CIS 103 - Computer Programming Logic
Programming Concepts
Overview
prepared by Jack Wilson
Cerritos College
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Topics
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
Programs
Modules
Algorithms
Statements
Syntax & Semantics
Logic Planning Tools
Control Structures
Memory Concepts
Data Types
Programming Concepts Overview
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1.1 Programs
A program contains one or more
modules.
Program
module
module
Many languages require a module with a special name, such as
"main" for a program to be created.
Programs are often also referred to as applications or more
generally as software.
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1.2 Modules

A module is a collection of statements that
perform a specific task within a program.

Module is a generic term. The most
commonly used terms are listed below.


function
method
Programming Concepts Overview
C, C++, Python
Java
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1.3 Algorithms
An algorithm is the name given to the
logic that is developed and used to code
the statements in a module.
Algorithm to square a number:
1. get a number
2. multiply the number by itself
3. return this value
Programming Concepts Overview
Implementation of the algorithm
in a module (function):
double square ( double number )
{
return number * number;
}
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1.4 Statements

A statement is the name given to a high level
language instruction.

Programs are written using a variety of different
types of statements. Examples include:





Declaration
Assignment
Input
Output
Module Invocation
Programming Concepts Overview
int count
count = 0
get(number)
put(“Grand Total is “ + total)
printHeadings()
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1.5 Syntax & Semantics

Syntax refers to the rules of a language that must be
followed to construct a valid statement. Statements
are constructed using the following components:






reserved words ( aka keywords )
identifiers
operators
literals
punctuation symbols
Semantics refers to the meaning of a statement. It
addresses the question "What does the statement
do?“.
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1.6 Control Structures
A control Structure determines the flow of
execution for statements executing in a
module.
There are 3 control structures that are
used in all programming languages:
1. Sequence
2. Selection
3. Repetition (aka Iteration)
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1.6 Control Structures
Sequence Structure
A sequence structure
performs a single task
without asking any questions
or repeating anything.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
declare a variable
assign a value to a variable
input a value
output a value
call a function
return a value from a function
stop program execution
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1.6 Control Structures
Selection Structure
Asks a question (called a
condition) and based on the
answer ( true or false ) follows
a path of execution.
In example 2, only one of the
paths of execution would be
followed.
false
true
Example 1 – One path of execution
false
The
rectangle
represents
a structure.
true
The diamond symbol
represents a condition that
evaluates to true or false.
Example 2 – Two paths of execution
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1.6 Control Structures
Repetition Structure
true
Asks a question (called the
condition) and based on the
answer ( true or false ) executes
a statement or exits the
structure.
false
Example 1: Pre-test loop
The rectangle
represents a
statement.
Continues to execute the
statement as long as the
condition evaluates to yes.
true
A repetition structure is often
called a "loop".
The diamond
represents a
condition.
false
Example 2: Post-test loop
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1.7 Logic Planning Tools


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Pseudocode
Flowchart
Hierarchy Chart
Printer/Screen Spacing Chart
File Description (record layout chart)
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1.8 Memory Concepts

Memory is measured in bytes ( KB / MB / GB / TB )

A byte is 8 bits ( binary digits )

Every byte in RAM memory is assigned a unique
address

Data types use one or more bytes to store
information
integer – 4 bytes
Programming Concepts Overview
real number – 8 bytes
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1.8 Memory Concepts

To avoid having to reference a specific location in memory to
access a piece of data, variable names are used instead of
addresses. To use a variable in a program, you must declare the
variable by giving it a name and a data type.
[ RAPTOR does not require us to do this ]
Examples:
int count

boolean finished
string name
When a program is executed, a symbol table ( think of it as a data
dictionary in memory ) is created that maps the name of a variable
to the location in memory where the data is being stored.
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1.9 Data Types
Programs work with data ( information stored in locations in memory ).
There are many different categories of data.

Numeric

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
integer numbers
real numbers
Here are some examples:
Language
Numeric
Text
Boolean
Java
int
long
float
double
char
String
boolean
C++
int
long
float
double
char
string
bool
Text



Every language has specific keywords which
are used to specify a data type. Not all data
types are supported in all languages.
a single character value
a "string" of characters
Boolean


True
False
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x.Xx Program Translation
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Translators
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Assembler
Compiler
Interpreter

JIT compilation
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Identifiers
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Expressions and Statements
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Object-Oriented Programming
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Procedural Programming
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Event-Driven Programming
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Reserved Words
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Operators



Mathematical (arithmetic)
Relational (boolean)
Logical
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Operator Precedence and Associativity
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File Input
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File Output
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Program Development
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Making Decisions
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Looping
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Working with Strings
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Arrays
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Classes
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Class Diagrams
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Formatted Output
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