Outline:
Britain’s advantages
Four features of early industrialization
Elsewhere in Europe
Impact of industrialization
Terms
Enclosures
Canal Era
Combination Acts
Luddism
British Radicalism
Peterloo

• Agricultural Revolution
• Population growth
• Ready capital in entrepreneurial hands
– Bank of England
• Access to minerals
• Improved transportation
– “The Canal Era” (1760-1830)
• Governmental support
• Foreign trade via empire & naval dominance

By 1800, some
600-700 miles of canals connected existing navigable rivers.
This created some
2,000 miles of navigable inland waterways.

Four Features of Early-Industrial Britain
• New ways to make things: shift from animate to inanimate forms of energy
• New ways to organize production
• Concentration in three main industries: textiles, mining & iron
• Concentration geographically
– Advantages
– Disadvantages

Industrial Revolution & Economic Transformations
• Cotton, Coal and Railways
• Cotton and Textiles
– Role of Indian calicoes and British Navigation Acts
– Trade and Connections between Harvest and Textile
Production (distinction from Sugar)
– Increasing Mechanization In Production by 19 th century
The Cottager
Women Spinning (1790s)

Changing Technology, Changing Production
The Spinning Jenny1760s
Textile mills-late 1800s
Steam Engine: James Watt: 1777, First used in coal industry

Geographical Connections between coal and iron deposits and
Manufacturing districts
Steam enginge

250000
200000
150000
100000
50000
0
Coalminers
1770 1800 1850
Late 19 th century coal mine
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
1831 1850
Coal Tonnage in
Millions

Coal Transport:
1825: Stockton-Darlington Line (9 miles)
Passenger Travel:
1830: Manchester-Liverpool (32 miles)
1840: 2000 miles of track
1850: 7000 miles of track

• Certain important areas
– Belgium
– Northern France
– Northern Italy
• Differences from Britain
– Ruhr Valley in Germany
– Less concentrated geographically
– Cultural variations
– Market approaches

Understanding European Industrialization:
Population Change Across Europe
Pop. Growth in millions
France
+9.3%
Germany
+21%
England
22%
1831 1850
32.5
35.8
26.5
33.5
16.3
20.8

• Certain important areas:
Belgium, Northern France, Ruhr Valley in Germany
& Northern Italy
Before 1850

•Perception of time changes by 19 th century
•Regularized, mechanized, uniform
•Role of factory time
•Time = money
•Role of railways:
•1884: Prime Meridian Conference
Greenwich: zero meridian
Division of 24 time zones
Standard time
•Experience of space changes with railroad

Industrial Labor of Women and Children
•Is Child Labor New in the 19 th Century?
•No.
•Women & children work in pre-industrial period
•What has changed?
•Family economy disrupted
•Breakdown of paternalism
•Idea of childhood emerges
•Moral outrage, reform & Factory and Mines Act

1851 Crystal Palace Exhibition
“industry of all nations”

• Breakdown of paternalism
– Development of “class” ideology
– Luddism: hatred of technology
• Radicalism/Reform Movements
– Response to economic dislocation
– Middle-class reformers & working men together
– Government unresponsive, political action leads to repression (Peterloo 1819)

Peterloo Massacre (1819)