Ukraine
An in depth look at Crimea
The Ukrainian National Anthem
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Ukraine is not yet dead, nor its glory and freedom, Luck will still smile on us brother-Ukrainians.
Our enemies will die, as the dew does in the sunshine, and we, too, brothers, we'll live happily in our land.
We'll not spare either our souls or bodies to get freedom and we'll prove that we brothers are of Kozak kin.
We'll rise up, brothers, all of us, from the Sain to the Don, We won't let anyone govern in out motherland.
The Black Sea will smile yet, grandfather Dnipro will rejoice, Yet in our Ukraine luck will be high.
Our persistence, our sincere toil will prove its rightness, still our freedom's loud song will spread throughout Ukraine.
It'll reflect upon the Carpathians, will sound through the steppes, and Ukraine's glory will arise among the people.
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Things to be discussed today!
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
A short history of the country
Geography of the area and
more specifically, of the
Crimean Peninsula
Crimea’s history
Recent Conflicts with
occupation of ethnic Russians
and Tatars in Crimea
Baltic Sea Fleet history and
issues involved
Crimea as a vacation hot spot
www.mscc.edu/webs/rmerritt/swallows.jpg
I. Brief Historical Timeline of Ukraine
A chronology of key events
► 1917
- Central Rada
(Council) set up in Kiev
following collapse of
Russian Empire.
► 1918 - Ukraine
declares
independence:
Ukrainian People's
Republic set up within
the boundaries of the
Soviet Union.
World War II
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1941 - Ukraine suffers terrible
wartime devastation as Nazis
occupy the country until 1944.
More than 5 million Ukrainians
die fighting Nazi Germany. Most
of Ukraine's 1.5 million Jews
wiped out by the Nazis.
1944 - Stalin deports 200,000
Crimean Tatars to Siberia and
Central Asia following
accusations of collaboration with
Nazi Germany.
1945 - Allied victory in World
War II leads to Soviet
annexation of western Ukrainian
lands mainly from Poland
Soviet Years
► 1960s
- Increase in
covert opposition to
Soviet rule, leading to
repression of
dissidents in 1972.
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1986 - A reactor at the
Chernobyl nuclear power station
explodes, sending a radioactive
plume across Europe. Desperate
efforts are made to contain the
damaged reactor within a huge
concrete cover. Many armed
forces personnel die of radiation
sickness.
1988 - Prominent writers and
intellectuals set up Ukrainian
People's Movement for
Restructuring (Rukh).
1990 - Student protests and
hunger strikes bring down
government
Independence
► 1991
- Ukraine
declares independence
following attempted
coup in Moscow: 90%
vote for independence
in nationwide
referendum in
December.
home.nestor.minsk.by/fsunews/ukraine/1994/ua119.html
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Early to mid 1990s - About
250,000 Crimean Tatars and
their descendants return to
Crimea following collapse of
Soviet Union.
1994 - Presidential elections:
Leonid Kuchma succeeds Leonid
Kravchuk.
1997 - Friendship treaty signed
with Russia. Ukraine and Russia
also reach agreement on the
Black Sea fleet.
1999 - President Kuchma reelected.
www.euronet.nl/users/sota/krimtatar.html
II. Geography of Ukraine
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Eastern Europe, bordering the
Black Sea, between Poland and
Russia
slightly smaller than Texas
most of Ukraine consists of
fertile plains (steppes) and
plateaus, mountains being
found only in the west (the
Carpathians)
temperate continental;
precipitation is highest in west
and north, lesser in east and
southeast; winters vary from
cool along the Black Sea to cold
farther inland; summers are
warm across the greater part of
the country, hot in the south
www.meatnpotatoes.com/nations/maps/up-map-big.jpg
Populations in Ukraine
Ukrainian
77.8%
Russian
17.3%
Belarusian
0.6%
Moldavan
0.5%
Crimean Tatar
0.5%
Geography of the Crimean Peninsula
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Located in southern Ukraine
Juts into the Black Sea and
connects to the mainland by a
narrow strip of land at Perekop
Dry steppes cover more than
two-thirds of the peninsula, and
the Crimean mountains in the
south rise up to 1,500 m.
The southern coast, protected
by the mountains, has a mild
climate
The Arabat Spit, which is a sand
bar (110 km long) that extends
northeast from the Kerch
peninsula, separates the marshy
Sivash Sea from the Sea of
Azov.
http://www.euronet.nl/users/sota/krimgeo.html
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The major cities are Simferopol, the
capital; Sevastopol, the base of
Russian Black Sea Fleet; and Yalta
and Evpatoria , major tourist areas.
Bakhchisaray was the capital of the
Crimean Khanate.
Agriculture, tourism, mining,
fishing, and winemaking provide the
mainstay in the Crimea.
Farms in the steppes produce
wheat, cotton, tobacco, and garden
crops.
Health resorts and tourist facilities
are found along the coastal areas.
There is limited mining (salt beds
and iron ores) on the Kerch
peninsula.
freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.com/~cohenscorner/Lechno/maps/Lechno_map_Feodosia.htm
http://feefhs.org/maps/ruse/re-crime.html
Crimean Populations
► The
population of the
Crimea was 2,550,000
in 1991, consisting of
Russians (65%);
Ukrainians (22%);
Crimean Tatars (10%);
and Belorusians,
Armenians, Greeks,
Germans, and Karaims
(3%).
Russians
65%
Ukrainians
22%
Crimean
Tatars
10%
Other 3%
III. Crimea’s History
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The Crimean peninsula itself
was inhabited by various
peoples.
The ancient Greeks established
colonies on the coast in the 6th
century B.C.
Later the control of the sea
ports passed on to the Romans
and eventually the Byzantines.
Following the disintegration of
the Golden Horde, Crimean
aristocrats established their own
Khanate
www.blacksea-crimea.com/WebAlbums/Khersoness-album/pages/Scan38.html
www.galenfrysinger.com/tatar_khanate_crimea.htm
► Khanate
became
subject to the Ottoman
rule in 1475
► For 300 years the
Crimean Khanate
remained political
power in eastern
Europe, making
alliances with Poland,
Lithuania, and
Sweden.
www.victorianweb.org/history/crimea/ottomap.html
www.iccrimea.org/reports/18may2002.html
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In 1783, Russian forces
occupied the Crimea,
ending the rule of the
Khanate.
In 1944 deportation of the
entire Crimean Tatar
population by Stalin due to
the accusation that they
were associated with the
Nazi’s.
In 1954, Crimea was then
transferred from the
RSFSR (Russia) to
Ukrainian SSR.
www.tifft.com/ mandubke4.html
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In 1956 they regained civil rights and since the late 1980s many have
returned to Crimea.
With the collapse of the Soviet Union, Crimea therefore became part of
the newly independent Ukraine, a situation resented by the majority of
its population. With the Black Sea Fleet based on the peninsula there
were worries of armed conflict.
With the electoral defeat of the more radical nationalist political forces
in Ukraine tension slowly eased.
http://foto.sevastopol.info/gallery/faces/page007.htm
Independence
► The
Crimea proclaimed independence on May 5th,
1992 but later it agreed to become an
autonomous territory in the Ukraine.
http://www.ukremb.info/news.php
IV. Ethnic Russian unrest in Crimea
Moderate risk of rebellion in near future
 High levels of cohesion and organization
 Consistent protests
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csf.colorado.edu/roper/ defl-waves/russia.html
Simferopol
► This
city is the capital of Crimean region
http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/commonwealth/simferopol_ukraine_tpc_89.jpg
Why such a big deal?
Conflicts with Ukraine
central government
 No identification with
Ukraine, Crimea, or
even Russia, but with
the Soviet Union
 State-level language
laws
 Policies on Tatar
immigration
Conflicts with Crimean
Tatars
 Political agitation
 Increased population
equals pressure on
Russian population and
economic resources
 Russians threatened by
religious traditions and
higher birth rates
Crimean Tatars Recent Dilemmas
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As the Crimean Tatars prepare to commemorate the 60th anniversary
of their brutal deportation from their homeland on May 18 1944,
organized attacks on Crimean Tatars are increasing.
A group of skinheads stabbed a Crimean Tatar in Simferopol, an
incident that later led to a clash in a local cafe.
Anti-Crimean Tatar reporting in the Russian mass media.
http://www.iccrimea.org/reports/18may2002.html
Black Sea Fleet - History
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Sevastopol was founded as a city after the Russian annexation in 1783 of Crimea.
It was strongly fortified and in 1804 became the chief base of the Russian Black Sea fleet.
In Sept., 1855, the French successfully stormed the fortress and three days later the Russians were
forced to abandon Sevastopol. A record has been preserved in The Tales of Sevastopol by Tolstoy
In 1890 the city again became a chief naval base for the Russians.
In 1942, German and Romanian troops at last took the city.
Transferred to the Ukrainian SSR in 1954 and became part of the independent Ukraine in 1991.
A 1995 agreement called for four fifths of the fleet to fall under Russian control and in 1997 it was
agreed that Russia would be allowed to base its fleet at Sevastopol for 20 years.
Accord Reached on Fleet
► Two
nations spilt BSF 50-50 and Russia
bought back some of the more modern
ships.
► Leasing for 20 years is going to cost $97.75
million/year for Russia.
► Ukraine will pay $526 million for use of part
of the fleet and $200 million for 1992
transfer of Ukraine’s nuclear arsenal to
Russia.
Crimea as a Vacation Hot Spot!
Even though you are going to come to your friend from other part of Ukraine
than Crimea, we strongly recommend you to spend time in Crimea, because it
is the most fancy and pleasant place in Ukraine, it is the most known and
desired resort in Ukraine and your friend would value your decision to spend
time here even on winter or fall. Remember - Crimea in Ukraine is like Florida
in the USA.
http://www.crimee.com/book-e.html
Yalta
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You want to see trees?
Feel a cool breeze on your
sun-blanched skin? A nice
view of the city lights?
Find a place to swim, sail,
camp, hike, rock climb or
mountain bike?
Yalta is the resort center of
Crimea. It is a beautiful
city. There are 14 hotels
and 26 sanatorium and
boarding houses.
http://www.galenfrysinger.com/crimea_ukraine.htm
http://www.yalta.narod.ru/Yalta.jpg
Alupkinsky Palace
http://www.galenfrysinger.com/crimea_ukraine.htm
Livadia Palace
http://www.galenfrysinger.com/crimea_ukraine.htm
built for Tsar Nicholas II in 1911
http://www.galenfrysinger.com/crimea_ukraine.htm
Foros
► The
warmest region of
Crimea. Most state
residences are located
here. The rocky walls
are about 500 meters
directly to the sea,
forming a shallow
zone.
http://ukraine.host.sk/foros.htm
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The church on the 400m
high rock at Foros looks
straight out over the Black
Sea. It also is above a
resort that Gorbachev was
on holiday at when the
military coup took place in
Moscow. He was held
under house arrest there,
while the news media gave
out the lie that he was sick
and receiving medical
treatment in Crimea.
http://ukraine.host.sk/foros.htm
Gurzuf
►A
cozy settlement of
Gurzuf is not far from
Yalta in one of the
most beautiful valleys
of Crimea cut by the
Avinda River.
http://www.extremetour.dp.ua/foto/pesh012002/gurzuf.jpg
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Natural landscapes are perfectly complemented by the old
parks and vineyards scattered on the mountain slopes.
Wonderful natural conditions and the purest air filled with
the aromas of the mountains, sea, and parks, make Gurzuf
one of the best places to vacation.
http://vlad.gurzuf.ru/photo/index.php
Bibliography
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http://eng.for-ua.com/news/2002/04/05/155628.html April 5 2002 Forum.com
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http://www.calguard.ca.gov/ia/Crimea/y_geography_i1_e%5B1%5D.jpg Calguard.com
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http://feefhs.org/maps/ruse/re-crime.html 1996 FEEFHS
http://www.blacksea-crimea.com/WebAlbums/Khersoness-album/pages/Scan38.html April 2004
Blacksea-crimea.com.Ltd Blacksea-crimea.com
http://www.galenfrysinger.com/tatar_khanate_crimea.htm Galenfrysinger.com
http://www.victorianweb.org/history/crimea/ottomap.html Victorian Web Ottamon Souvenir
Victorianweb.org
http://foto.sevastopol.info/gallery/faces/page007.htm 2004 Sevastopol.com
http://www.iccrimea.org/reports/18may2002.html May 2004 ICC ICCrimean.org
http://www.xenophongi.org/crimea/war/sevastopol/seva200s.jpg Xenophongi.org
http://www.yalta.narod.ru/Yalta.jpg Yalta.com
http://www.calguard.ca.gov/ia/Best/Best%20Vacation%20Spot%20in%20Ukraine.htm March 2002
Kyiv Post Calguard.com
http://www.extremetour.dp.ua/foto/pesh012002/gurzuf.jpg Extremetour.dp.ua
http://vlad.gurzuf.ru/photo/index.php 2002 index.org.ua