NC Animal Waste as a Potential
Resource for Reducing CO2 and
Methane Emissions
Kurt Creamer, P.E.
Animal and Poultry Waste
Management Center
North Carolina State University
Development of Environmentally
Superior Technologies
NC Attorney General Agreements with
Smithfield Foods, Premium Standard Farms,
and Frontline Farmers
Performance Standards
• “Eliminate the discharge of animal waste to surface
waters and groundwater through direct discharge,
seepage, or runoff;
• Substantially eliminate atmospheric emissions of
ammonia;
• Substantially eliminate the emission of odor that is
detectable beyond the boundaries of the parcel of land
on which the swine farm is located;
• Substantially eliminate the release of diseasetransmitting vectors and airborne pathogens;
• Substantially eliminate nutrient and heavy metal
contamination of soil and groundwater”
Economic Feasibility Determination
• Projected 10 year annualized cost of the technology (including
capital, operation and maintenance) per 1000 # steady state live
weight for each category of farm system
• Compared to lagoon and spray-field system
• Projected revenues, including income from byproducts
• Available cost-share monies or other financial assistance from
federal, state or other public sources
• Impact that the adoption of the technology may have on the
competitiveness of the NC pork industry
• ID/quantification (if possible) of emissions to environmental media
from each category of farm system implementing the technology
as compared to lagoon and spray-field system
• Estimate of the economic benefits to NC households arising from
the changes in emissions to environmental media resulting from
implementation of the technology
LOCATION MAP
•Black Soldier Fly Larvae
•Belt System
•Ultrasonic Plasma Resonator
•Desalinization System
NC State University
Lake Wheeler Road Field Laboratory
Environmentally Superior Technology Demonstration Projects
•Gasification / Belt System
NCSU Grinnells Labs
High solids
Thermophilic
AD
Clinton, NC
Super Soil Systems
Clinton, NC (Site 1)
Warsaw, NC (Site 2)
LEGEND


•
Project Location
First Round Technology
Second Round Technology
On-Campus Project
Note: Projects are listed by name(s),
then by location to nearest city.
Ambient AD
Clayton, NC
Sequencing Batch Reactor
Bailey, NC
Mesophilic AD.
Greenville, NC
Mesophilic AD / Microturbine
BEST / RECIP
Constructed Wetland
Magnolia, NC (Site 1)
FB
Combustion
Richlands, NC
Kenansville, NC (Site 2)
Rose Hill, NC
Warsaw, NC (Site 3)
EKOKAN
Thermophillic AD
Upflow-Biofilter
Rocky Mount, NC
Bladenboro, NC
North Carolina produces
approximately 650 million chickens, 50
million turkeys, and 19 million hogs per year.
Energy Potential from Animal Waste
(Barker, NCCES Publication No. EBAE 071-80)
Species
Animal weight (lbs) Biogas* (cu ft/head/d) Energy Gross (BTU**/head/d)
Dairy cow
1400
46.4
27,800
Beef feeder
800
27.6
16,600
Market hog
135
3.9
2,300
Poultry layer
4
0.29
180
*60% methane
**1 gallon gasoline = 120,000 BTUs
Ambient Anaerobic Digestion Swine Waste Treatment System
Julian Barham Farm, Zebulon, North Carolina
July 3, 2002
Eulerian- Lagrangian
model to simulate
odor
dispersion
y = 33.546 ex
x = odor intensity (0-8)
Results reported (July 2003): In-ground ambient
temperature digester / energy recovery /
greenhouse vegetable production system
• Carbon loading
reduced by 90%
• 560 – 990 kWh
electricity/d
• Tomato yield of 711
kg/d
Super Soil Systems, USA Swine Waste Treatment System
Goshen Ridge Farms, Warsaw, North Carolina
July 3, 2002
High Solids High Temperature Anaerobic Digester
Results reported (January 2004): High Solids
High Temperature Anaerobic Digester system
• 12 decatherms of
methane per ton of
feedstock
• Post processed
material met Class A
biosolids
requirement for fecal
coliform bacteria
Figure 3. Schematic of the BK
Technologies steam-reforming
gasifier. Indirect heating and
steam reforming combine to
maximize the energy content of
the product gas.
Results reported (July 2003): Belt
system (Van Kempen / Koger proj.)
• DM of belt collected
manure fraction app.
50%
• NH3 emissions of
app. 1.0 kg/pig
space/yr
Storage Cell
Hog Farm
Manure is flushed into a buffer basin, then
pumped to concentrators at central plant –
showing 3 of 23 farms.
Raw Manure
Buffer
Basin
Treated
Water
Sewage Lines
Treated
Water
Supernatant
Digester effluent
and concentrator
supernatant to
lagoons
Glycerine
Oil/Fat
from rendering or
soybean or
used cooking oil
Heated Mixed
Methane
Digesters (4)
Concentrators (4)
6.0% TS slurry to digester
Digester
Effluent
Biogas to
Methanol
plant
Manure
Heat to digester
BioMethanol
Plant
BioMethanol trucked from
biomethanol plant to biodiesel
plant
BioDiesel/Diesel
20/80 Blend
Filling
station
BioDiesel Plant
rendering oil/fat, vegetable oil or
used cooking is reacted with
methanol to synthesize Biodiesel
Schematic by Prince Dugba 01-08-03
BioDiesel delivery to
Filling station
Smithfield truck
running on BioDiese
Centralized Biogas Production
in North Carolina?
Economic Feasibility Determination
• Projected 10 year annualized cost of the technology (including
capital, operation and maintenance) per 1000 # steady state live
weight for each category of farm system
• Compared to lagoon and spray-field system
• Projected revenues, including income from byproducts
• Available cost-share monies or other financial assistance from
federal, state or other public sources
• Impact that the adoption of the technology may have on the
competitiveness of the NC pork industry
• ID/quantification (if possible) of emissions to environmental media
from each category of farm system implementing the technology
as compared to lagoon and spray-field system
• Estimate of the economic benefits to NC households arising from
the changes in emissions to environmental media resulting from
implementation of the technology
APWMC Web Address
• www.cals.ncsu.edu/waste_mgt/
• (follow prompts that reference NC Attorney
General Agreements - progress reports,
descriptions, presentations, etc.)