickets Module
4.
tickets List Report
5.
Customer List Report
Login Module :-
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This is the first module of the software. This is very important from the security point of view.
Only an authorize user is allowed to enter in the system. This is assured by this module. In this module
there is login form, which has t o be filled by two information. One is User name and another is
password and one is persistent cookie which maintain user information in system. When a user enters
his name and password, the system send a request in the database to check that this user is entry is
existing there or not. If the user name and password matches the given user name and password in the
database the logging is successful and if it is not than logging is failed and an error message is
generated by the system which tells that you are not a registered user.
The user of the system is created by the system administrator. System administrator creates the
logging id and password for the user. This can be changed also by altering the entry in the database.
All the users information is stored in the database which is also very secured. So this insure the
complete security for the system and prevent from the information lost.
2 .Search tickets Module:This is the Module in which customer can search tickets that he/she want.
This module has an input form which is being field by the user of the system. In this module
there is origin place, destination place, Depart date, Return Date. In this module there is two option
button for user one is one way and another is round way. User has to select whether he/she book one
way or Round way trip.
3. Book tickets Module:This is the Module in which booking information is stored.This module has an input form
which is being field by the user of the system.This module contain information related to booking of
tickets.It contain me,Address,Passenger Name, Passenger strength Chidren age.
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4.
Ticket List Report :This module is for the report generation. The Reporting module is one of the most important
module of any system. The Correct reports provide the guarantee that the particular system in use is
functioning correct and it can be trusted for the future point of view also.
This module generates the report which helps the coordinator to view various tickets that serve
various customer. The user can not edit the information displayed the form. And a
so user.
5. Customer List Report :This module is for the report generation.The Reporting module is one of the most important
module of any system. The Correct reports provide the guarantee that the particular system in use is
functioning correct and it can be trusted for the future point of view also.
This module generates the report which helps the coordinator to view various customer
information that are registered in this system.The user can edit his information displayed the form.not
others he can only view other information.
FEATURES OF THE PROJECT
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“Airline tickets” will provide a lot of help to the customer. It helps customer to book ticket
online. Customer is able to search for tickets that he/she looking in our database on the basis of
tickets date, origin and destination. By using this system no one has to waste time by standing in queue
to book ticket. Customer can book ticket from anyplace whether he/she is in home or office.
There are following features of “Airline tickets”:

It provide Login/Logout facility.

Password protected user functions.

Password protected administrative functions.

It provide signup facility, to become a member.

Real client/server environment reachable all over the world.

Administrator can add infinite number of tickets information.

Administrator can able to delete, update tickets information.

Customer can able to search tickets that he/she looking.

Customer can able to book tickets & get ticket easily.

This system is easy to use no more training require.

Security measures so those only users with privileges can access the admin Module.
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ADVANTAGES OF THE PROJECT
“Airline tickets” will provide a lot of advantageous to the customer.It helps customer to book
ticket online.customer are able to search for tickets that he/she looking in our database on the basis of
tickets date,origin and destination. By using this system no one has to waste time by standing in queue
to book ticket.Customer can book ticket from anyplace whether he/she is in home or office.It provide
lot of benefits to customers.
There are following advantageous of “Airline tickets”:
 It help customer to search tickets from origin to destination.
 It provide login/logout facility.
 It help administrator to delete,update tickets information.
 It provide signup facility to become a member.
 It help administrator to add infinite number of tickets information.
 It help customer to book ticket online.
 .It provide excellent & fast service to customer.
 It save customer time,now he/she has no need to stand in a queue to book ticket.
 It provide lot of benefit to company,now there is no need of large staff to manage reservation
system.
 It has real client/server environment reachable all around the world.
 Security measures so those only users with privileges can access the admin Module.
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Microsoft .Net Framework:
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.NET Framework is made up of the Common Language Runtime (CLR), the Base Class
Library (System Classes). This allows us to build our own services (Web Services or Windows
Services) and Web Applications (Web forms Or Asp .Net), and Windows applications (Windows
forms).
Above Picture shows overall picture, demonstrating how the .NET languages follows rules provided
by the Common Language Specifications (CLS). These languages can all be used? Independently to
build application and can all be used with built-in data describers (XML) and data assessors (ADO
.NET and SQL). Every component of the .NET Framework can take advantage of the large pre- built
library of classes called the Framework Class Library (FCL). Once everything is put together, the code
that is created is executed in the Common Language Runtime. Common Language Runtime is
designed to allow any .NET-compliant language to execute its code. At the time of writing, these
languages included VB .Net, C# and C++ .NET, but any language can become .NET- compliant, if
they follow CLS rules.
MICROSOFT .NET FEATURES:
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Powerful Windows-based Applications :
.NET comes with features such as a powerful new forms designer, an in-place menu editor, and
automatic control anchoring and docking. Visual Basic .NET delivers new productivity features for
building more robust applications easily and quickly. With an improved integrated development
environment (IDE) and a significantly reduced startup time,
Building Web-based Applications:
With Visual Basic .NET we can create Web applications using the shared Web Forms Designer
and the familiar "drag and drop" feature. You can double-click and write code to respond to events.
Visual Basic .NET 2003 comes with an enhanced HTML Editor for working with complex Web
pages.
Simplified Deployment:
With Visual Basic .NET we can build applications more rapidly and deploy and maintain them
with efficiency. Visual Basic .NET 2003 and .NET Framework 1.1 makes "DLL Hell" a thing of the
past. Side-by-side versioning enables multiple versions of the same component to live safely on the
same machine so that applications can use a specific version of a component.
Powerful, Flexible, Simplified Data Access:
You can tackle any data access scenario easily with ADO.NET and ADO data access. The
flexibility of ADO.NET enables data binding to any database, as well as classes, collections, and
arrays, and provides true XML representation of data.
Full Object-Oriented Constructs:
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You can create reusable, enterprise-class code using full object-oriented constructs. Language
features include full implementation inheritance, encapsulation, and polymorphism. Structured
exception handling provides a global error handler.
XML Web Services:
XML Web services enable you to call components running on any platform using open Internet
protocols. Working with XML Web services is easier where enhancements simplify the discovery and
consumption of XML Web services that are located within any firewall. XML Web services can be
built as easily as you would build any class in Visual Basic 6.0. The XML Web service project
template builds all underlying Web service infrastructure.
Mobile Applications:
Visual Basic .NET 2003 and the .NET Framework 1.1 offer integrated support for developing
mobile Web applications for more than 200 Internet-enabled mobile devices. These new features give
developers a single, mobile Web interface and programming model to support a broad range of Web
devices, including WML 1.1 for WAP—enabled cellular phones, compact HTML (HTML) for i-Mode
phones, and HTML for Pocket PC, handheld devices, and pagers.
Upgrade Wizard:
You upgrade your code to receive all of the benefits of Visual Basic .NET 2003. The Visual
Basic .NET Upgrade Wizard, available in Visual Basic .NET 2003 Standard Edition, and higher,
upgrades up to 95 percent of existing Visual Basic code and forms to Visual Basic .NET with new
support for Web classes and User Controls.
Features of the Common Language Runtime:-
The common language runtime manages memory, thread execution, code execution, code
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safety verification, compilation, and other system services. These features are intrinsic to the managed
code that runs on the common language runtime.
With regards to security, managed components are awarded varying degrees of trust,
depending on a number of factors that include their origin (such as the Internet, enterprise network, or
local computer). This means that a managed component might or might not be able to perform fileaccess operations, registry-access operations, or other sensitive functions, even if it is being used in the
same active application.
The runtime enforces code access security. For example, users can trust that an executable
embedded in a Web page can play an animation on screen or sing a song, but cannot access their
personal data, file system, or network. The security features of the runtime thus enable legitimate
Internet-deployed software to be exceptionally feature rich.
The runtime also enforces code robustness by implementing a strict type- and code-verification
infrastructure called the common type system (CTS). The CTS ensures that all managed code is selfdescribing. The various Microsoft and third-party language compilers generate managed code that
conforms to the CTS. This means that managed code can consume other managed types and instances,
while strictly enforcing type fidelity and type safety.
In addition, the managed environment of the runtime eliminates many common software
issues. For example, the runtime automatically handles object layout and manages references to
objects, releasing them when they are no longer being used. This automatic memory management
resolves the two most common application errors, memory leaks and invalid memory references.
The runtime also accelerates developer productivity. For example, programmers can write
applications in their development language of choice, yet take full advantage of the runtime, the class
library, and components written in other languages by other developers. Any compiler vendor who
chooses to target the runtime can do so. Language compilers that target the .NET Framework make the
features of the .NET Framework available to existing code written in that language, greatly easing the
migration process for existing applications.
While the runtime is designed for the software of the future, it also supports software of today
and yesterday. Interoperability between managed and unmanaged code enables developers to continue
to use necessary COM components and DLLs.
The runtime is designed to enhance performance. Although the common language runtime
provides many standard runtime services, managed code is never interpreted. A feature called just-intime (JIT) compiling enables all managed code to run in the native machine language of the system on
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which it is executing. Meanwhile, the memory manager removes the possibilities of fragmented
memory and increases memory locality-of-reference to further increase performance.
Finally, the runtime can be hosted by high-performance, server-side applications, such as
Microsoft® SQL Server™ and Internet Information Services (IIS). This infrastructure enables you to
use managed code to write your business logic, while still enjoying the superior performance of the
industry's best enterprise servers that support runtime hosting.
.NET FRAMEWORK CLASS LIBRARY:The .NET Framework class library is a collection of reusable types that tightly integrate with
the common language runtime. The class library is object oriented, providing types from which your
own managed code can derive functionality. This not only makes the .NET Framework types easy to
use, but also reduces the time associated with learning new features of the .NET Framework. In
addition, third-party components can integrate seamlessly with classes in the .NET Framework.
For example, the .NET Framework collection classes implement a set of interfaces that you can
use to develop your own collection classes. Your collection classes will blend seamlessly with the
classes in the .NET Framework.
As you would expect from an object-oriented class library, the .NET Framework types enable
you to accomplish a range of common programming tasks, including tasks such as string management,
data collection, database connectivity, and file access. In addition to these common tasks, the class
library includes types that support a variety of specialized development scenarios. For example, you
can use the .NET Framework to develop the following types of applications and services:

Console applications.

Scripted or hosted applications.

Windows GUI applications (Windows Forms).

ASP.NET applications.

XML Web services.

Windows services.
For example, the Windows Forms classes are a comprehensive set of reusable types that vastly
simplify Windows GUI development. If you write an ASP.NET Web Form application, you can use
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the Web Forms classes.
Client Application Development:
Client applications are the closest to a traditional style of application in Windows-based
programming. These are the types of applications that display windows or forms on the desktop,
enabling a user to perform a task. Client applications include applications such as word processors and
spreadsheets, as well as custom business applications such as data-entry tools, reporting tools, and so
on. Client applications usually employ windows, menus, buttons, and other GUI elements, and they
likely access local resources such as the file system and peripherals such as printers.
Another kind of client application is the traditional ActiveX control (now replaced by the
managed Windows Forms control) deployed over the Internet as a Web page. This application is much
like other client applications: it is executed natively, has access to local resources, and includes
graphical elements.
Server Application Development:-
Server-side applications in the managed world are implemented through runtime hosts.
Unmanaged applications host the common language runtime, which allows your custom managed
code to control the behavior of the server. This model provides you with all the features of the
common language runtime and class library while gaining the performance and scalability of the host
server.The following illustration shows a basic network schema with managed code running in
different server environments. Servers such as IIS and SQL Server can perform standard operations
while your application logic executes through the managed code.
Server-Side Managed code
ASP.NET is the hosting environment that enables developers to use the .NET Framework to
target Web-based applications. However, ASP.NET is more than just a runtime host; it is a complete
architecture for developing Web sites and Internet-distributed objects using managed code. Both Web
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Forms and XML Web services use IIS and ASP.NET as the publishing mechanism for applications,
and both have a collection of supporting classes in the .NET Framework.
XML Web services, an important evolution in Web-based technology, are distributed, serverside application components similar to common Web sites. However, unlike Web-based applications,
XML Web services components have no UI and are not targeted for browsers such as Internet
Explorer and Netscape Navigator. Instead, XML Web services consist of reusable software
components designed to be consumed by other applications, such as traditional client applications,
Web-based applications, or even other XML Web services. As a result, XML Web services technology
is rapidly moving application development and deployment into the highly distributed environment of
the Internet.
The .NET Framework also provides a collection of classes and tools to aid in development and
consumption of XML Web services applications. XML Web services are built on standards such as
SOAP (a remote procedure-call protocol), XML (an extensible data format), and WSDL (the Web
Services Description Language). The .NET Framework is built on these standards to promote
interoperability with non-Microsoft solutions.
Microsoft ASP. NET:
Introduction:ASP.NET is the latest version of Active server pages(ASP),Microsoft’s server-side web
technology for building dynamic,interactive and database-driven web sites.ASP.NET is the next era of
web development.ASP.Net is a new and powerful server side technology for creating dynamic web
pages.It is one of a set of technologies that comprise the Microsoft.Net Framework.It allows us to use
a full featured programming language such as C# or VB.Net to build web application easily.It gives us
full server side object oriented functionality.It is a robust,easy to use solution for developing complex
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web sites,Rather then building simple pages that are only for display,you will create web pages that
visitors can interact with in wonderful ways.
ASP.Net Application are based on Common Language Runtime(CLR),.Net class
libraries & other tools integrated with Microsoft .Net framework.Asp.Net is a server technology that
brings together the different pieces of web to give web site developers more power then ever.Asp.Net
solve the problem in request/response modal.In this modal server has no idea what is happening on
client,unless it make another request.To solve this problem ther is another modal for communicating
between server & clients known as “Event Driven Modal”.In this server waits around for something to
happen on the client.Once it does,the server takes action & perform some piece of
functionality.Asp.Net relies on clever client side processing to simulate an event driven modal.Using
client side script,Asp.Net supplies information about what the client is doing during requests.whenever
something is happens on the client,a client side script executes & send information to the server just as
submitting a form send information to a server.Asp.Net ties together the server & the client,which
allows developers to do things in web pages.ASP.NET is a programming framework built on the
common language runtime that can be used on a server to build powerful Web applications.
ADVANTAGES OF ASP.NET
ASP.NET hopes to “do for the web that visual basic has done for windows.”visual basic
provides a graphical IDE,in which developers can simply drag & drop components from the toolbar
and create traditional client/server applications.The actual coding required is minimal and contains just
application –specific logic.Asp.Net expects to reduce and replace coding with components.It heralds
the next generation of web applications,which are based on component-oriented programming.The
chief advantages of Asp.Net are listed below :-
Support For Programming Languages :-
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ASP.NET pages are developed using .Net-compatible programming languages such as
VB.Net and C#.This improves performance in two ways.The source code is compiled,not
interpreted .secondly,the strong typing supported by these languages enables early binding.
Language-Independence :ASP.NET applications can be developed using any one of the .Net-compatible
programming languages.A single application can contain pages and components developed using
different languages.This enables you to leverage the existing programming skills of different team
members.
Simplified Development :ASP.NET minimizes the amount of coding required to develop an application by using
server-side controls and event-driven programming.The server-side controls are declarative in
nature.You can even convert HTML elements into server-side controls and manipulate them on the
server using an intuitive object model.
Client Platform Independence :ASP.NET supports multiple client platforms,including mobile devices.It supports XML
and can exchange data with other resources on the internet using this language.
Web Services :ASP.NET supports the new technology of web services,which is used for accessing
application-logic and transferring data across the internet.
Support For .Net Framework :ASP.NET is part of the .Net Framework.The .Net Framework provides almost 4000
classes that can be used in ASP.NET pages.
Support For Caching :17
ASP.NET supports page and data caching that enables you to improve the performance of
your applications.
Support For Separation Of Code and Content :Usually, Web applications involved web developers, people who write the application logic,
and web designers, people who design the layout of the application. Separating code and content
enables these two groups to work independently of each other. It also simplifies maintenance.
Backward Compatibility :ASP.NET maintains backward compatibility with earlier versions of ASP,COM and
COM+,and even the windows operating System.The file extension of ASP.NET application is
.aspx,different from the file extension of ASP application,.asp.This implies that ASP application can
be run along with ASP.NET applications and developers can migrate to the new platform as their
requirement increase.By default,files with extension,.asp are mapped by IIS to asp.dll,and files with
the extension,.aspx are mapped to aspnet_isapi.dll.
ASP.NET AND .NET FRAMEWORK
ASP.NET is a unified web platform that provides all the services necessary for you to build
enterprise-class applications.It,in turn,is built on the .Net Framework,so the entire framework is
available to any ASP.NET application.The .Net Framework acts as an interface between ASP.NET
applications and the operating System.
Web Clients
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ASP.NET
Applications
IIS
.NET
Framework
Windows NT/2000
Operating System
ASP.NET and .NET Framework
The .Net Framework is an application framework that provides you with thousands of
programming classes to meet almost every programming requirement.The .Net Framework also
provides the runtime environment for ASP.NET applications.
SECURITY MANAGEMENT
ASP.NET works in concert with the .NET Framework and IIS to provide web application
security.To
secure
an
ASP.NET
application,you
must
perform
the
three
fundamental
functions,authentication,authorization and impersonation.

Authentication :- It assures that the user is,in fact,who the user claims to be.User
credentials(such as name and password)are validated against some authority.ASP.NET
implements additional authentication methods that apply
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After IIS authentication mechanisms.ASP.NET authentication methods include windows
Authentication,passport and Forms.ASP.NET controls access to site information by compairing
authenticated credentials,or representations of them,to NTFS file system permissions or to an XML
file that lists authorized users,authorized roles Or authorized HTTP verbs.
 Authorization :- It limits access rights by granting or denying specific permissions to an
authenticated identity.
 Impersonation:-It enables the ASP.NET application to execute in the context of an
authenticated or anonymous user.When the request is passed to the application from IIS.Access is
then granted or denied based on the impersonated identity.IIS can also grant or deny access based on
a user’s host name or IP address.ASP.NET application developer also has access to all of the built in
security features of the .NET framework,such as code access security and role based user access
security.
OVERVIEW OF THE .NET FRAMEWORK:-
WEB SERVICES:Web services provide a web-enabled user interface with tools that include various hypertext
markup language (HTML) controls and web controls. Web services also handle various web protocols,
security, when code is targeted for .NET, it is called managed code, which means that the code
automatically runs under a “contract of cooperation” with the CLR. Managed code supplies the
information necessary for the runtime to provide services such as memory management, crosslanguage integration, code access security, and the automatic lifetime control of all of our objects.
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The .NET Framework is a new computing platform that simplifies application development in
the highly distributed environment of the Internet. The .NET Framework is designed to fulfill the
following objectives:

To provide a consistent object-oriented programming environment whether object code is
stored and executed locally, executed locally but Internet-distributed, or executed remotely.

To provide a code-execution environment that minimizes software deployment and versioning
conflicts.

To provide a code-execution environment that guarantees safe execution of code, including
code created by an unknown or semi-trusted third party.

To provide a code-execution environment that eliminates the performance problems of scripted
or interpreted environments.

To make the developer experience consistent across widely varying types of applications, such
as Windows-based applications and Web-based applications.
To build all communication on industry standards to ensure that code based on the .NET Framework
can integrate with any other code.
The .NET Framework has two main components: the common language runtime and the .NET
Framework class library. The common language runtime is the foundation of the .NET Framework.
You can think of the runtime as an agent that manages code at execution time, providing core services
such as memory management, thread management, and remoting, while also enforcing strict type
safety and other forms of code accuracy that ensure security and robustness. In fact, the concept of
code management is a fundamental principle of the runtime. Code that targets the runtime is known as
managed code, while code that does not target the runtime is known as unmanaged code. The class
library, the other main component of the .NET Framework, is a comprehensive, object-oriented
collection of reusable types that you can use to develop applications ranging from traditional
command-line or graphical user interface (GUI) applications to applications based on the latest
innovations provided by ASP.NET, such as Web Forms and XML Web services.The .NET Framework
can be hosted by unmanaged components that load the common language runtime into their processes
and initiate the execution of managed code, thereby creating a software environment that can exploit
both managed and unmanaged features. The .NET Framework not only provides several runtime hosts,
but also supports the development of third-party runtime hosts.For example, ASP.NET hosts the
runtime to provide a scalable, server-side environment for managed code. ASP.NET works directly
with the runtime to enable Web Forms applications and XML Web services, both of which are
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discussed later in this topic.The following illustration shows the relationship of the common language
runtime and the class library to your applications and to the overall system.
The illustration also shows how managed code operates within a larger architecture.
The ADO.NET Data Architecture
Data Access in ADO.NET relies on two components: DataSet and Data Provider.
Dataset:
The dataset is a disconnected, in-memory representation of data. It can be considered as a local
copy of the relevant portions of the database. The DataSet is persisted in memory and the data in it can
be manipulated and updated independent of the database. When the use of this DataSet is finished,
changes can be made back to the central database for updating.
Data Provider:
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The Data Provider is responsible for providing and maintaining the connection to the database.
A DataProvider is a set of related components that work together to provide data in an efficient and
performance driven manner. The .NET Framework currently comes with two DataProviders: the
SQL Data Provider which is designed only to work with Microsoft's SQL Server 7.0 or later and the
OleDb DataProvider which allows us to connect to other types of databases like Access and Oracle.
Each DataProvider consists of the following component classes:
The
The
Connection
Command
object
object
which
which
provides a
is
used
connection
to
to
execute
the
database.
a
command
The DataReader object which provides a forward-only, read only, connected recordset. The
DataAdapter object which populates a disconnected DataSet with data and performs update.
Data access with ADO.NET can be summarized as follows:
A connection object establishes the connection for the application with the database. The
command object provides direct execution of the command to the database. If the command returns
more than a single value, the command object returns a DataReader to provide the data. Alternatively,
the DataAdapter can be used to fill the Dataset object. The database can be updated using the
command object or the DataAdapter.
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DESIGN GOALS FOR ADO.NET:As application development has evolved, new applications have become loosely coupled based
on the Web application model. More and more of today's applications use XML to encode data to be
passed over network connections. Web applications use HTTP as the fabric for communication
between tiers, and therefore must explicitly handle maintaining state between requests. This new
model is very different from the connected, tightly coupled style of programming that characterized
the client/server era, where a connection was held open for the duration of the program's lifetime and
no special handling of state was required.
ADO.NET was designed to meet the needs of this new programming model: disconnected data
architecture, tight integration with XML, common data representation with the ability to combine data
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from multiple and varied data sources, and optimized facilities for interacting with a database, all
native to the .NET Framework.
In creating ADO.NET, Microsoft embraced the following design goals.
Leverage Current ADO Knowledge:-
The design for ADO.NET addresses many of the requirements of today's application
development model. At the same time, the programming model stays as similar as possible to ADO, so
current ADO developers do not have to start from the beginning in learning a brand new data access
technology. ADO.NET is an intrinsic part of the .NET Framework without seeming completely
foreign to the ADO programmer. ADO.NET coexists with ADO. While most new .NET-based
applications will be written using ADO.NET, ADO remains available to the .NET programmer
through .NET COM interoperability services.
Support The N-Tier Programming Model:-
ADO.NET provides first-class support for the disconnected, n-tier programming environment
for which many new applications are written. The concept of working with a disconnected set of data
has become a focal point in the programming model.
Integrate Xml Support
XML and data access are intimately tied — XML is all about encoding data, and data access is
increasingly becoming all about XML. The .NET Framework does not just support Web standards —
it is built entirely on top of them.
XML support is built into ADO.NET at a very fundamental level. The XML classes in the
.NET Framework and ADO.NET are part of the same architecture — they integrate at many different
levels. You no longer have to choose between the data access set of services and their XML
counterparts; the ability to cross over from one to the other is inherent in the design of both.
INTRODUCTION TO SQL SERVER
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What is SQL server?
SQL server is a client/server relational database management system
(RDBMS) that uses the transact-SQL to send request between the client and SQL server.
Why use SQL server as back end?
SQL server is designed to be a client/server system. Client/server systems are constructed so that
the database can reside on central computer known as Server and be shared among several users.
When users want to access the data in SQL server, they run an application on their local computer
known as client that connects over a network to the server running SQL server. SQL server can work
with thousands of client applications simultaneously. The server has features to prevent the logical
problems that occur if a user tries to read or modify data currently being used by others. While SQL
server is designed to work as a client/server network, it is also capable of working as a stand-alone
database directly on the client. The scalability and ease of use features of SQL server allow it to work
efficiently on a client without consuming too many resources. SQL server effectively allocates the
available resources such as memory, network bandwidth and disk I/O among the multiple users.
Advantages of SQL client are:
1. Supports multiple hardware platforms
2. Supports multiple software applications
Advantages of the SQL server are:
1. Reliable
2. Fault tolerant
3. Centralized control
4. Concurrent
5. Sophisticated locking
26
The SQL Server 2003 relational database engine is an RDBMS that manages and stores data in
relational tables. Each table represents some object of interest, such as customers, employees, or
products.
The relational database engine is designed to store detailed records of transactions generated by
online transaction processing (OLTP) systems, as well as handle the online analytical processing
(OLAP) requirements of data warehouses. The relational database engine is responsible for
maintaining data security, providing fault tolerance, dynamically optimizing performance, using
locking to provide concurrency, and ensuring data reliability.
Figure: The SQL Server 2003 environment.
27
Key Features:

Rich XML support.

Web enabled analysis.

Web access to data.

Application hosting.

Click stream analysis.

Full text search.

Security.

High availability.

Scalability.

Distributed portioned views.

Indexed views.

Virtual system area LAN.

Replication.

Simplified database administration.

Extend application.

English query.

Data mining.

Analysis services.

Closed loop analysis.

OLAP flexibility.
SQL Server 2003 is a comprehensive database software platform providing enterprise-class
data management and integrated business intelligence (BI) tools. The SQL Server 2003 database
engine provides more secure, reliable storage for a relational database format or XML. By supporting
both a relational database format and XML, the SQL Server 2005 database engine provides the
flexibility necessary to support the way you work. It also enables you to build and manage highly
available, well-performing database software applications that you and your people can use to take
your business to the next level.
28
SQL Server Enterprise Manager :
SQLServerEnterprise
Manager
allows
for
easy
enterprise-wide
configuration
andmanagementof SQL and SQL Server objects. SQL Server Enterprise Manager powerful scheduling
engine, administrator alert capability,and a built-in replication management interface.You can
alsoSQLEnterprise to:

Manage logins, permissions, and users.

Create scripts.

Manage backup devices and databases.

Back up databases and transaction logs.

Manage tables, views, stored procedures, triggers, indexes.

Createfull-text indexes, database diagrams, and database .

Import and export data.
By default, SQL ServerEnterprise Manager is installed by SQL Server Setup as part of the
serversoftware on computers running Microsoft Windows
and as part of the client sof on
computers running Windows NT and MicrosoftWindows95/98. BecauseSQLServer Enterprise
Manager is a 32-bit application, it cannot be installed on computers running 16-bit operating
systems.
SQL SERVER ARCHITECTURE:Microsoft® SQL Server™ is a Structured Query Language (SQL) based, client/server
relational database. Each of these terms describes a fundamental part of the architecture of SQL
Server.
Database: A database is similar to a data file in that it is a storage place for data. Like a data file, a
database does not present information directly to a user; the user runs an application that accesses data
from the database and presents it to the user in an understandable format. A database typically has two
components: the files holding the physical database and the database management system (DBMS)
software that applications use to access data. The DBMS is responsible for enforcing the database
structure, including:

Maintaining the relationships between data in the database.
29

Ensuring that data is stored correctly, and that the rules defining data relationships are not
violated.

Recovering all data to a point of known consistency in case of system failures.
Relational Database :
There are different ways to organize data in a database but relational databases are one of the
most effective. Relational database systems are an application of mathematical set theory to the
problem of effectively organizing data. In a relational database, data is collected into tables (called
relations in relational theory). When organizing data into tables, you can usually find many different
ways to define tables. Relational database theory defines a process, normalization, which ensures that
the set of tables you define will organize your data effectively.
STRUCTURED QUERY LANGUAGE (SQL) :To work with data in a database, you must use a set of commands and statements (language)
defined by the DBMS software. There are several different languages that can be used with relational
databases; the most common is SQL.Standards for SQL have been defined by both the American
Nationa lStandards Institute(ANSI) and the International Standards Organization (ISO). Most modern
DBMS products support the Entry Level of SQL-92, the latest SQL standard (published in 1992).
SQL Server Enterprise Manager :
SQL Server Enterprise Manager allows for easy enterprise-wide configuration and
management of SQL and SQL Server objects. SQL Server Enterprise Manager powerful scheduling
engine, administrator alert capability, and a built-in replication management interface.You can also
SQL Enterprise to:

Manage logins, permissions, and users.

Create scripts.

Manage backup devices and databases.

Back up databases and transaction logs.

Manage tables, views, stored procedures, triggers, indexes.
By default, SQL ServerEnterprise Manager is installed by SQL Server Setup as part of the
serversoftware on computers running Microsoft Windows
and as part of the client sof on
computers running Windows NT and MicrosoftWindows95/98. BecauseSQLServer Enterprise
30
Manager is a 32-bit application, it cannot be installed on computers running 16-bit operating
systems.
INTRODUCTION OF C#:
C#(C Sharp) is a new computer programming language developed by Microsoft
Corporation,USA.C# is fully object oriented language like java and is the first component-oriented
language.It has been designed to support the key features of .Net Framework,the new development
platform of Microsoft for building component based software solution.It is simple,efficient,productive
and type-safe language derived from the popular c and C++ languages.
Although it belongs to the family of C/C++,it is purely object oriented,modern language
suitable for developing web-based applications.C# is designed for building robust,reliable and durable
components to handle real-world applications.The main objectives of C# is:
It is a brand new language derived from the C/C++ family.

It simplifies and modernizes C++.

It is the only component–oriented language available today.

It is the only language designed for the .Net framework.

It is concise,lean and modern language.

It has a lean and consistent syntax.

It is intrinsically object oriented and web enabled.

Major parts of .Net Framework are actually coded in C#.

It combines the best features of many commonly used languages:the productivity of visual
Basic ,the power of C++ and the elegance of java.

It embodies today’s concern of simplicity.

It is component oriented language available today.
The .Net platform and its technologies developed by microsoft will enable such co-operation
among web sites.C# is expected to play a major role in developing applications on co-operating
networks of websites.C# is suitable language for .Net Framework. .Net is simply the Microsoft’s
vision of “Software as a service”.Like Java,C# is a descendent of C++ which in turn is a descendent of
31
C.C# borrows java features such as grouping of classes,interfaces and implementation together in one
file so that programmer can edit the code more easily.C# also handles objects using references,the
same way as java.
32
PROBLEM FORMULATION
Formulation of web based system and applications represents a sequence of web engineering
action that begins with the identification of business needs,moves into description of webapp
objectives,defines major features and functions and perform requirement gathering that leads to the
development of an analysis model.Formulation focuses on the “big picture” on business needs and
objectives and related information.
PROBLEM DEFINITION
Before
doing
any
step
of
software
development
as
Analysis,Design,testing,and
implementation,there is a need of first defining a problem.One must know what the problem is before
it can be solved.The basis for a candidate system is recognition of need for improving an information
system or procedure.This is the first step in an initial investigation to define the problem that led user
request.The problem must be clearly understood and agreed upon by the user and the analyst.It must
state the objectives the user is trying to achieve and the result the user wants to see.Emphasis should
be on logical requirements of the problem rather then the physical requirements.
Among the most fundamental principles of software engineering is:Understand the problem
before you begin to solve it,and be sure that the solution you conceive is one that people really
want.Another fundamental software engineering principle is:plan the work before you begin
performing it. This problem definition is helpful in Requirement Analysis.The goal of this activity is to
understand the requirement of new system to be developed.Understanding the properties of new
system that does not exist is more difficult and requires creatives thinking.The problem is more
33
complex because an automated system offers possibilities that do not exist otherwise.Consequently,
even the client may not really know the needs of the system.The analyst has to make the client aware
of the new possibilities, thus helping both client and analyst determines the requirements for the new
system. Solving a problem without a clear knowledge of its components may turn out to be a futile
exercise. So a problem statement has to be prepared which explains every minute detail of the problem
beyond doubt.
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
The General Description describe all the information related to this project.It describe the main
motivation for the webapp,the objective that webapp must fulfill and who will use the webapp.
USER PROBLEM STATEMENT:This statement describe the problem definition of the proposed system.The problem definition
of the Airline tickets is to book Ticket online(means to book ticket at anyplace)never stand in long
queue. It is a Web Based Application to develop website in which end user interact with the webapp
easily.In this analyst communicate with customer and get more information to make project more
manageable. sometimes customer do not know the exact requirement they want,in this case analyst
suggest requirement that to be include in proposed system.In problem statement customer define the
following things:

The Overall objective of the webapp.

The user’s background and sophistication relative to the content and functionality of the
webapp.

It define how will the user arrive at the webapp.

It define the user category who will use the application.
34

That will be user friendly.

That will restrict the user from accessing other user’s data.
USER OBJECTIVES AND GOALS :-
The objectives of the proposed system is a description of webapp objectives, defines major
features and functions.Formulation allows stakeholders and the web engineering team to establish a
common set of goals and objectives for the construction of the webapp.It also identifies the scope of
the development effort and provides a means for determining a successful outcome.The objective of
Airline tickets is to Book Ticket online.To Develop a web Based System,advancement over a
computer Based System.The main objective of Airline tickets
to provide more facility to
customer,easily accessible over the web.The following statement describe the main motivation for the
webapp :
“Airline tickets will allow customer to Book Suitable Air Ticket at anyplace never stand in long
queue.”
In General,WebApplication identified the two categories of Goals:

Informational Goals-Indicate an intention to provide specific content and information for the
end user.

Applicative Goals-Indicate the ability to perform some task within the webapp.
In the context of this,one Informational Goal of Airline tickets:
“The site will provide users with a suitable tickets information, Fair information,seat information to
Book AirTicket”.
The one Applicative Goal of Airline tickets:
35
“This site will query the user about the
tickets that customer
tickets information.”
36
want to take and give suitable
EXISTING SYSTEM:-
Existing System helps developer in collecting information, he/she can examine what is needed in
proposed system, what are the Demerit in existing system and why we need a new system.
Formulation begins with customer communication that addresses the reasons for the webapp-what is
business need ,which end user are targeted, what features and functions are desired,what existing
system and Databases are to be accessed. The present system is totally manual. Retrieving the
information of a particular trainee increases the possibilities of errors. Moreover processes like
searching and tracking the records takes too much time.
Also, generating reports needs lots of formatting and labor each time for individual trainee.
LIMITATION OF EXISTING SYSTEM:-
The Existing System is a computer based system, in which database is place at one location which is
not accessible outside. And the customer have to go to booking Office
And book Ticket, and there is so much wastage of time for customer. To provide more
facilty and to overcome time problem there is a need of new system arise.

The limitation of Existing System, the customer who want to Book tickets have to go
to Booking office and waits a long time and stand in a queue so there is need of new
System arise.

In Existing System, there is so much wastage of time for customer.

It is very costly.
37

Searching the information of particular tickets is tedious task.
The new proposed system establish to overcome these problems in which customer don’t have to wait
and he/she can Book Ticket immediately.
PROPOSED SYSTEM :-
Proposed system is a system which is computerized in every manner. These systems are not just
fulfilling requirements but they are capable of doing such complex, tedious and cumbersome tasks.
Accessing of data by hand is satisfactory only when the amount of data to processed is small and also
the manual data processing is how, monotonous & often subject to error. The need of proposed
system arises to overcome the limitation of existing system.
FEATURES OF PROPOSED SYSTEM
The feature of Airline tickets to overcome the limitation of computer based system. It has to fulfill all
customer requirements. In this proposed system customer do not have to wait long time and he/she can
book Ticket immediately. There are following features in a proposed system:
It solves the time problem and customer doesn’t have to wait long time.

This System Book Ticket immediately.

It provide login/logout facility.

It provide signup facility, to become a member.

It is Real client/server environment reachable all over the world.

Administrator can add infinite number of tickets information.
38

Administrator can able to delete, update tickets information.

Customer can able to search tickets that he/she looking.

Customer can able to book tickets & get ticket easily.

This system is easy to use no more training require.
BENEFITS OF PROPOSED SYSTEM:-
There is a lot of benefits of new proposed system which overcome the problem of existing system. Our
system is “Airline tickets” which is improvement over computer based system. The Benefits of our
System:

In this customer don’t have to wait long time to Book Ticket.

There is no need of large staff to manage this; the whole data is manage in tables.

The customer who wants to book Movie ticket, search for tickets from
destination and to book suitable tickets he/she want.

It provide signup facility, to become a member.

Real client/server environment reachable all over the world.

Administrator can add infinite number of tickets information.

Administrator can able to delete, update tickets information.

Customer can able to search tickets that he/she looking.
39
origin to

Customer can able to book tickets & get ticket easily.

This system is easy to use no more training require.

Security measures so those only users with privileges can access the admin Module.
FEASIBILITY STUDY
An initial investigation culminates in a proposal that determines whether a alternative system is
feasible.when approved,the proposal initiates a feasibility study that describes and evaluates candidate
system and provide for the selection of the best system that meets performance requirements.To do
feasibility study,we need to consider the economic ,technical and behavioral factors in system
development.Many feasibility studies are disillusioning for both users and analysts.First,the study
often presupposes that when the feasibility document is being prepared,the analyst is in a position to
evaluate solutions.second,most studies tend to overlook the confusion inherent in system
development.The feasibility study is to serve as decision document,it must answer three key questions:

Is there a new and better way to do the job that will benefit the user?

What are the cost and savings of the alternatives?

What is recommended?
A feasibility study is defined as an evaluation or analysis of the potential impact of a proposed
project. A feasibility study is conducted to assist decision makers in or determining whether or not to
implement a particular
project program. It is performed to describe and evaluate candidate system
and to provide for the selection of best system that meets system performance requirement.
During the course of completion of this project work the complete analysis of the proposed
system was done. In the analyzing task a complete care about the feasibility of the proposed system
was taken. The following feasibility analysis was carried during the course of this project work on
“Airline tickets”:

Economic Feasibility
40

Technical feasibility

Operational feasibility
ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY
The cost involved in designing and implementation of the proposed system is as follows:
 Analysis and Design Cost: The cost of analysis & designing can be worked out by calculating
the number of human days spend on the analysis and designing of the project and then
multiplying the number of days with the cost of human day.
 Programming Cost: The cost is also calculated by calculating the number of human days
spends on the coding of the project and then multiplying the number of the days with the cost
of human day.
 Stationary and Miscellaneous Expenses: The cost of computer stationary is less than the cost of
other not computer based stationary.
TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY
The existing hardware and software facilities support the proposed system. Computers and
storage media are available and the software can be developed. Basic technical requirement of the
system and all aspects that the existing system facilities.
 Hardware: There’s need of Pentium machines with windows 2000 Server and printer for
reports.
 Manpower: The technical and non-technical staff required to implementing this system.
41
OPERATIONAL FEASIBILITY
The present system is operationally feasible, as it has become easy to have details regarding
which user has logged on the system and time of login, time of logon, and what information is
transferred.
The above details regarding the feasibility study show that the design of proposed system is
very effective.
42
43
SYSTEM ANALYSIS
INTRODUCTION
“Analysis” is the process of understanding the existing system by gathering and interpreting
the facts, diagnosing the problems. It is not just to determining the how best to solve the manual
system problems, it should also work for the system observes the feasibility of system then design,
coding phases will be executed. Analysis phase delivers requirements specification .The system
specification serves as an interface between the designer and developer as well as between developers
and users. This describes the external behavior of the software without bothering about the internal
implementation. Specification must be carefully checked for suitability, omission, inconsistencies and
ambiguities.
The basic aim of problem analysis is to obtain a clear understanding of the needs of the clients
and the users. Analysis involves interviewing the clients and end users. These people and the existing
document about the current mode of operation are the basic source of information for the analyst. The
process of obtaining answers to the questions that might arise in an analyst’s mind continues until the
analyst feels that all the information has been obtained.
Analysts not just collect and organize the information but they also act as consultants who play
an active role of helping the clients and users to identify their need. Due to this, analysts thoroughly
understand the problem domain and purpose of automation. During analysis following issues must be
kept in mind: -
1. Obtain the necessary information for solving the problem.
2. Gathered information must be properly organized.
3. Resolving contradiction that may exist in the information gathered.
In the analysis phase, we apply the “divide and conquer” technique. That is, decompose the problem
into sub problems and its relationship to another sub problem in an effort to understand the whole
problem. Generally, during analysis, partitioning is done with respect to objects/functions. Here we
apply it according to function. A function is a task, service, process, mathematical function or activity
that is now being performed by the system that will be built to solve the real problem.
44
There are three basic approaches to problem analysis:
1. Informal approach
2. Modeling based approach
3. Prototyping
The informal approach doesn’t use any methodology for problem analysis. The analyst relies on his
experience and uses questionnaires, forms, interviews etc. to elicit the information about the problem.
In modeling-based approach, a formal model is built for problem solving. This approach uses the
principle of partitioning for building the model.
In prototyping, the problem is analyzed and requirements are understood through the feedback from
the users working on a prototype system.
In the project “ Airline ticketst”, we use the modeling-based approach for the analysis of problem.
According to this approach, we break the whole working in different modules, such as, generating
Registering a member, Search for
tickets, Book
tickets, Display
tickets list. Modeling approach
generates the structure representing some aspect of problem. The structured analysis method helps the
analyst to decide at which time and what type of information is needed for the analysis. It is a topdown approach, which was originally called structured analysis.
Problem analysis is performed to get a clear understanding of the needs of the clients and the users and
what exactly is desired from the software. Analysis leads to the actual specification. During the
process of analysis, a massive amount of information is collected in the form of interviews,
questionnaires, and information from documentation, and so forth. The major problem during analysis
is resolving how to organize the information from documentation. So the information can be
effectively evaluated for completeness and consistency.
45
USER REQUIREMENTS
The user requirements should define the fundamental actions that must take place in the software in
accepting and processing the inputs and in processing and generating the outputs.
In our webapp “Airline tickets” the requirement is to satisfy customer to book Ticket.customer can
search
tickets and can book suitable
tickets that he/she want.The client of this system want this
system should be very attractive and it interact more easily with customer.It stated following features
that are available in this system:
Functions that is available to customer:

Registered for an account

Login/Logout

Check password if forgot

Search tickets

Update tickets Information

Submit tickets Information

Book particular tickets

Take ticket
Functions that is available to Admin:

Add new tickets information

Update tickets Information

Delete tickets Information

Check customer information who registered

Add new employee information

Update/Delete tickets Information
46
Entities that is available in this system:

Customer

Administrator

tickets

Book tickets

Ticket
THE USER HIERARCHY:-
The categories of end user who will interact with the webapp are identified as part of the formulation
and requirement gathering tasks.In most cases,user categories are relatively limited and a UML
representation of them is unnecessary.However,When the number of user category grows,it is
sometimes advisable to develop a user hierarchy.In Airline tickets there are three types of users who
can interact with this webapp.The follwing figure shows the user who can interact with the webapp:
Airline tickets
Users
Guest
Customer service
Registered staff
User
New
Customer

Existing
Customer
User Hierachy For
Airline tickets
Guest:-A guest is a user who visit the site but does not register. such user often
searching for general information.
47

Registered User :-A registred user takes time to provide contact information.There are
two categories of user:
New Customer:-A registered who wants to customize and then book tickets.
Existing Customer:-A user who already registered in Airline tickets.

Customer Service Staff:-These are special users who can also interact with Airline
tickets.
After the user hierarchy developing use case diagram .Use cases are developed for each user category
described in user hierarchy .In the context of web engineering, the use cases itself is relatively
informal-a narrative paragraph that describes a specific interaction between a user and the webapp. A
use case diagrams are created for created for each user category, a top level view of externally
observable webapp requirements is developed. Use cases are organized in to functional packages.
Each package is assessed to ensure that:
Comprehensible: The entire stakeholder understands the purpose of the package.
Cohesive:-The package addresses functions that are closely related to one another.
Loosely coupled:-Functions or classes within the package collaborate with one another,but
collaboration outside the package is kept to a minimum.
ANALYSIS MODEL
48
A webapp analysis model is driven by information contained within the use-cases that have
been developed for the application. Use cases descriptions are parsed to identify potential analysis
classes and the operations and attributes associated with each class. content to be presented by the
webapp are identified and functions to be performed are extracted from the use case
descripition.Finally,implementation specific requirement should be developed so that the environment
and infrastructure that support the webapp can be built.Four Analysis activity each contributing to the
creation of a complete analysis model are:

Content Analysis:-
This Analysis activity identifies the full spectrum of content to be provided by the
webapp.content includes text,graphics and images and video and audio data.The content Model
contains structural elements that provide an important view of content requirements for a webapp.

Interaction Analysis :-
It describes the manner in which the user interacts with the webapp.The interaction model
is composed of four elements :Use cases,Sequence Diagrams,State Diagrams and a user interface
prototype.

Functional Analysis :-
It defines the operation that will be applied to webapp content and describes other
processing functions that are independent of content but necessary to the end user.The functional
model addresses two processing elements of the webapp,each representing a different level of
procedural abstraction :User observable functionality that is delivered by the webapp to end users
and the operations contained within analysis classes that implement behaviour associated with
classes.

Configuration Analysis :-
It describe the environment and infrastructure in which the webapp resides.
SYSTEM REQUIREMENT
49
HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS
This system is developed on the following hardware configuration.

Pentium III processor

504 MB RAM

Hard disk 69.2 GB

Microsoft Compatible 101 or more Key Board

Scroll Mouse
SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS
This system is developed using the following software.

Operating System:Windows XP Professional Service Pack 2 With Internet Information Server

Technology:

Data Access Component : ADO.NET

Back End:

Front End:
ASP.NET
MS SQL Server 2000
Microsoft ASP.NET 3.5 with C#
PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS
1. Every query should generate results in maximum 30 seconds.
2. When user press the save button TC number should be automatically generate.
3. Every report should be generated in maximum 30 seconds.
50
4. User interaction with keyboard should be minimum.
5. To avoid the wrong entries a message should be display.
DFD AND E-R DIAGRAM
E-R Diagram :-
In this model objects of similar structures are collected into an entity set.The relationship between
entity sets is represented by a named E-R relationship and is 1:1(one to one),1:N(one to many) or
M:N(many to many) mapping from one entity set to another.The database structures,employing the ER model is usually shown pictorially using entity relationship(E-R)diagrams.The E-R diagram are
useful in representing the relationship among entitites.The following terms used in E-R Diagram :-
Entity:-An entity is a person,place ,thing,event or concept about which information is recorded.
Attribute:-Attribute gives the characterstic of the entity.In other words,every entity has some basic
attribute that characterize it.
Entity Type:-An entity type is defined as a collection of entities that have the same attributes.
Relationships:
One to One(1:1)
One to many(1:N)
Many to Many(N:N)
51
Many to One(N:1)
E-R DIAGRAM
52
DATA FLOW DIAGRAM(DFD)
The DFD represent a System requirement in a graphical form,this led to a modular design.A DFD is
also known as bubble chart has the purpose of clarifying system requirements and identifying major
transformations that will become programs in system design.so it is the starting point of the design
phase that functionally decomposes the requirements specifications down to the lowest level of
detail.A DFD consist of a series of bubbled joined by lines.The bubbles represent data transformations
and the lines represent data flow in the system.
Context Diagram
tickets &
customer info
tickets info.
Airline tickets
Customer
info
Reports
Confirmed Ticket
53
Customer Table
Customer
Request For
Web Page
Login
Enter the
username
&
Password
Get a list
of
password
Sign up
Enter
Customer
Information
Check
Verify
username
&
password
Customer Table
Search
For
tickets
s
Ticket
Make
Payment
Payment
Information File
Enter
Booking
Information
Get a
list of
ticket
Book tickets
Information File
54
tickets information
File
DFD 1)
For Customer Login
Admin Password
Admin
Request For
Web Page
Enter the
username
&
Password
Login
Get a list
of
password
Check
Verify
username
&
password
Delete,UpdateA
dd,
tickets
Information
For valid user
tickets Information
File
55
DFD 2) For Admin
56
SYSTEM DESIGN
OVERVIEW:After the Analysis phase is completed, the System Design phase is started.The Design for
webapp encompasses technical and non-technical activities.The look and feel of content is developed
as part of graphic design,the aesthetic layout of the user interface is created as part of interface design
and the technical structure of the webapp is modeled as part of architectural and navigational design.In
every instance, a design model should be created before construction begins.when design is applied
within the context of web engineering,both generic and specific issues must be considered.From
generic viewpoint,design results in a model that guides the construction of the webapp.
DESIGN GOALS
The following design goals that are applicable to virtually every webapp regardless of
application domain,size,or complexity :
Simplicity:_Although it may seem old-fashioned,the aphorism “all things in moderation” applies to
webapps.There is tendency among some designers to provide the end-user with “too much”-exhaustive
content,extreme visuals,intrusive animation,enormous web pages.
Consistency :This design goal applies to virtually every element of the design model.content should
be constructed consistently.Graphic design should present a consistent look across all parts of the
webapp.Architectural Design should establish templates that led to consistent hypermedia structures.
57
Identity:The aesthetic ,interface,and navigational design of a webapp must be consistent with the
application domain for which it is to be built.The webapp architecture will be entirely different
interfaces will be constructed to accommodate different categories of users,navigation will be
organized to accomplish different objectives.
Robustness :Based on the identity that has been established,a webapp often makes an implicit
“promise” to a user.The user expects robust content and functions that are relevant to the user’s need.
Navigability:In webapp navigation should be simple and consistent.It should also be designed in a
manner that is intuitive and predictable.That is,the user should understand how to move about the
webapp without having to search for navigation links .
Visual Appeal : webapp are unquestionably the most visual,the most dynamic,and the most
unapologetically aesthetic.Beauty is undoubtedly in the eye of the beholder,but many design
characterstics do contribute to visual appeal.
Compatibility : A webapp will be used in a variety of environment(e.g different hardware,Internet
connection types,operating System,browsers)and must be designed to be compatible with each.
DESIGN ACTIVITY :In webapp there are following Design activity:
Interface Design:-It describe the structure and organization of the user interface.Includes a
representation of system layout,a definition of the modes of interaction and a description of navigation
mechanisms.
Aesthetic Design :- This is also called Graphic Design.It describe the “look and feel” of the
webapp.Includes color schemes,geometric layout,size,font and placement,the use of graphics and
related aesthetic decisions.
Content Design:-It defines the layout,structure and outline for all content that is presented as part of
the webapp.Establishes the relationships between content object.
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Navigation Design:-It represents the navigational flow between content objects and for all webapp
functions.
Architecture Design :-It identifies the overall hypermedia structure for the webapp.
Database Structure
59
:
60
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PHYSICAL DATABASE DESIGN
The following SQL DDL scripts were used to create the tables on the Sql Server 2000
We first started with the entities that weren’t dependent on any other tables; namely
Customer_Information, tickets_Information. From there we go in order of dependencies.
USE [master]
GO
/****** Object: Database [tcb_db]
Script Date: 12/30/2010 18:53:23 ******/
CREATE DATABASE [tcb_db] ON PRIMARY
( NAME = N'tcb_db', FILENAME = N'C:\Program Files\Microsoft SQL
Server\MSSQL.1\MSSQL\Data\tcb_db.mdf' , SIZE = 2240KB , MAXSIZE = UNLIMITED,
FILEGROWTH = 1024KB )
LOG ON
( NAME = N'tcb_db_log', FILENAME = N'C:\Program Files\Microsoft SQL
Server\MSSQL.1\MSSQL\Data\tcb_db_log.LDF' , SIZE = 768KB , MAXSIZE = 2048GB ,
FILEGROWTH = 10%)
COLLATE SQL_Latin1_General_CP1_CI_AS
GO
EXEC dbo.sp_dbcmptlevel @dbname=N'tcb_db', @new_cmptlevel=90
GO
IF (1 = FULLTEXTSERVICEPROPERTY('IsFullTextInstalled'))
begin
EXEC [tcb_db].[dbo].[sp_fulltext_database] @action = 'enable'
end
GO
ALTER DATABASE [tcb_db] SET ANSI_NULL_DEFAULT OFF
GO
ALTER DATABASE [tcb_db] SET ANSI_NULLS OFF
GO
ALTER DATABASE [tcb_db] SET ANSI_PADDING OFF
GO
ALTER DATABASE [tcb_db] SET ANSI_WARNINGS OFF
GO
ALTER DATABASE [tcb_db] SET ARITHABORT OFF
GO
ALTER DATABASE [tcb_db] SET AUTO_CLOSE OFF
GO
ALTER DATABASE [tcb_db] SET AUTO_CREATE_STATISTICS ON
GO
ALTER DATABASE [tcb_db] SET AUTO_SHRINK OFF
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GO
ALTER
GO
ALTER
GO
ALTER
GO
ALTER
GO
ALTER
GO
ALTER
GO
ALTER
GO
ALTER
GO
ALTER
GO
ALTER
GO
ALTER
GO
ALTER
GO
ALTER
GO
ALTER
GO
ALTER
GO
ALTER
GO
ALTER
GO
ALTER
DATABASE [tcb_db] SET AUTO_UPDATE_STATISTICS ON
DATABASE [tcb_db] SET CURSOR_CLOSE_ON_COMMIT OFF
DATABASE [tcb_db] SET CURSOR_DEFAULT
GLOBAL
DATABASE [tcb_db] SET CONCAT_NULL_YIELDS_NULL OFF
DATABASE [tcb_db] SET NUMERIC_ROUNDABORT OFF
DATABASE [tcb_db] SET QUOTED_IDENTIFIER OFF
DATABASE [tcb_db] SET RECURSIVE_TRIGGERS OFF
DATABASE [tcb_db] SET
DISABLE_BROKER
DATABASE [tcb_db] SET AUTO_UPDATE_STATISTICS_ASYNC OFF
DATABASE [tcb_db] SET DATE_CORRELATION_OPTIMIZATION OFF
DATABASE [tcb_db] SET TRUSTWORTHY OFF
DATABASE [tcb_db] SET ALLOW_SNAPSHOT_ISOLATION OFF
DATABASE [tcb_db] SET PARAMETERIZATION SIMPLE
DATABASE [tcb_db] SET
READ_WRITE
DATABASE [tcb_db] SET RECOVERY SIMPLE
DATABASE [tcb_db] SET
MULTI_USER
DATABASE [tcb_db] SET PAGE_VERIFY CHECKSUM
DATABASE [tcb_db] SET DB_CHAINING OFF
The following SQL scripts were used to populate all of the tables with sample data. Once we have all
of the entities created from the scripts above, we can start to populate data in the tables.
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OVERVIEW OF TESTING PROCESS:
64
Testing is a process of executing a program with the intent of finding an error. A good test case
is the one that has a probability of finding an as yet undiscovered error. If testing is conducted
successfully (according to the objective stated) it will uncover errors in the software. As secondary
benefit, testing demonstrates that software function appears to be working according to the
specification that performance requirements appear to have been met. In addition data collected as
testing is conducted provides a good indication of software reliability and some indication of software
quality as a hole
Testing is the set of activities that can be planned in advance and conducted systematically. It
is an integral part of program development. It is in this stage, which we check that the program, that
has been coded, performs according to the user’s requirements. The purpose of doing test is not to
demonstrate that there are no errors in the program but to detect any bugs that may still exist.
In the testing stage, the main aim is to look for errors that unknowingly have been occurred. It
is common misconception that the purpose of testing is to prove that a program is working correctly.
This is dangerous myth because it can lead insufficient testing, and program with hidden fault.
Because the actual result and expected result may differ in the field of reality and it can be hazardous
for a program.
The importance of software testing and its implications with respect to software quality cannot
be over emphasized. Software testing is a crucial element of software quality and represents the
ultimate review of specification design and coding.
The increasing visibility of software as a system element and the attendant ‘costs’ associated
with a software failure are motivating forces for well planned, thorough testing. It is not unusual for
software development organization to expend 40% of total project effort on testing.
Testing is the process of exercising software with the intent of finding errors.This fundamental
philosophy does not change for webapps.In fact,because web based systems and applications reside on
the network and interoperate with many different operating systems,browser,hardwre platforms and
backroom applications,the search for errors represents a significant challenge for web engineers.The
webapp testing process begins by focusing on user-visible aspects of the webapp and proceeds to tests
65
that
exercise
technology
and
infrastructure.Seven
testing
steps
are
performed:
content,interface,Navigation,component,configuration,Performance,and security testing.
The testing process for webapp engineering begins with test that exercise content and interface
functionality that is immediately visible to end users.As testing proceeds,aspects of the design
architecture and navigation are exercised.The user may or may not be cognizant of these webapp
elements.Finally,the focus shifts to tests that exercise technological capabilities that are not always
apparent to end user-webapp infrastructure and installation issuses.
OBJECTIVE OF TESTING
Testing is a technique that uncover error in the webapp. There are following objectives of Testing:

The content model for the webapp is reviewed to uncover errors.

The interface model is reviewed to ensure that all the use-cases can be accommodated.

The design model for the webapp is reviewed to uncover navigation errors.

The user interface is tested to uncover errors in presentation and navigation mechanics.

Selected functional components are unit tested.

Performance tests are conducted.

The webapp is tested by a controlled and monitored population of end-users;the results of their
interaction with the system are evaluated for content and navigation errors.
There are seven testing steps that are performed during this webapp:
Content Testing :-It attempts to uncover errors in content.This testing activity is similar in many
respects to copy-editing for a written document.In fact,a large web site might enlist the services of a
professional copy editor to uncover typographical errors,grammatical mistakes,errors in content
consistency,errors in graphical representations and cross referencing errors.
66
Interface Testing:-It exercises interaction mechanisms and validates aesthetic aspects of the user
interface.The intent is to uncover errors that result from poorly implemented interaction mechanisms
or omissions,inconsistency or ambiguities that have been introduced into the interface inadvertently.
Navigation Testing :- Navigation Testing applies use-cases,derived as part of the analysis activity,in
the design of test cases that exercise each usage scenario against the navigation design.Navigation
mechanisms implemented with in the interface layout are tested against use-cases to ensure that any
errors that impede completion of a use-cases are identified and corrected.
Component Testing:-It exercise content and functional units within the webapp.When webapp are
considered,the concept of the unit changes.The “unit” of choice within the content architecture is the
web page.Each web page encapsulates content,navigation links,and processing elements.A “unit”
within the webapp architecture may be defined functional component that provides service directly to
an end user or an infrastructure component that enables the webapp to perform all of its capabilities.It
also called “Function Testing”.
Security Testing :-It incorporates a series of tests designed to exploit vulnerabilities in the webapp
and its environment.The intent is to demonstrate that a security breach is possible.
GUI Testing Input/Output Testing:GUI testing is done to ensure the uniform look on feel of the user
interface components across the application. All major elements of the graphical interface such as
windows, mouse operations etc were validated during GUI testing, various selections were made
through mouse and keyboard to ensure that it works both ways. It was tested that appropriate message
appear to guide the user through the course of action.It was checked whether all the required outputs
are generated and are in the desired and proper format. Also it should serve the purpose for which the
application was designed.
Integration Testing:-Navigation and component testing are used as integration testing.The strategy
for integration testing depends on the content and webapp architecture that has been choosen.If the
content architecture has been designed with a linear,grid,or simple hierarchical structure,it is possible
to integrate web pages in much the same way as we integrate modules for conventional
67
software.Thread based testing can be used to integrate the set of web pages required to respond to a
user event.Regression Testing is applied to ensure that no side effects occur.Cluster testing integrates a
set of collaborating pages.Test cases are derived to uncover errors in the collaborations.
Configuration Testing :-It attempts to uncover errors that are specific to a particular client or server
environment.A cross reference matrix that defines all probable operating systems,browsers,hardware
platforms and communication protocols is created.Tests are then conducted to uncover errors
associated with each possible configuration.The job of configuration testing is not to exercise only
client side,rather it is to test a set of probable client side and server side configuration
Performance Testing:-It encompasses a series of tests that are designed to assess 1.how webapp
response time and reliability are affected by increased user traffic,2.which webapp components are
responsible for performance degradation and what usage characterstics cause degradation to occur and
how performance degradation impacts overall webapp objectives and requirements.
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OVERVIEW OF IMPLEMENTATION
Implementation is the process of having systems personnel check out and put new equipment
into use, train users, install the new application and construct any files of data needed to use it. This
phase is less creative than system design. Depending on the size of the organization that will be
involved in using the application and the risk involved in its use, systems developers may choose to
test the operation in only one area of the firm with only one or two persons. Sometimes, they will run
both old and new system in parallel way to compare the results. In still other situations, system
developers stop using the old system one day and start using the new one the next. The
implementation phase is less creative than system design.It is primarily with user training,site
preparation and file conversion.when the candidate system is linked to terminals or remote sites,the
telecommunication network and test of the network along with system are included under the
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implementation.During final testing,user acceptance is tested,followed by user training.Depending on
the nature of the system,extensive user training may be required.conversion usually takes place at
about the same time the user is being trained.
Evaluation of the system is performed to identify its strengths and weaknesses. The actual evaluation
can occur along any of the following dimensions:
i.
Operational Evaluation: Assessment of the manner in which the system functions, including
case of use, response time, overall reliability and level of utilization.
ii.
Organizational Impact: Identification and measurement of benefits to the organization in such
areas as financial concerns, operational efficiency and competitive impact.
iii.
User Manager Assessment: Evaluation of the attitudes of senior and user
manager within the
organization, as well as end-users.
IMPLEMENTATION TOOLS:

Training of personnel

Conversion procedures

Post-implementation review or evaluation
Training of personnel:
The high quality training is an essential step in systems implementation. Hence to provide the
training to personnel they have been provided user manuals. They are asked to read it carefully and
same thing try practically on computer. If they don’t understand any thing, can ask without any
hesitation. They are asked to enter the data, which is more frequently entered, and print the reports are
frequently printed. Users are told about those situations, which he must understand and he should able
to handle it.
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Conversion Method:
The direct conversion method is applied. This method converts from old to the new system
abruptly. The old system is used till a planned conversion day. The organization relies fully on the new
system.
Evaluation Or Post Implantation Review:
After the system is implemented and conversion is complete, a review is conducted to
determine whether system is meeting expectations and where improvements are needed. A post
implementation review measures the systems performance against pre-determined requirements. It
determines how well the system continues to meet performance specifications. It also provides
information to determine whether major re-design or modification is required. In evaluation system is
checked against the pre-determined requirements. All the requirements have been fully attained.
Where there was any mistake that had handled through system life cycle. Problem is solved and
checked against the original facts.
REVIEW PLAN:
For review a team is planned. The Team shall prepare a formal plan around the objectives of
the review. An overall plan covers the following areas:

Administrator Plan: Review area objectives, operating costs, actual operating performance
and benefits.

Personnel Requirements Plan: Review performance objectives and training performance to
data.
Hardware Plan: Review performance specifications

Documentation Review Plan: Review the system development efforts.
i.

Administrative Plan
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User Objective: This is an extremely crucial area since it may be possible that over a period of
time the system does not meet the initial objectives of the user or objectives get changed as a
result of changes in the overall objectives of the organization. The results of the evaluation are
documented for future reference.
Operating costs and benefits: Under the administration plan, current budget designed
manipulate costs and savings of the system will closely reviewed.
ii.
Personnel Requirement Plan
Personnel old performance objectives will be compared with current performance levels.
Training performance through testing, conducting interviews and other data gathering
techniques.
iii.
Hardware Plan
The hardware of the new system will also review. But as we are using existing hardware which
full fill the requirement of project. Hence the cost of hardware is not increased.
iv.
Documentation Review Plan:
The reason for review plan is to evaluate the accuracy and completeness of the documentation
compiled to date and to its conformity with documentation standards established earlier.
SYSTEM MAINTENANCE:
The last part of system development life cycle is system maintenance, which is actually the
implementation of the post-implementation plan. Hence Programmers/ Analyst spends sufficient time
for maintaining programs.
Hence maintenance will cover a wide range of activities including correcting coding and
design errors, updating documentation and test data and upgrading user support. Many activities
72
classified as maintenance actually fall under enhancements. Hence in maintenance of system
enhancement also takes place. Therefore in maintenance addition, modification, re-developing of code
will take place to support changes in specification.
Maintenance is the enigma of system development. It holds the software industry captive,
typing up programming resources. Analysts and programmers spend far more time maintaining
programs than they do writing them.
It basically includes the following activity:

Correcting design errors

Correcting coding errors

Updating, documentation and test data

Adding, modifying or redeveloping the code

Regular acceptance and validation testing
73
SITE MAP
Airline tickets

To learn this system manually following steps are necessary to learn.There are follwing steps
to learn system manually:

To use this system manually,first user has to make account in our database.Because only
existing customer can book tickets in this system.so first they have to become member of this
site.

When they become member of this site,then they login our account to process information or
use the page sin our site.

After that to search for tickets on the basis of origin,Destination and tickets date.If tickets
available on selected date then he/she goes further otherwise it display message sorry.No
tickets available on selected date.

If tickets list available then he/she book tickets on this site in which he/she have to give
payment detail.
74

After that take printout of ticket page.

For admin if admin login on this he has the authority to add new tickets information,
delete/update exiting tickets information. Admin has the authority to view customer
information who sign up in this system.

tickets DETAILS

INSERT New tickets Information

MODIFY Existing tickets Information

DELETE Existing tickets Information

tickets Report

Customer Report
75
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LIMITATION OF PROJECT
As we have recognized the problems in old computerized system and we make a proposed
system means,we have made changes in the old system so as to make improvements.
I have completed this project to much extent and has included all the thigs but still I have not made all
the queries and all the possibilities of data that user can enter.That’s why I can not say that my project
is versatile.
Some of the limitation in my project:
77

I have just taken two or three queries and there result while there can be much more.

There are few reports in my project but there can be much more.

As in internet,there may be hacking problem.

To run this project on another system,there must be .Net platform and Sql server and internet
browser.

From Admin point of view,much knowledge required for handling it.

To run this project ASP.NET difficult to install and to configure it with IIS.
So.these are some limitations in my project but these can be removed if my project is studied again
and any person want to enhance it.
FUTURE SCOPE OF IMPROVEMENT
The design of our Airline tickets has been a success. We took the initial requirements of the
system, wrote function system requirements, developed an ER diagram, and created the physical
database design.Our system known as “Airline tickets” that has been proposed means some
improvements were required in that system and if we make these improvements then there will be
many advantages of that proposed system :

Provision for effort estimation:
In the next phase we provide the provision for effort estimation of a programmer.

Reporting is also generate in graphical view:
78
In the next phase reporting part should be generated in the graphical form because client is also
see the status of the project.

Monitoring the performance of programmer:
It is very easy to monitoring the performance of the programmer
by the help of this
application. So we will create the new module
which generate the performance.

More reports can be generated:
In the next phase reporting part should be generated in the graphical form because client is also
see the status of the project.
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.
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R
RE
EFFE
ER
RE
EN
NC
CE
ESS A
AN
ND
DB
BIIB
BL
LIIO
OG
GR
RA
APPH
HY
Y
Books:
 Microsoft Visual C#. NET
-
Microsoft Press
 Beginning ASP.NET 2.0 with C#
-
Wrox Publications
 Professional C# 2005
-
Wrox Publications
 System Analysis & Design
-
 Building Web Database Step by Step
-
 Software Engineering
Awad Publications
Universal Books
-
N. S Gill
Web Sites:





www.w3schools.com
www.dotnetspider.com
www.javascipt.com
www.tech-soigne.com
www.joblagao.com (Received Mentorship from experts)
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